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year 2 misc > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Where is PTH most likely to act

A

PCT as this is where the most renal phosphate reabsorption takes place

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2
Q

What are the 5Ps of tubulonephritis

A

Pain: Nsaids
Penicillin: antibiotics and associated rash
CycloPhoshamide
Pee: thiazide diuretics
PPI: omeprazole
RifamPicin

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3
Q

Definition of dialysis

A

Diffusion of particles across a semi-permeable membrane

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4
Q

What does dialyse provide

A

serum bicarbonate

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5
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis

A

Catheter sits in abdominal cavity and dialycate pumped into abdomen and solutes diffuse into peritoneal cavity and fluid emptied and new fluid inserted

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6
Q

What is hemodilaysis

A

Blood pumped into tube with smaller tubes bathed in dialycate which gets rid of the substances and puts it back into body

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7
Q

What pressure is used in hemodialysis

A

hydrostatic

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8
Q

What pressure is used in peritoneal dialysis

A

osmotic to pull fluid across peritoneal membrane

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9
Q

What toxins are removed through dialysis

A

Urea and creatinine
Potassium
Sodium

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10
Q

Where is the bladders lymphatic drainage to

A

External and internal illiac nodes

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11
Q

When does post-streptococcal glomerularnephritis present

A

7-14 days afrer infection typically URTI

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12
Q

Which nerves for the bladder receive parasymp innervation from

A

Pelvic Splanchnic nerves

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13
Q

Which nerves do the bladder receive symp innervation from

A

hypogastric plexus

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14
Q

What are the superior and inferior vesical arteries a branch of

A

Internal illiac

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15
Q

Treatment for hypercalcemia

A

Rehydration, bisphosphonates

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16
Q

Why does alcohol cause polyuria

A

Alcohol leads to ADH suppression in posterior pituitary so polyuria

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17
Q

What are the key features of nephrotic syndrome

A

Oedema, proteinuria, hypercholestermia, hypoalbuminia

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18
Q

What does nephrotic syndrome lead to

A

Hypervolaemic hyponatraemia

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19
Q

Kidney transplantation rejection is what type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type 2

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20
Q

What does tall tented t waves suggest

A

Hyperkalemia

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21
Q

What is the histopathological sign of goodpastures

A

cresent formation

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22
Q

What is the definitive management of minimal change glorerulonephritis: nephrotic syndrome in kids

A

12 weeks course of pred

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23
Q

What would GPA show on histology

A

Investigation with renal biopsy will show epithelial crescents in Bowman’s capsule

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24
Q

What are red cell cast seen in

A

Nephritic syndrome

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25
Q

What are brown cell casts seen in

A

Acute tubular necrosis

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26
Q

What is minimal change disease

A

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. Shortening of podocyte processes cannot be seen on light microscopy

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27
Q

What drugs classically cause acute interstitial nephritis

A

PPIs eg omeprazole

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28
Q

What chromosome abnormality is autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease found on

A

Chromosome 16

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29
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder formed of

A

two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice

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30
Q

Spiralactone is a ___ anatogonist

A

Aldosterone

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31
Q

Which diuretic can be used for renal stones

A

Bendroflumethiazide as it causes calcium excretion

32
Q

What drugs should be stopped in AKI

A

NSAIDS, aminoglycaside antibiotics (gent), ACEi, ARBs, diuretics

33
Q

What do horseshoe kidneys become trapped under in their ascent

A

Inferior mesenteric artery so remain low in abdomen

34
Q

What can myeloma lead to

A

AKI

35
Q

What is myeloma

A

Cancer of plasma cells (B lymphocytes) so excessive clonal production of immunoglobulins these can accumulate in bone marrow or soft tissue. impairment of production of normal blood cells leads to anaemia.

