Renal

Question 1

Renal blood flow is approximately ________ mL per minute.

Answer 1

1200.

Question 2

The two types of nephron are cortical and __________.

Answer 2

Juxtamedullary.

Question 3

Afferent arterioles branch of the _________ arteries.

Answer 3

Cortical radiate.

Question 4

Most glucose and amino acids is reabsorbed in the __________.

Answer 4

Proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 5

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs around _____% of water and most ions.

Answer 5

65.

Question 6

Aldosterone promotes water retention by increasing reabsorption of ___________.

Answer 6

Sodium.

Question 7

Antidiuretic hormone increases the number of __________ channels in the collecting duct, which concentrates urine.

Answer 7

Aquaporin 2.

Question 8

The descending loop of Henle is permeable to ______.

Answer 8

Water.

Question 9

The strong osmotic gradient in the kidney medulla is generated by _____________.

Answer 9

Counter-current multiplication.

Question 10

The glomerular filtration rate in a healthy adult is approximately ______.

Answer 10

90-120 mL/minute.

Question 11

The smooth muscle of the bladder wall is also called the __________muscle.`

Answer 11

Detrussor.

Question 12

In the myogenic feedback mechanism, vasoconstriction is stimulated by _____________.

Answer 12

Blood vessel stretch.

Question 13

The juxtaglomerular macula densa cells release ________ to modulate GFR.

Answer 13

Nitric oxide.

Question 14

Atrial natriuretic hormone causes relaxation of __________, which increases GFR.

Answer 14

Glomerular mesangial cells.

Question 15

Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of both the afferent and efferent arteriole, which _______ GFR.

Answer 15

Decreases.

Question 16

Parathyroid hormone acts on the distal convoluted tubule to _________ calcium reabsorption.

Answer 16

Increase.

Question 17

Hydrogen ions are secreted in the PCT via a _________ antiporter.

Answer 17

Sodium-hydrogen.

Question 18

Hydrogen ion secretion in the DCT and collecting duct is via ________ transport.

Answer 18

Active (hydrogen pumps require ATP to pump against concentration gradient).

Question 19

Most calcium in the body is found in ________.

Answer 19

Bone (as calcium phosphate).

Question 20

The kidneys release ________ in response to hypoxia to stimulate red blood cell production.

Answer 20

Erythropoietin (EPO).

Question 21

Calcium ions are needed to cause release of __________ from presynaptic neurons.

Answer 21

Neurotransmitter.

Question 22

Magnesium is an important _________ for enzymes involves in many reactions.

Answer 22

Cofactor.

Question 23

As well as being a component of ATP, phosphate is an important component in ________ acids.

Answer 23

Nucleic.

Question 24

The main buffer in urine is monohydrogen __________.

Answer 24

Phosphate.

Question 25

Parathyroid hormone also __________ phosphate reabsorption in the PCT.

Answer 25

Reduces.