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year 2 misc > Endo Physiology > Flashcards

Endo Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How does calcitrol (vit d) alter instestinal absorption of calcium?

A

Increases intestinal absorption of calcium by increasing expression of luminal calcium channels, calcium binding proteins and extrusion proteins= more calcium being absorbed from the cells of intestinal mucosa

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2
Q

Synthesis of thyroid hormones depends especially on what?

A

Iodine availability

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3
Q

How is iodide transported from the bloodstream into follicular cells?

A

Na/I symporters located on basolateral membrane of follicular cells- a form of active transport

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4
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

stimulates the release of breastmilk and contraction of uterus in childbirth

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5
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

Corticosteroids eg aldosterone and cortisol

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6
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete

A

Catecholamines eg epinephrine and norephrine or adrenaline

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7
Q

What would insulin deficiency cause to GLUT channels

A

Low GLUT-4 expression and therefore uptake of insulin on cell surface and therefore more glucose to be circulating in the blood = hyperglycaemia

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8
Q

What electrolyte abnormalities are seen in primary hyperthyroidism- think systematically

A
  1. Tumour leading to excessive levels of PTH
  2. PTH stimulates kidneys to remove phosphate from blood
    = hypophosphaemia
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9
Q

What does PTH do to blood calcium and by what mechanisms?

A

Raises blood calcium by:
1. increases osteoclast activity of bones by reabsorbing calcium from bones
2. Increase calcium reabsorption in the kidneys (DCT) so less lost in the urine
3. Increases Vit D activity so increased calcium absorption in the intestines

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10
Q

What happens when blood calcium levels are high

A

Calcitonin released from thyroid so blocks osteoclast activity

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11
Q

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Insufficient vit D or CKD causing reduced calcium absorption from intestines, kidneys and bones = hypocalcemia.

Parathyroid reacts by excreting more parathyroid hormone

Ca= Low, PTH= high

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12
Q

What are examples of catecholamines

A

Adrenaline

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13
Q

What disease would you measure free catecholamines

A

Phaecromocytoma

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14
Q

Why is Cushings associated with hypokalemia

A

Excess cortisol exhibits mineralocorticoid activity by binding to activating Na/K pumps causing potassium movement into cells

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15
Q

What is the typical half life of insulin

A

Less than 30 mins

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16
Q

How to DDP-4 inhibitors work?

A

Eg sitaglitpins

Inhibit enzyme responsible for breaking down incretin so leads to increased incretin levels in the blood this works to increase insulin levels

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17
Q

How do glucocorticoids work

A

Bind to intracellular receptor that migrates to the nucleus and affects gene transcription

18
Q

What can corticosteroids worsen

A

Have anti-insulin effects so worsen diabetic control

19
Q

Cortisol is an example of a

A

glucocorticoid

20
Q

Apart from prolactin what other hormone can increase secretion of prolactin

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

21
Q

Why would cushings cause hypokalaemia

A

High conc of cortisol displays mineralocorticoid activity by binding to and activating Na/K pumps resulting in hypokalaemia.

22
Q

What are the main hormones of the menstrual cycle

A

LH, FHS, oestrogen and progesterone

23
Q

What are the two parts of the menstrual cycle and their respective lengths

A
  1. Follicular phase (14 days although can vary)
  2. Luteal phase (14 days)
24
Q

What does FSH do

A

Stimulates further development of mature follicles and stimulates granulosa cells to release oestrogen in a negative feedback loop to suppress LH and FSH

25
Q

What causes the follicle to release an ovum and what day does this happen on

A

Drop in oestrogen and rise in LH on day 14

26
Q

What is the corpus luteum

A

Follicle which has released the ovum

27
Q

What does the corpus luteum release

A

Progesterone (steroid sex hormone) and oestrogen

28
Q

What does a fertilised corpus luteum cause

A

Embryo to produce HCG and this can be detected in a pregnancy test

29
Q

What does an unfertilised corpus luteum cause

A

A drop in progesterone and oestrogen stopping the negative feedback loop causing LH and FSH to rise and menstruation to occur

30
Q

What do leydig cells secrete

A

Produces testosterone

31
Q

Where is sperm produced

A

Testes

32
Q

What is found in the seminiferous tubules

A

Sertoli and Leydig cells

33
Q

What does sertoli cells produce

A

Androgen binding protein

34
Q

What do leydig cells produce

A

Testosterone

35
Q

What stimulates leydig cells

A

Leutinizing hormone

36
Q

What stimulates sertoli cells

A

FSH

37
Q

What days are females most fertile in their menstrual cycle

A

The middle- 9-16 days

38
Q

Other than PCOS what is heavy menstruation associated with

A

Hypothyroidism

39
Q

What electrolyte abnormality can insulin cause

A

Hypokalemia

40
Q

Treatment for toxic multinodular goitre

A

Radiodine therapy

41
Q

What is medullary thyroid cancer

A

Cancer of the parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin

year 2 misc (12 decks)

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