36
Q

In relation to what rib do the kidneys lie

A

11th rib -> beware of pneumothorax during nephrectomy

37
Q

What structures does the right kidney make direct contact with

A

Right suprarenal gland
Duodenum
Colon

38
Q

What does the left kidney make direct contact with

A

Left suprarenal gland
Pancreas
Colon

39
Q

What is posterior to the right kidney

A

Quadratus lumborum, diaphragm, psoas major, transversus abdominis

40
Q

What is Anterior to the right kidney

A

Hepatic flexure of colon

41
Q

What is superior to the right kidney

A

Liver, adrenal gland

42
Q

What is posterior to the left kidney

A

Quadratus lumborum, diaphragm, psoas major, transversus abdominis

43
Q

What is anterior to the left kidney

A

Stomach, pancreatic tail

44
Q

What is superior to the left kidney

A

Spleen, adrenal gland

45
Q

goodpastures is what sensitivity

A

Type 2

46
Q

At what level does the renal artery branch of the abdominal aorta

A

L2

47
Q

Congo red stain showing apple green birefringence under polarised light is

A

Amyloidosis

48
Q

What is amyloidosis

A

Disorder of extracellular deposits of misfolded protein.

49
Q

What lobe is usually enlarged in BPH

A

Median lobe sometimes lateral

50
Q

what is the mode of inheritance of alports

A

Xlinked dominant

51
Q

What is eGPA associated with

A

P-ANCA

52
Q

What is the classic presentation of acute interstitial nephritis

A

non-oliguric acute renal failure associated with the hypersensitivity triad (rash, raised eoisinophillia, fever) and nephrotic syndrome induced by drug therapy eg NSAIDs

53
Q

What medication can cause an isolated rise in creatinine

A

Trimepothrin

54
Q

What are the risk factors for renal cell carcinoma

A

Smoking, obesity, hypertension

55
Q

What secretes AFP

A

Non-seminomatous germ cell tumours: embryonal carcinomas, yolk sac tumour or teratoma

56
Q

What do seminomas secrete

A

Lactate dehyrogenase

57
Q

First line pharmocotherapy for urge incontinence

A

Anti-muscarinics eg oxybutynin

58
Q

What is the diagnostic test for a STI

A

Nucleic acid amplification test

59
Q

What organism causes peritoneal dialysis peritonitis

A

Staph epi

60
Q

First line treatment for priapism

A

Aspiration and irrigation with saline,

61
Q

Link between nephrotic syndrome and DVT

A

Nephrotic syndrome leads to loss of proteins in the urine and anticoagulants such as prothrombin 3 leading to hypercoagulability

62
Q

What renal stones are often genetic

A

Cystine- autosomal recessive pattern

63
Q

Treatment for minimal change disease

A

12 weeks of prednisolone

64
Q

What is the most common cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

A

HIV

Glomerulosclerosis leads to mesangial collapse and sclerosis of the basement membrane

65
Q

What is a common electrolyte abnormality in CKD

A

Hyperklaemia- Acidosis increases the plasma potassium concentration by inducing a net shift of potassium from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment in exchange for hydrogen.

66
Q

Where is the lymphatic drainage from the scrotum and distal anus

A

Superficial inguinal

67
Q

What structures drain into the internal illiac lymph nodes

A

Prostate, corpus cavernosum, bladder and rectum (above dentate line)

68
Q

What drains into the external illiac

A

Superior bladder

69
Q

What drains into the inguinal lymph nodes

A

Glans penis and anterior urethra

70
Q

What type of testicular cancer is common in those with undescended testes

A

Seminoma

71
Q

What do seminomas secrete

A

LDH

72
Q

What should you think in a left sided varicocele

A

Renal cancer- due to venous congestion of the left testicle.

73
Q

First line treatment in testicular cancer

A

Radial Orchidectomy

74
Q

What is treatment for suspected epidymorchitis

A

intramuscular ceftriaxone (single dose)
Doxycycline
Ofloxacin

75
Q

Criteria for CKD

A

<60ml/min GFR +-symptoms for three months or more

76
Q

Side effect of thiazide diuretic

A

Hypokalemia

77
Q

What can be used in recurrent renal calculi

A

Thiazide diuretics as increases calcium reabsorption

year 2 misc (12 decks)

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