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Religious studies Paper 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is justice?

A

Comes from courts because they apply the law fairly, the process of allocating rewards or punishments/upholding what’s right, can be government passes a law which people think is unfair or unjust

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1
Q

Why do we need the law?

A

To protect the weak, to create peace for everyone to live in, to be kept safe from criminals, to give guidelines on acceptable behaviour, to be able to live without fear, to be protected from violence

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2
Q

What is a sin?

A

An action that goes against the will of God, some sins are crimes eg murder, other sins aren’t against the law eg adultery

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3
Q

What are the four theories of punishment?

A

Deterrence, Retribution, reform and protection

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4
Q

What is deterrence?

A

Discouraging people from doing something illegal, punishments should put people off committing a crime again or should stop others from doing it in the first place

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5
Q

What is retribution?

A

The idea that punishments should make criminals pay for what they have done. Makes the victim or victims family feel a sense of justice, the offender got what they deserved

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6
Q

What is reform?

A

Punishment should show the offender what they did wrong and help change them/reform them so they don’t do it again. This can be giving them education, skills or job training so that when they get out they can be a normal, nice, person

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7
Q

What is protection?

A

A purpose of punishment, to protect society from violent/dangerous criminals by keeping them in prison

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8
Q

What are arguments against deterrence?

A

It doesn’t work-nearly half of all criminals reoffend and prisons are full

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9
Q

What are arguments against retribution?

A

Doesn’t always work-some victims feel the punishments aren’t severe enough. In some serious crimes it can possible to argue that retribution is never achieved for the victim and their family

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10
Q

What are arguments against reform?

A

It is seen to go against punishment as it gives criminals more chances

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11
Q

What are arguments against protection?

A

It only works when the criminal is in prison but they can be released back into society

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13
Q

What is another argument against theories of punishment?

A

They do not focus on the causes of crime and therefore are irrelevant

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14
Q

What are Christian teachings on justice?

A

Jesus taught the golden rule, God is just and so people should behave in the same way, everyone will be judged on judgement day by God-if behaved justly they will go to heaven, It is up to God to decide who is truly sorry and to judge others

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15
Q

How do christians help out the world?

A

Ensuing resources are shared equally, giving to charity, campaigning for governments and organisations to help other nations and helping those who are oppressed

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16
Q

What are two christian charities?

A

Christian aid and CAFOD

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17
Q

What is christian aid?

A

Works in areas of poverty, helps those in need and campaigns against justice and oppression to the poor, seeks to change government policy and campaigns for an end to unjust debts imposed on poorer nations

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18
Q

What is CAFOD?

A

Catholic fund for overseas development, campaigns for justice for the poor and has campaigned against landmines, the debt owed by third world and for the rich to be more active in helping the poor and oppressed

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19
Q

What are muslim teachings on justice?

A

On the last day Allah will reward those who have been just and fair towards others, the qur’an teaches that Allah wants people to act fairly towards everyone, Justice is the basis of charitable giving in islam and prophet muhhamad always acted in a just way

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20
Q

What is the Shari’ah law of God?

A

Muslims believe that they should follow the rules et by shari’ah law, they believe that they must obey the laws of the country they are in even if they are not islamic, shari’ah courts have strict rules so they are fair e.g. all trials are public and shari’ah also has laws to help society function fairly e.g. not charging interests on loans

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21
Q

Why do muslims work for justice?

A

To obey the Qur’an, to fulfil Shari’ah , to fulfil the five pillars, to please allah as he is watching every action that they perform

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22
Q

What are some muslim charities?

A

Muslim aid and islamic relief

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23
Q

What is muslim aid?

A

It works to relive poverty and secure justice for the poor and oppressed. Also it aims to get richer nations to help poorer ones and remove oppression

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24
Q

What is Islamic relief?

A

It seeks to improve the lives people affected by poverty, wars and natural disasters and also provides energy food and medical relief

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25
Q

What is capital punishment?

