Renal

Question 1

kidney function

Answer 1

act as filters to clean the blood, making urine by taking waste products out of your blood

Question 2

what is selective reabsorption

Answer 2

useful substances like glucose,some ions, and the right amount of water are reabsorbed back into the blood

Question 3

what substances are removed from the body by urine

Answer 3

urea, ions, water

Question 4

what is urea

Answer 4

ammonia is converted into urea by the liver to be filtered

Question 5

where is ammonia made

Answer 5

ammonia is a waste product of deamination

Question 6

what is deamination

Answer 6

proteins broken down into ammino acids, excess ammino acids are converted into fats and carbohydrates which occurs in the liver, the waste product is ammonia

Question 7

what is the purpose of anti diuretic hormone

Answer 7

the concentration of urine is controlled by adh

Question 8

where is ADH made

Answer 8

pituitary gland

Question 9

renal system comprises of

Answer 9

two kidneys two ureters, one bladder, one urethra

Question 10

location of kidneys

Answer 10

retroperitoneal

Question 11

size of kidneys

Answer 11

12cm x 6cm x 3cm

Question 12

functions of the kidneys on volume

Answer 12

maintain Volume of fluids within the body

Question 13

metabolic processes are controlled by the kidneys

Answer 13

gluconeogenesis - if our body has ran out of sugar, we can use fats and proteins in the kidneys for energy
- glycogenesis -storage of glucose
- glycogenolisis - breaking apart the stored glycogen to use
- vitamin d synthesis - last step in the process (controlling ca level)

Question 14

concentration affects from kidneys

Answer 14

concentration of ions within the body, sodium, potassium, chloride, mg, hydrogen, bicarb, calcium

Question 15

kidneys effect on the pH

Answer 15

kidneys help regulate long term acid balance by altering the concentration of ions

Question 16

excretory effects by the kidneys

Answer 16

removes waste i.e. urea , creatinine, drugs , toxins

Question 17

what types of drugs can the kidneys remove

Answer 17

water soluble

Question 18

endocrine function of the kidneys

Answer 18

renin
erythropoietin

Question 19

how much CO goes to the kidneys

Answer 19

20%

Question 20

renin angiotensin aldosterone system is activated when

Answer 20

our volume drops within the body, dropping bp

Question 21

how many nephrons per kidney

Answer 21

1million

Question 22

where does most of the nephron sit in the kidney

Answer 22

cortex

Question 23

the loop of Henle and the collecting ducts sit where

Answer 23

in the renal pyramid/medullary pyramid

Question 24

what happens in the afferent arteriole

Answer 24

it brings blood in to the glomerulus

Question 25

function of the glomerulus

Answer 25

main filtering unit of the kidneys

Question 26

what is the sac called that covers the capillaries in the glomerulus

Answer 26

bowman's capsule

Question 27

what is the glomerular filtration rate

Answer 27

120ml/minutew

Question 28

what is the stimulus to produce renin

Answer 28

if the glomerular filtration rate drops below 120ml/min due to loss of blood or volume

Question 29

where is renin released from

Answer 29

in the afferent arteriole

Question 30

what are the cells that are responsible for releasing renin called

Answer 30

renin releasing granular cells or juxtaglomerular cells

Question 31

what type of substance is renin

Answer 31

its an enzyme

Question 32

how do the granular/juxtaglomerular cells know to release renin when the volume drops within the system

Answer 32

the cells have barrow receptors which identify a drop in blood pressure

Question 33

when the bp drops what happens to the sodium as its being filtered

Answer 33

there is more time for reabsorption of na as the filtrate is going through slowly, therefore more sodium gets reabsorbed back into the body

Question 34

what process happens after a bp drop in the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 34

if the sodium levels drop when reaching the DCT as there has been excessive reabsorption the macular densa cells identify this

Question 35

macula densa cells measure what

Answer 35

concentration, chemo receptors

Question 36

macula densa cells are connected to what

Answer 36

connective tissue, next to the granula cells in the afferent arteriole

Question 37

3 different ways that renin is triggered into the body

Answer 37

low bp in the afferent arteriole low sodium in the DCT increased sympathetic nervous system innovation (fight or flight) stimulates the granular cells

Question 38

once renin is released from the kidneys into the systemic circulation, what is the next step

Answer 38

angiotensinogen in the liver is released into the blood stream, comes across the enzyme renin and it becomes angiotensin 1

Question 39

where is angiotensinogen stored

Answer 39

liver

Question 40

what impact does antiogensin 1 have on the systemic circulation

Answer 40

none alone, mild vasoconstrictor

Question 41

what is the importance of the lungs in the RAAS

Answer 41

the lungs produce an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 42

what is the effect of angiotensin convering enzyme (ACE) on angiotensin 1

Answer 42

it converts it to angiotensin II

Question 43

what effect does angiotensin II have on the body

Answer 43

generalised vasoconstrictor , constricts arterioles - incr bp travels to the efferent arteriole and constricts the efferent arteriole , increasing the filtration rate in the glomerulus (inc. GFR)

Question 44

where does the angiotensin II travel to

Answer 44

the adrenal gland (the cortex) and stimulates the release of aldosterone

Question 45

what function does the adrenal gland (cortex) have in the RAAS

Answer 45

aldosterone is released, travels to the DCT and retains more sodium into the body , incr. na absorption

Question 46

what function does the hypothalamus have on the RAAS when angiotensin II is active

Answer 46

hypothalamus tells posterior pituitary gland to release ADH

Question 47

ADH effects where

Answer 47

DCT and collecting ducts, instructing them to reabsorb more water into the body