Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Cardiac output is the product of ________ and ________.

Answer 1

Stroke volume and heart rate.

Question 2

Systole refers to ventricular contraction/relaxation.

Answer 2

Contraction.

Question 3

The pacemaker of the heart under normal conditions is the ________ node.

Answer 3

Sinoatrial.

Question 4

The depolarisation impulse is delayed at the _______ node to allow for ventricular filling.

Answer 4

Atrioventricular.

Question 5

Cardiac ejection fraction is _________ divided by __________.

Answer 5

Stroke volume, end-diastolic volume.

Question 6

The innermost layer of the heart wall is the _________.

Answer 6

Endocardium.

Question 7

The superior and inferior vena cavae empty into the ________.

Answer 7

Right atrium.

Question 8

The hole in the wall of the interatrial septum during foetal development is known as the ________.

Answer 8

Foramen ovale.

Question 9

The atrioventricular valves are anchored by the ________.

Answer 9

Chordae tendinae.

Question 10

The coronary arteries originate from the _________.

Answer 10

Base of the aorta.

Question 11

The movement of ions between cardiomyocytes is facilitated by ________.

Answer 11

Gap junctions.

Question 12

The intrinsic firing rate of the SA node is _______.

Answer 12

100 BPM.

Question 13

Ventricular depolarisation is achieved through fast conduction via the ________.

Answer 13

Purkinje fibres.

Question 14

The ______ wave of the ECG represents atrial depolarisation.

Answer 14

P

Question 15

The QRS complex on an ECG represents ________.

Answer 15

Ventricular depolarisation.

Question 16

Heart rate is increased when norepinephrine binds to ________ receptors.

Answer 16

Beta-1 adrenergic.

Question 17

The innermost layer of the blood vessel wall is known as the ________.

Answer 17

Tunica intima.

Question 18

The largest arteries in the body are the ________.

Answer 18

Elastic arteries.

Question 19

Capillaries with holes in their endothelium are known as _______.

Answer 19

Fenestrated capillaries.

Question 20

_________ capillaries have large clefts between endothelial cells that permit blood cells to move into circulation.

Answer 20

Sinusoidal.

Question 21

Normal blood pressure is defined as ________.

Answer 21

120/80.

Question 22

The longer the blood vessel, the ________ the resistance.

Answer 22

Greater.

Question 23

Resistance to blood flow is inversely proportional to the diameter of the vessel lumen to the ________ power.

Answer 23

Fourth.

Question 24

Low pH acts as a __________ in systemic circulation.

Answer 24

Vasodilator.

Question 25

Epinephrine and norepinephrine act as a _________ on alpha-1 receptors.

Answer 25

Vasoconstrictor.

Question 26

The greater the blood viscosity the ________ the resistance to blood flow.

Answer 26

Greater.

Question 27

The sum of both hydrostatic and osmolar forces across the capillary wall is known as __________.

Answer 27

Net filtration pressure or Starling forces.

Question 28

The major protein responsible for blood osmotic (oncotic) pressure is ________.

Answer 28

Albumin.

Question 29

The sudden increase in free radicals after tissue has been deprived of oxygen for an extended period is termed __________.

Answer 29

Reperfusion injury.

Question 30

Angiotensin II increases blood pressure by increasing resistance via vasoconstriction and causing the release of _________.

Answer 30

Aldosterone.

Question 31

Preload is proportional to the _________ volume.

Answer 31

End-diastolic.

Question 32

Calcium ions are a ________ inotropic agent.

Answer 32

positive.