A

Execution where the life of a condemned prisoner is taken away, abolished in the UK completely in 1998

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26
Q

What are non-religious arguments FOR capital punishment?

A

It is a deterrent to stop people committing crimes, It can make people confess quicker to get a lesser sentence, society can get rid of the most dangerous criminals and it is retribution for harming or killing someone else

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27
Q

What are non-religious arguments AGAINST capital punishment?

A

Countries with the death penalty don’t have a low crime rate, many people are executed but the found innocent, terrorists that are executed may be seen as heroes and can increase terrorist attacks and also execution could be an easier way out than living in prison

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28
Q

What are christian arguments for capital punishment?

A

The old testament teaches that the death penalty should be used for some crimes, Jesus never taught that it was wrong, in the middle ages the church used the death penalty on those who challenged the authority of the church and st paul teaches that christians must obey the laws of their country even if it includes the death penalty

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29
Q

What are christian arguments against capital punishment?

A

It goes against the sanctity of life argument, jesus taught that revenge is wrong, most churches have spoken out against capital punishment, the overall message of Christianity is love and forgiveness and jesus came to earth to save and reform people

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30
Q

What are muslims main view on the death penalty?

A

They favour it for some crimes but some muslims don’t want it

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31
Q

Where can the death penalty be used?

A

In all countries where there is shari’ah law because the Qur’an says

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32
Q

What crimes can the death penalty be used for?

A

Murder, rape, homosexual acts and apostasy

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33
Q

When is the death penalty used?

A

According to the Qur’an, its only a last resort after a fair trial. The criteria is very strict e.g. for adultery, four people have to testify and the victim/family has to agree with the death penalty

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34
Q

What are muslim arguments for the death penalty?

A

The Qur’an says it can be used for certain crimes, Shari’ah agrees with the Qur’an, Muhammad made statements suggesting that he agreed with the death penalty and also when muhammad was the ruler of medina, he sentenced people to death for committing murder

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35
Q

What are muslim arguments against the death penalty?

A

The scholars of Shari’ah do not agree when or how it should be applied, The Qur’an states that capital punishment is one option but not compulsory, Strict conditions given by te Qur’an are not often met and in some countries Shari’ah has been seen to have oppressed the poor and women who receive the death penalty for adultery

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36
Q

Why are there laws for drugs and alcohol?

A

Because of the potential dangers, the law protects consumers

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37
Q

What are drugs?

A

A chemical you put into your body that changes your mood or how you feel. Some are legal, some can be addictive, children need protection from some, some cause social problems and some can improve health

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38
Q

What are legal drugs?

A

Legal drugs such as painkillers are sold under controlled conditions in pharmacies, supermarkets and shops. Some are sold over the counter, others need a prescription

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39
Q

What are illegal drugs?

A

They are classified based on how dangerous they are, taking or selling class A drugs carries heavy penalties whereas lower penalties are given for possession or supply of lower class drugs

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40
Q

What are four types of drugs?

A

Stimulants, Hallucinogens, depressants, analgesics

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41
Q

What are stimulants?

A

They affect the central nervous system and increase brain activity (cigarettes, amphetamines and cocaine)

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42
Q

What are hallucinogens?

A

Drugs that change your sense and give the impression that things are there when they aren’t (LSD, magic mushrooms, cannabis)

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43
Q

What are depressants?

A

They slow down brain activity (alcohol, solvents)

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44
Q

What are analgesics?

A

Painkilling drugs (aspirin, paracetamol, heroin)

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45
Q

What are the UK alcohol laws?

A

Children under 16 not allowed in a pub/bar without adult, under 18’s not allowed to drink alcohol in pub/bar unless 16/17 and having a meal, alcohol can be sold 24 hours a day with a licence, it is illegal for under 18’s to buy alcohol, must have a licence to sell alcohol, it is illegal to (try) buy alcohol for a child

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46
Q

What are social problems caused by drugs and alcohol?

