Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Strep sanguinis =

A

Strep viridans

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2
Q

Action of chloramphenicol

A

Acts on the cell wall = bactericidal

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3
Q

What is an endotoxin?
What is the immune response?

A

Feature of bacterial cell wall
e.g. lipopolysaccharide
- Freed when the bacteria is lysed/killed = activates coagulation and complement
e.g. E coli > haemolytic uraemic syndrome

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4
Q

Which bacteria have endotoxins?

A

Usually gram -VE

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5
Q

Two examples of exotoxins
Which bacteria mainly produce exotoxins

A
  1. Botulinum - toxin blocks ACh release
  2. Cholera - increases levels of adenylate cyclase to cause hypersecretion of chloride ions/water
    Gram +VE
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6
Q

Antibiotics with actions on the cell wall (4)

A

Penicillins
Carbopenems
Glycopeptides e.g. vancomycin
Cephalosporins

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7
Q

Antibiotics with actions on DNA synthesis (3)

A

Metronidazole
Sulphonamides e.g trimethoprim
Fluoroquines e.g. ciprofloxacin

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8
Q

Antibiotic that acts on RNA synthesis

A

Rifampicin

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9
Q

Antibiotics that act on protein synthesis (3)

A

Aminoglycosides e.g. gentamicin 30S
Macrolides e.g. erythromycin, clindamycin 50S
Tetracyclines - 30S

Protein subunit - makes a macrolide sandwich (50S)

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10
Q

Antibiotics that act on 50S subunit

A

Macrolides
e.g. erythromycin, clarithromycin

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11
Q

Antibiotics that act on 30S subunit

A

Aminoglycosides e.g. gentamicin
Tetracyclines e.g. doxycycline

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12
Q

When should live vaccines be avoided? (3)

A

Immunosuppressed
Malignancy e.g. leukaemia, lymphoma
Pregnancy

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13
Q

Live Attenuated Vaccines (6)

A

BCG
MMR

Typhoid
Yellow fever

Polio
Rotavirus

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14
Q

Inactive Vaccines (2)
- Problem

A

Rabies
Hepatitis A
- need boosting, not as immunogenic

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15
Q

Influenza vaccination

A

Nasal = ALIVE (alive attenuated)
IM = UNALIVE (inactive)

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16
Q

Toxin Vaccines (3)
- Problem

A

Diptheria
Pertussis

Tetanus

needs boosting, not as immunogenic

17
Q

Conjugate Vaccines (3)
- How do they work?

A

Pneumococcus
Haemophilus
Meningitis

Make lipopolysaccharide more immunogenic

18
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome
- bacteria
- mechanism

A

= staph aureus
Occurs due to the release of enterotoxins causing massive inflammatory response

enterotoxin = exotoxin

19
Q

B-haemolysis
- bacteria that show

A

= complete haemolysis
Group A and B streptococcus

20
Q

A-haemolysis
- bacteria that show

A

= partial haemolysis
Strep viridans, strep pneumoniae

21
Q

What does Group A strep produce?

A

Haemolytic exotoxins e.g. streptokinase

22
Q

Is clostridium sp gram positive or negative?

A

Positive - anaerobic

23
Q

What does E.coli 0157 produce?

A

shigella like toxin = endotoxin
= into circulation results in TTP and HUS

24
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum

A

L1-L3 serotype of chlamydia trachomatis

25
L1-L3 serotype c. trachomatis - Presentation
Lymphogranuloma venereum = lymphadenopathy, proctitis, ulceration
26
Process of viral replication (6)
Free virus Attachment to host cell Penetration of cell Uncoating of virus Synthesis of viral DNA or RNA Assembly and release of virus
27
Zidovudine =
AZT Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
28
Classes of drugs used in HIV (3)
NRTI Non-NRTI Protease inhibitors
29
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy - virus - associated conditions
JC virus - HIV and MS when using immunosuppression
30
JC Virus
PML
31
EBV associations
Burkitt's lymphoma Hodgkin's lymphoma
32
HTLV-1 association
T cell leukaemia
33
False negative result in syphillis (4)
SLE Anti-phospholipid Pregnancy HIV
34
Results in ACTIVE syphillis infection
Positive VDRL Positive treponomal test
35
Results in TREATED syphillis infection
Negative VDRL Positive treponomal test
36
Testing for viral protein
Western blotting ProTEST = west
37
Management of Campylobacter in severe infection
ClarithromycinM
38
Management of toxic shock syndrome
Penicillin + clindamycin