Renal

Question 1

Cause of Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Mechanism

Answer 1

Hypercalcaemia
Causes down-regulation of aquaporin 2, reduced water absorption in collecting ducts, more dilute urine
Lithium works the same way

Question 2

Site affected in Tubular Acidosis
Type 1
Type 2

Answer 2

Type 1 = distal tubules
Type 2 = proximal tubules

Question 3

Associated with Horseshoe Kidney

Answer 3

Turner’s Syndrome

Question 4

Pre renal uraemia =

Answer 4

pre renal cause of AKI

Question 5

Lithium Toxicity
- Grading
- Symptoms

Answer 5

Severe = >2.5 lithium level
Sx = coarse tremor, confusion and seizures

Question 6

Glomerulonephritis associated with low complement

Answer 6

Infectious causes
SLE

Question 7

Drug induced lupus VS lupus

Answer 7

Drug induced does NOT usually involve the CNS or renal system

Question 8

Drug used in PKD
- Mechanism of action

Answer 8

Tolvaptan
- vasopressin receptor 2 antagonist, evidence slows renal function decline