A

Crime, unemployment, homelessness and family breakdown

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47
Q

What are health problems caused by drugs and alcohol?

A

Overdose, Mental illness, serious illnesses and death

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48
Q

What are facts about alcohol?

A

Men - no more than 3-4 units/day. Women-no more than 2-3 units/day. Twice recommended amount=binge drinking, health problems= heart/liver disease, stroke and cancer, psychological/emotional effect also caused

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49
Q

What are facts about smoking?

A

Smoking leads to lots of health problems e.g. cancer, lung disease and high blood pressure, poor dental health and they smell of nicotine and smoke. The addiction can lead to a breakdown of social and romantic relationships

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50
Q

What are facts about (illegal) drugs?

A

Crime to fund addiction, unemployment, social disorder, loss of incentive to work and maintain a regular lifestyle, overdose is possible, psychological effects even after beating it and drugs affect the brain and can lead to mental illness and loss of brain function

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51
Q

What does the bible believe about drugs and alcohol?

A

The bible teaches that God created humans and shouldn’t abuse his creations, most christians believe taking any kind of drugs damages the body god created so is wrong

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52
Q

Why do christians believe that drugs are wrong?

A

Christians should follow the law of the land which they live in, illegal drugs are illegal because they’re dangerous, many illegal drug users turn to crime, drug abuse leads to family breakups/antisocial behaviour (it can change a persons behaviour)

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53
Q

What are christians reasons for drinking alcohol?

A

The bible does not forbid alcohol, Jesus drank wine and performed the miracle of water to wine, Jesus gave his disciples wine at the last supper and st paul told his friend Timothy to drink wine to help with digestion

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54
Q

What are christian reasons against drinking alcohol?

A

Drinking alcohol impairs a persons judgement and their ability to act in a Christian way, there are many other drinks available, alcohol today is much stronger than in the past, it is best to avoid offending others so don’t drink at all

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55
Q

Why are muslims against drugs and alcohol?

A

The Qur’an says intoxicants are forbidden, The effects of drugs and alcohol would mean muslims cant act in a muslim way, all muslims should obey the law of where they are and humans should look after the body Allah gave them/ also Muhammad referred to it as the mother of all sins

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56
Q

What is the definition of addiction?

A

A recurring compulsion to engage in an activity regardless of its bad effects

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57
Q

What is the definition of capital punishment?

A

The death penalty for a crime or offence

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58
Q

What is the definition of crime?

A

An act against the law

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59
Q

What is the definition of deterrence?

A

The idea that punishments should be of such a nature that they will put people off committing crimes

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60
Q

What is the definition of judgement?

A

The act of judging people and their actions

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61
Q

What is the definition of justice?

A

Due allocation of reward and punishment/the maintenance of what is right

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62
Q

What is the definition of law?

A

Rules made by parliament and enforceable by the courts

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63
Q

What is the definition of reform?

A

The idea that punishments should try to change criminals so that they will not commit crimes again

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64
Q

What is the definition of rehabilitation?

A

Restore to normal life

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65
Q

What is the definition of responsibility?

A

Being responsible for one’s actions

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66
Q

What is the definition of retribution?

A

The idea that punishments should make criminals pay for what they’ve done wrong

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67
Q

What is the definition of sin?

A

An act against the will of God

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68
Q

What are the causes of war?

A

Self defence, economics/natural resources, fear, national pride, fighting against injustice and aggression, racial or ethnic hatred, protecting people from persecution and exploitation

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69
Q

What was the Darfur war 2003-2007?

A

Civil war between the Sudanese army and a number of different mainly non-aran groups. Sudan is now split into two countries (Sudan and The republic of south Sudan) but the situation is still unsettled

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70
Q

What were the factors?

A

Economic/environmental, long-standing ethnic hatred, national pride and remote location

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71
Q

What was the economic/environmental factor?

A

Food and water shortages due to drought and increasing desertification forced many people to move south onto farmland already owned by others struggling to survive. Farmers were also growing cash crops reducing the amount of land available to grow food.

