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year 2 misc > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Where is aldosterone synthesised

A

zona glomuerulosa

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2
Q

Where is cortisol synthesised

A

zone fasciculata

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3
Q

What is the pitutary gonadal axis controlled by

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

Where are gonadotrophic hormones secreted

A

Pituatary

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5
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone cause in males

A

to produce sperm

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6
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone cause in females

A

to grow ovarian follicle hormones and therefore secrete oestrogen

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7
Q

What does leutinizing hormone cause in males

A

testosterone production

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8
Q

What does leutinizing hormone cause in females

A

ovulation and progesterone production by the corpus luteum

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9
Q

Pathway of estrogen and progesterone being released

A

Hypothalamus -> GnRH -> anterior pituitary-> LH + FSH-> Ovaries -> estrogen and progesterone

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10
Q

Pathway of testosterone being released

A

Hypothalamus -> GnRH -> anterior pituitary -> LH + FSH -> Testes -> testosterone

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11
Q

What happens to potassium when insulin is used>

A

Na/K ATPase pump is stimulated to translocate potassium and decrease it’s levels

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12
Q

What is required for PTH secretion

A

magnesium

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13
Q

Where does parathyroid hormone act in the kidney to increase parathyroid hormone

A

Distal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

What can cause an ADH deficiency

A

Damage to the posterior pituitary

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15
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone cause

A

Water reabsorption by insertion of aquaporin-2-channels in the collecting duct

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16
Q

Where does the antidiuretic hormone act

A

the collecting ducts

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17
Q

What is prolactin release inhibited by

A

Dopamine

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18
Q

What does somatostatin do

A

inhibits secretion of glucagon

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19
Q

What does the adrenal cortex synthesise

A

aldosterone and cortisol

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20
Q

What does the adrenal synthesise

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

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21
Q

What do sertoli cells produce

A

androgen binding protein

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22
Q

In acromegaly, what does increased levels of growth hormone cause?

A

increased IGF-1 from liver which stimulates overgrowth of tissues and alters blood/glucose lipid metabolism

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23
Q

What does aldosterone cause?

A

Reabsorption of sodium and water and excretion of potassium -> increased blood volume

24
Q

How is cranial diabetes insipidus diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed by low urine osmolality after fluid deprivation but then normalised osmolality after desmopressin is given since the underlying pathology is deficiency is hormone quantity

25
Q

What is the investigation for Cushing’s syndrome?

A

low dose dexamethosome depression test

26
Q

Describe MEN type 1

A

3Ps: parathyroid, pituitary and pancreas (recurrent peptic ulceration)
MEN 1 gene
Presentation of hypercalcemia

27
Q

Describe MEN type 2

A

2Ps: phaecromocytoma, parathyroid
Medullary thyroid cancer in 70%
RET oncogene

28
Q

Describe MEN type 3

A

1P: phaecromocytoma
Medullary thyroid cancer
Marfanoid symptoms, neuromas
RET oncogene

29
Q

What is Chovesteks sign

A

Increased irritability to peripheral nerves due to hypocalcemia

30
Q

SE of carbimozole

A

Agranulocytosis - sore throat

31
Q

What are psammoma bodies seen in

A

papillary carcinomas- clusters of microcalcifications

32
Q

What electrolye abnormality is seen in addisons

A

Hyperkalemia and hyponatremia

33
Q

What two hypothalmic hormones can increase secretion of prolactin

A

Prolactin realising hormone and thyrotropin releasing hormone

34
Q

What is DKA

A

Uncontrolled lipolysis

35
Q

What happens to hormones in kallmans syndrome

A

Low FSH, LH and testosterone

36
Q

What is subacute thyroiditis or de quervains

A

Hyperthyroidism secondary to viral infection can present with painful goitre. MM- self limiting and manage with NSAIDs

37
Q

How does lithium cause DI

A

Nephrogenic DI by blocking ADH receptors in collecting duct

38
Q

What is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome caused by

A

Neisseria meningitidis

39
Q

Describe hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome

A

Severe hyperglycaemia without significant ketosis. Similiar pathophysiology to DKA but there is still small amounts of HHS being secreted this can prevent a DKA by suppressing lipolysis and ketogenesis.

Symptoms- Marked dehydration due to hyperglycaemia and osmotic diuresis (hyperosmolar urine)

Characterised by profound hyperglycaemia >33.3 mmol, serum osmolarity >320mmol

MM- 0.9% saline without insulin

40
Q

What are common investigations for infertility

A

Rubella immunity/Chlamydia screen, Ovulation test/Semen analysis and Tubal patency test

41
Q

What is a group 1 ovulatory disorder

A

Hypothalamus dysfunction characterised by low levels of gonadal hormones

42
Q

What is a group 2 ovulatory disorder

A

Hypothalmic pitatary dysfunction with normal levels of gonadal hormones

43
Q

What is a group 3 ovulatory disorder

A

Ovarian failure

44
Q

When should the DVLA be contacted

A

If a patient has one or more severe episode of hypoglycemia whilst driving

If they use insulin

45
Q

Range for impaired glucose tolerance

A

7.8-11mmol/l

46
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?

A

Due to low vit d or CKD
High PTH + low/normal calcium with raised phosphate

47
Q

Blood results in tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A

High PTH and hypercalcaemia

48
Q

What diabetes medication cause weight loss

A

SLGT2i and GLP-1 receptor antagonists

49
Q

What diabetes medications cause weight gain

A

Sulfonylureas (gliclazide) and thiazolidines

50
Q

What diabetes medications are weight neutral

A

DPP4i- gliptin

51
Q

Examples of SGLT2i

A

Empagloflozin, dapagloflozin

52
Q

Examples of DPP4i

A

Gliptins

53
Q

Examples of thiazolidines

A

Piaglitozone

54
Q

Where is GLP-1 produced

A

Ileum

55
Q

Example of GLP-1 receptor agonist

A

Exenatide

56
Q

What is dexamethasone an example of

A

A steroid with high glucocorticoid activity, minimal mineralocorticoid activity

57
Q

GLP-1 and GIP are what

A

Incretins

year 2 misc (12 decks)

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