Renal Flashcards
What organ produced Erythropoietin and what does it do?
The Kidneys
stimulates bone marrow into producing more RBCs
How is water reabsorbed back to the body?
By antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone
What does it mean if there are large amounts of epithelial cells in a urinalysis
contamination
If you see more than 10 WBC/uL in a urinalysis what does this mean?
For males it indicates an infection
for females it MIGHT mean infection
this is known as pyuria (Leukocytes in the urine)
What amount of bacteria in a culture would indicate infection vs. bacteriuria?
MORE than 10 CFU/ml indicated infection
anything less than that in a culture would just mean there is bacteria in the urine (bacteriuria)
What does it mean if you see RBC in a urinalysis?
Kidney stones or UTI
What patients are considered complicated UTI and must be treated for 7 days,and should have culture before and after treatment>
diabetics
pregnant women
children
elderly
HIV positive
one kidney
Where are the adrenal glands located and what are their purpose?
They are located ontop of the kidneys
- Adrenal cortex (outer layer)
- Adrenal medulla (inner)
What hormones are produced by the Adrenal cortex
Adrenal Medull
Adrenal cortex: produces aldosterone that regulates sodium retention and excretion of potassium and cortisol (a glucocorticoid)
Adrenal medulla: (epinephrine) and (norepinephrine)
What is a pheocromocytoma?
A noncancerous tumor in the adrenal medulla (ontop of the kidneys)
It stimulates overproduction of epi and nor epinephrine
what are the 4 symptom of pheochromocytoma ?
- High blood pressure/ paroxysmal HTN (episodic volatile highblood pressure)
- sweating
- Palpitations
- headaches
How do you diagnose pheochromocytoma?
24-hour urine for metanephrines/catecholamines
if elevated then pt will need CT/MRI of adrenal glands
What symptoms would you see in renal artery stenosis?
- Secondary HTN
- epigastric or upper abdominal quadrant bruit
- headache
- Astherosclerosis
What symptoms would you expect to see in polycystic kidney disease?
HTN
flank pain
palpable abdominal mass
nausea/fatigue/elevated creatine
hematuria
CKD
3. Proteinuria
4. Flank pain
5. UTI/obstructive calculi
True or false, all diuretics cause hypokalemia?
yes! EXCEPT FOR spironolactone
How do you treat hypokalemia?
with potassium supplements or with potassium rich foods?
oral potassium chloride is the preferred treatment for mild.mod diuretic induced hypokalemia
What are the symptoms of b12 deficiency?
Ataxia (romberg test)
Paresthesia and numbness
loss of proprioception
memory loss/dementia
If your patient has hypertension, BPH, and erectile dysfunction
and wants to start Sildenafil (viagra) what considerations should you make?
Doxazosin is an alpha blocker for HTN, if your patient is on any medications for hypertension and they want to start viagra it can cause hypotension so be careful when prescribing the two
What are contraindications to PDE-5 inhibitors for ED?
Nitrates
or alpha blockers (Doxazosin,tamsulosin)
ends in -OSIN
Erectile dysfunction with loss of early morning errections suggests what 2 types of causes?
Hypogonadism (low testosterone)
Vascular disease (atherosclerosis)
Neuropathy
When would you say its NOT safe to prescribe a PDE-5 inhibitor for ED? (Sildenafil)
generally you prescribe it to everyone unless:
- MI in the past 2ish weeks
- unstable angina
- Refactory angina
If your patient has an MI without revascularization, can you prescribe them viagra?
first do a cardiac stress test, or chemical stress test, if normal then yes :)
When performing bloodwork, if Bands are formed in the CBC, what does this mean?
If band forms (immature WBCs) are seen, it is indicative of a serious bacterial infection.