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72
Q

What was the long-standing ethnic hatred factor?

A

Both sides have a history of long-standing disputes over religious and ethnic issues. The government was accused of persecuting non-Arabs

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73
Q

What was the national pride factor?

A

The conflict in Darfur was part of wider conflict in the Sudan. Some parts of the anti-government forces wanted the south of Sudan to be ruled as an independent country. The government wished it to remain as one country

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74
Q

What was the remote location factor?

A

This area is remote with poor transport and communication links. When trouble began, it took a long time for other countries to find out By the time the international community found out, thousands were already dead or had lost their homes

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75
Q

What is the UN?

A

The united nations is an international body set up after the second world war to promote world peace and cooperation. There are 192 member nations who meet regularly at the UN headquarters in New York

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76
Q

What does the UN do?

A

Uses conflict resolution and reconciliation

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77
Q

What range of methods does the UN use?

A

Arms control and disarmament to reduce numbers of weapons of mass destruction, peace talks, trade restrictions, sending peacekeeping forces and military action

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78
Q

Has the UN been successful?

A

It has experienced both success (achieving peace and reducing human rights abuses) and failures (too late to prevent mass killing in Darfur)

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79
Q

What issues are the UN concerned with?

A

Issues that will have a long-term impact on world peace-fighting against poverty, campaigning for human rights and solving conflict issues

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80
Q

What is the UN’s basic aim?

A

To achieve world peace-the ending of war throughout the world

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81
Q

The first thing the UN did about the Darfur war was negation, what is this?

A

Once the conflict became known, the UN negotiated between the two sides, the sudanese government and the UN formed an agreement to stop the conflict. The government failed to follow the agreement Various peace deals were signed and broken but the UN had some success in getting both sides to talk

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82
Q

The second thing was sanctions, what were these?

A

Several countries stopped trading with Sudan. The UN threatened sanctions (e.g. to stop Sudan trading in oil). This achieved some response from the Sudan government to work with the UN

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83
Q

The third thing was peacekeeping forces, what is this?

A

A small African union peacekeeping force was allowed into Darfur in August 2004. Not until 2007 was an agreed peacekeeping force from the UN and african union allowed in. This is ongoing and has had some success in protecting civilians but has also come under attack from both sides

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84
Q

Where the UN successful or not?

A

The UN has at least managed to stem the number and frequency of killings and organised more peace talks. However, peace has still not yet been achieved and intervention was too late to prevent mass killing in Darfur

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85
Q

Why are there christian organisations for world peace?

A

Jesus taught the need for forgiveness, peace and unity

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86
Q

What are christian organisations?

A

World council of churches and pax christi

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87
Q

What does the world council of churches do?

A

Founded in 1948, encourages christians of all types to heal divisions between nations by talking, has been involved in struggles in South Africa, Sudan, Korea and Latin America

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88
Q

What does pax christi do?

A

International catholic organisation set up in 1945 to work for world peace, it is opposed to war and violence. Encourages governments to solve their disputes through discussion, economic justice and social justice

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89
Q

Why are their islamic organisations for world peace?

A

Protecting human rights, peace and freedom are essential principles of Islam

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90
Q

What are islamic organisations?

A

Islamic relief and the muslim peace fellowship

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91
Q

What does islamic relief do?

A

Founded in 1948 to help victims of war, has worked in Bosnia, Somalia and Iraq

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92
Q

What does the muslim peace fellowship do?

A

Founded in 1994 and works to promote world peace, works against injustice and reaches out to people of all faiths and tries to develop understanding and mutual respect

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93
Q

What do all these organisations do to try to obtain world peace?

A

Teach forgiveness, Campaign against oppressive governments, encourage peace talks, educate all involved and hold interfaith conferences

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94
Q

What is a just war?

A

A just war is one that is fought for the right reasons and in the right way. Theory developed by st Thomas Aquinas to help religious believers decide wether war is right. It has to be justified

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95
Q

What is the criteria for a just war?

