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ACCP > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

kidney function

A

act as filters to clean the blood, making urine by taking waste products out of your blood

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2
Q

what is selective reabsorption

A

useful substances like glucose,some ions, and the right amount of water are reabsorbed back into the blood

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3
Q

what substances are removed from the body by urine

A

urea, ions, water

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4
Q

what is urea

A

ammonia is converted into urea by the liver to be filtered

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5
Q

where is ammonia made

A

ammonia is a waste product of deamination

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6
Q

what is deamination

A

proteins broken down into ammino acids, excess ammino acids are converted into fats and carbohydrates which occurs in the liver, the waste product is ammonia

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7
Q

what is the purpose of anti diuretic hormone

A

the concentration of urine is controlled by adh

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8
Q

where is ADH made

A

pituitary gland

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9
Q

renal system comprises of

A

two kidneys two ureters, one bladder, one urethra

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10
Q

location of kidneys

A

retroperitoneal

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11
Q

size of kidneys

A

12cm x 6cm x 3cm

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12
Q

functions of the kidneys on volume

A

maintain Volume of fluids within the body

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13
Q

metabolic processes are controlled by the kidneys

A

gluconeogenesis - if our body has ran out of sugar, we can use fats and proteins in the kidneys for energy
- glycogenesis -storage of glucose
- glycogenolisis - breaking apart the stored glycogen to use
- vitamin d synthesis - last step in the process (controlling ca level)

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14
Q

concentration affects from kidneys

A

concentration of ions within the body, sodium, potassium, chloride, mg, hydrogen, bicarb, calcium

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15
Q

kidneys effect on the pH

A

kidneys help regulate long term acid balance by altering the concentration of ions

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16
Q

excretory effects by the kidneys

A

removes waste i.e. urea , creatinine, drugs , toxins

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17
Q

what types of drugs can the kidneys remove

A

water soluble

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18
Q

endocrine function of the kidneys

A

renin
erythropoietin

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19
Q

how much CO goes to the kidneys

A

20%

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20
Q

renin angiotensin aldosterone system is activated when

A

our volume drops within the body, dropping bp

21
Q

how many nephrons per kidney

A

1million

22
Q

where does most of the nephron sit in the kidney

A

cortex

23
Q

the loop of Henle and the collecting ducts sit where

A

in the renal pyramid/medullary pyramid

24
Q

what happens in the afferent arteriole

A

it brings blood in to the glomerulus

25
Q

function of the glomerulus

A

main filtering unit of the kidneys

26
Q

what is the sac called that covers the capillaries in the glomerulus

A

bowman’s capsule

27
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate

A

120ml/minutew

28
Q

what is the stimulus to produce renin

A

if the glomerular filtration rate drops below 120ml/min due to loss of blood or volume

29
Q

where is renin released from

A

in the afferent arteriole

30
Q

what are the cells that are responsible for releasing renin called

A

renin releasing granular cells or juxtaglomerular cells

31
Q

what type of substance is renin

A

its an enzyme

32
Q

how do the granular/juxtaglomerular cells know to release renin when the volume drops within the system

A

the cells have barrow receptors which identify a drop in blood pressure

33
Q

when the bp drops what happens to the sodium as its being filtered

A

there is more time for reabsorption of na as the filtrate is going through slowly, therefore more sodium gets reabsorbed back into the body

34
Q

what process happens after a bp drop in the distal convoluted tubule

A

if the sodium levels drop when reaching the DCT as there has been excessive reabsorption the macular densa cells identify this

35
Q

macula densa cells measure what

A

concentration, chemo receptors

36
Q

macula densa cells are connected to what

A

connective tissue, next to the granula cells in the afferent arteriole

37
Q

3 different ways that renin is triggered into the body

A

low bp in the afferent arteriole
low sodium in the DCT
increased sympathetic nervous system innovation (fight or flight) stimulates the granular cells

38
Q

once renin is released from the kidneys into the systemic circulation, what is the next step

A

angiotensinogen in the liver is released into the blood stream, comes across the enzyme renin and it becomes angiotensin 1

39
Q

where is angiotensinogen stored

A

liver

40
Q

what impact does antiogensin 1 have on the systemic circulation

A

none alone, mild vasoconstrictor

41
Q

what is the importance of the lungs in the RAAS

A

the lungs produce an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

42
Q

what is the effect of angiotensin convering enzyme (ACE) on angiotensin 1

A

it converts it to angiotensin II

43
Q

what effect does angiotensin II have on the body

A

generalised vasoconstrictor , constricts arterioles - incr bp
travels to the efferent arteriole and constricts the efferent arteriole , increasing the filtration rate in the glomerulus (inc. GFR)

44
Q

where does the angiotensin II travel to

A

the adrenal gland (the cortex) and stimulates the release of aldosterone

45
Q

what function does the adrenal gland (cortex) have in the RAAS

A

aldosterone is released, travels to the DCT and retains more sodium into the body , incr. na absorption

46
Q

what function does the hypothalamus have on the RAAS when angiotensin II is active

A

hypothalamus tells posterior pituitary gland to release ADH

47
Q

ADH effects where

A

DCT and collecting ducts, instructing them to reabsorb more water into the body

48
Q
A

ACCP (20 decks)

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