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1MRCP Part 1 > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Strep sanguinis =

A

Strep viridans

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2
Q

Action of chloramphenicol

A

Acts on the cell wall = bactericidal

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3
Q

What is an endotoxin?
What is the immune response?

A

Feature of bacterial cell wall
e.g. lipopolysaccharide
- Freed when the bacteria is lysed/killed = activates coagulation and complement
e.g. E coli > haemolytic uraemic syndrome

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4
Q

Which bacteria have endotoxins?

A

Usually gram -VE

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5
Q

Two examples of exotoxins
Which bacteria mainly produce exotoxins

A
  1. Botulinum - toxin blocks ACh release
  2. Cholera - increases levels of adenylate cyclase to cause hypersecretion of chloride ions/water
    Gram +VE
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6
Q

Antibiotics with actions on the cell wall (4)

A

Penicillins
Carbopenems
Glycopeptides e.g. vancomycin
Cephalosporins

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7
Q

Antibiotics with actions on DNA synthesis (3)

A

Metronidazole
Sulphonamides e.g trimethoprim
Fluoroquines e.g. ciprofloxacin

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8
Q

Antibiotic that acts on RNA synthesis

A

Rifampicin

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9
Q

Antibiotics that act on protein synthesis (3)

A

Aminoglycosides e.g. gentamicin 30S
Macrolides e.g. erythromycin, clindamycin 50S
Tetracyclines - 30S

Protein subunit - makes a macrolide sandwich (50S)

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10
Q

Antibiotics that act on 50S subunit

A

Macrolides
e.g. erythromycin, clarithromycin

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11
Q

Antibiotics that act on 30S subunit

A

Aminoglycosides e.g. gentamicin
Tetracyclines e.g. doxycycline

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12
Q

When should live vaccines be avoided? (3)

A

Immunosuppressed
Malignancy e.g. leukaemia, lymphoma
Pregnancy

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13
Q

Live Attenuated Vaccines (6)

A

BCG
MMR

Typhoid
Yellow fever

Polio
Rotavirus

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14
Q

Inactive Vaccines (2)
- Problem

A

Rabies
Hepatitis A
- need boosting, not as immunogenic

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15
Q

Influenza vaccination

A

Nasal = ALIVE (alive attenuated)
IM = UNALIVE (inactive)

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16
Q

Toxin Vaccines (3)
- Problem

A

Diptheria
Pertussis

Tetanus

needs boosting, not as immunogenic

17
Q

Conjugate Vaccines (3)
- How do they work?

A

Pneumococcus
Haemophilus
Meningitis

Make lipopolysaccharide more immunogenic

18
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome
- bacteria
- mechanism

A

= staph aureus
Occurs due to the release of enterotoxins causing massive inflammatory response

enterotoxin = exotoxin

19
Q

B-haemolysis
- bacteria that show

A

= complete haemolysis
Group A and B streptococcus

20
Q

A-haemolysis
- bacteria that show

A

= partial haemolysis
Strep viridans, strep pneumoniae

21
Q

What does Group A strep produce?

A

Haemolytic exotoxins e.g. streptokinase

22
Q

Is clostridium sp gram positive or negative?

A

Positive - anaerobic

23
Q

What does E.coli 0157 produce?

A

shigella like toxin = endotoxin
= into circulation results in TTP and HUS

24
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum

A

L1-L3 serotype of chlamydia trachomatis

25
Q

L1-L3 serotype c. trachomatis
- Presentation

A

Lymphogranuloma venereum
= lymphadenopathy, proctitis, ulceration

26
Q

Process of viral replication (6)

A

Free virus
Attachment to host cell
Penetration of cell
Uncoating of virus
Synthesis of viral DNA or RNA
Assembly and release of virus

27
Q

Zidovudine =

A

AZT
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

28
Q

Classes of drugs used in HIV (3)

A

NRTI
Non-NRTI
Protease inhibitors

29
Q

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
- virus
- associated conditions

A

JC virus
- HIV and MS when using immunosuppression

30
Q

JC Virus

A

PML

31
Q

EBV associations

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma

32
Q

HTLV-1 association

A

T cell leukaemia

33
Q

False negative result in syphillis (4)

A

SLE
Anti-phospholipid
Pregnancy
HIV

34
Q

Results in ACTIVE syphillis infection

A

Positive VDRL
Positive treponomal test

35
Q

Results in TREATED syphillis infection

A

Negative VDRL
Positive treponomal test

36
Q

Testing for viral protein

A

Western blotting
ProTEST = west

37
Q

Management of Campylobacter in severe infection

A

ClarithromycinM

38
Q

Management of toxic shock syndrome

A

Penicillin + clindamycin

1MRCP Part 1 (20 decks)

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