Optho Flashcards
What is usually the causative organism of conjuctivitis?
Adenovirus
Pathology affecting the parietal lobe would result in what
contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantinopia
Pathology affect the parietal lobe would result in what
Contralateral homonymous superior quadrantinopia
Pathology affecting the visual cortex would result in what
contralateral homonoymous hemoanopia (macular sparing)
What is OCT used for
to distinguish between wet/dry ARMD
What do you need to diagnose papilloedema
optic nerve swelling/oedema and a neurological cause causing raised ICP
What is a manifest squint
when corneal reflections are assymetrical in normal gaze
What is a convergent squint
When the uncovered eye moves out to take up fixation from being in a convergent position
What causes an RAPD
Total retinal detachment or optic nerve damage such as advanced glaucoma, optic neuropathy or optic neuritis
What is optic neuritis a manifestation of
Multiple Sclerosis
In RAPD what nerve carries the afferent reflex
Optic nerve
In RAPD, what nerve carries the efferent reflex
Oculomotor nerve
If there was no consensual reflex in RAPD testing what nerve would be damaged
oculomotor
Whats the 1st line treatment for anterior uveitis
Topical steroid eye drops eg pred or dex
Dendritic ulcers are present in …
Herpes simplex keratitis
Herpes zoster opthalmicus is what? What is the presentation
Re-activiation of shingles affecting the ophthalmic division of the trigmenial nerve. A dermatomal vesicular rash involving the tip of the nose
In red eye cases what is least likely to cause pain
Episcleritis
Eye lid in-turning (entropion) is a complication of what
Bacterial keratitis
What does the oculomotor nerve supply
Parasymp innervation to the iris via the ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerve so a palsy will lead to unopposed sympathetic activity and a dilated pupil.
In wet ARMD where does neovascularisation occur and where do they grow from
Grow from choroidal layer into macular and lead into fluid/blood causing oedema.
Chronic open angle glaucoma results in what
Gradual loss of peripheral visual fields
GCA results in what visual problems
anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
In glaucoma what happens to cup:disc ratio
Increases
What medication can reduced intracranial pressure
Acetazolamide- a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor inhibts the production of cerbrospinal fluid
What is the classic resting position of a third nerve palsy
Down and out, ptosis, proptosis and fixed pupil dilation
What does the pupil look like in primary closed angle glaucoma
Fixed dilated position
What can commonly occur after cataract surgery
Endopthalmitis
What is acetazolamide and what does it do
A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor which reduces production of aqueous humour in the cilliary body and therefore intraocular pressure
What imaging for suspected optic neuritis
MRI
If there is an abnormally dilated pupil what term is given
Surgical
Giant cell arteritis causes what visual symptoms
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy due to infarction of posterior ciliary arteries supplying the optic head
Where is the visual cortex
Occipital lobe
Definitive treament for closed angle glaucoma
Peripheral iridotomy
What test can differentiate between episcleritis and scleritis
Topical phenylephrine causes blanching of eye in episcleritis not scleritis
Describe the fundus in hypertensive retinopathy
- Silver/copper wiring where arteriole walls become thickened and sclerosed
- Arteriovenous nipping- arteries cause compression of veins
- Cotton wool spots
- Hard exudates
- Retinal haemorrhages
- Papilloedema
Keith-Wagener classification
Stage 1: Mild narrowing of the arterioles
Stage 2: Focal constriction of blood vessels and AV nicking
Stage 3: Cotton-wool patches, exudates and haemorrhages
Stage 4: Papilloedema