A

Last resort after negotiation/non-violent methods fail, methods used are fair and reasonable, cause of the war is just (resisting aggression or injustice), no innocent civilians will be killed, there is a reasonable chance of success and it is fought with the aim of bringing peace

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96
Q

What are issues with just war?

A

Both sides in a war may claim their cause is just e.g. second world war, Hitler said the Nazis were right and just. Also just war theory has been manipulated by leaders to justify their actions e.g. in the Iraq war, the USA claimed they invaded for the force of good, but al-Qaeda claimed they fought in the name of Allah

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97
Q

What does the bible teach about war?

A

The bible has a message of peace, one of the titles given to Jesus was ‘prince of peace’. “blessed are the peacemakers” “love your enemies” “For all who draw the sword will die by the sword”

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98
Q

What do christians believe about the just war theory?

A

Some would follow the just war theory, it has been accepted by many christian churches and some teachings in the bible support it

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99
Q

Why do some christians believe in the just war theory?

A

There are situations were war is the lesser of two evils, Jesus taught that obedience should be shown to the government, sometimes violence is necessary e.g. in response to invasion and it is right to have armed forces to protect nations

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100
Q

What do other christians prefer to follow?

A

Pacifist principles, refusing to fight wars. They believe that disputes should be settled peacefully

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101
Q

What are the different types of pacifism?

A

Absolute pacifism-No engagement in military actions.
Relative/selective pacifism-No engagement in military action in certain circumstances.
Nuclear pacifism- No use of nuclear weapons

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102
Q

What are the reasons why christians may decide to be pacifists?

A

The ten commandments forbid killing, Jesus taught that people should love their enemies, nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction cause unimaginable suffering and jesus stopped his own followers from using violence

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103
Q

What does Jihad mean?

A

Struggle

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104
Q

What is lesser jihad?

A

Just war theory, a physical struggle or war. Although the Qur’an teaches peace, there are some circumstances in which the use of violence is allowed

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105
Q

What is greater jihad?

A

The struggle that muslims face within themselves in order to make them better Muslims and bring them closer to God. For example, studying the Qur’an, doing good deeds, attending mosque and fighting greed and envy

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106
Q

What do muslims believe about fighting?

A

The Qur’an teaches that it is right to fight if attacked. Muhammad fought in wars and taught that Muslims should fight in just wars. The Qur’an teaches that anyone killed in a just war goes straight to heaven

107
Q

What is the muslim just war theory?

A

Fought for a just cause (defend islam or injustice), as a last resort, if its authorised by muslim authority, minimum amount of suffering is caused, ends when enemy surrenders, innocent civilians aren’t attacked and when the aim is to restore peace and freedom

108
Q

Why are some muslims against war?

A

Peace and reconciliation is at the heart of Islam and the teachings of the Qur’an. Modern weapons cant be used in a way that is compatible with Muslim rules about fighting in a war. Non-violence is the only way to achieve peace and violence only leads to more violence

109
Q

What is bullying?

A

Intimidating or frightening someone weaker than yourself e.g. physically harming someone, stealing or damaging their property, fakery accusing people so they get int trouble, calling people names and cyber bullying

110
Q

Why might someone bully others?

A

Problems at home, problems with family members, wanting to look tough, disliking themselves and may have also been victims of bullying

111
Q

What is the samaritans?

A

The samaritans are a well-known UK charity that offers telephone support to people suffering from bullying. Many Christians are volunteers for the Samaritans

112
Q

What are christian attitudes towards bullying?

A

Its wrong because, everyone is created by god in him image, jesus taught to love thy neighbour, the golden rule and God judges everyone on how they’ve lived

113
Q

What are muslim attitudes towards bullying?

A

Its wrong because all muslims are judged on how they live their lives, Muhammad taught to protect and help the vulnerable and weak, everyone is made by Allah in his image and islam teaches that muslims should work to end injustice and cruelty

114
Q

Who can help with bullying?

A

Childline and Kidscape

115
Q

How are schools told to deal with bullying?

A

Get everyone in school to tackle bullying, put anti-bullying posters up and educate everyone about the problems of bullying, make sure staff are around at break times when most bullying happens and set up peer counselling schemes to provide support

116
Q

What are common causes of family conflict?

A

Divorce, school, money, smoking/drugs, moral issues, rivalry between brothers and sisters, choice of friends and religion

117
Q

How can religion cause conflict in religious families?

A

If a child with a religion upbringing decides to convert to a different faith or not follow any religion. Or if a child with atheist parents wants to follow a religion

118
Q

How can social behaviour cause conflict in religious families?

A

Drinking alcohol, socialising with members of the opposite gender

119
Q

How can moral issues cause conflict in religious families?

A

Cohabiting with a partner or choosing to have an abortion

120
Q

How can jobs and careers cause conflict in religious families?

A

Certain careers could conflict with religious teachings

121
Q

How could choice of boyfriend/girlfriend cause conflict in religious families?

A

Especially if they are from another faith

122
Q

How can raising children cause conflict in religious families?

A

Society and times have changed and older generations may hold different views

123
Q

What does christianity teach about family conflicts?

A

Children should honour their parents as stated in the ten commandments and parents should care for their children and support them

124
Q

What does Islam teach about family conflicts?

A

No child should cause harm to their parents and parents should care for their children. Also muslims should obey their parents, even in adulthood and respect the wisdom they offer

125
Q

What does the bible teach about forgiveness?

A

People should forgive those they have argued/fought with, Reconciliation is the best way to solve conflict with family and friends, Jesus died on the cross to bring forgiveness and reconciliation between humanity and God. Christians should forgive others and God will help help them to do this even when it is difficult

126
Q

What are bible quotes for forgiveness?

A

“love your enemies” and “If you hold anything against anyone, forgive him”

127
Q

What do some christians believe about forgiveness?

A

That with the love of God everything is forgivable, Christians believe that if they don’t forgive, god won’t forgive them. Eg and 18 year old was murdered but his parents still stood by their christian teachings of forgiveness

128
Q

What do other Christians believe about forgiveness?

A

That if the conflict was about a religious or moral issue where the Bible has a definite teaching, then there can be no reconciliation

129
Q

What do muslims teach about forgiveness?

A

Alla will show mercy and forgiveness to those who did the same in their lives(Judgement day), Allah was given the name “the compassionate and merciful” showing allah forgave people so muslims should too, Muhammad taught that people need to forgive and reconcile with those who offend them and the Qur’an says “if a person forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from God”

130
Q

How is forgiveness a part of Hajj?

A

On pilgrimage, muslims slime Jebel al-Rahma on the plain of arafat where they pray for forgiveness, they believe that by doing this, allah will forgive their sins

131
Q

What actions are not forgivable in the eyes of some muslims?

A

Working against Islam, freely denying muslim principles and images of Muhammad- in september 2005 a newspaper published cartoon drawings of Muhammad that were considered deeply offensive to islam and unforgivable

132
Q

What is the definition of aggression?

A

Attacking without being provoked

133
Q

What is the definition of bullying?

A

Intimidating/frightening people weaker than yourself

134
Q

What is the definition of conflict resolution?

A

Bringing a fight or struggle to a peaceful conclusion

135
Q

What is the definition of exploitation?

A

Taking advantage of a weaker group

136
Q

What is the definition of just war?

A

A war which is fought for the right reasons and in a right way

137
Q

What is the definition of forgiveness?

A

Stopping blaming someone and/or pardoning them for what they have done wrong

138
Q

What is the definition of pacifism?

A

The belief that all disputed should be settled by peaceful means

139
Q

What is the definition of reconciliation?

A

Bringing together people who were opposed to each other

140
Q

What is the definition of respect?

A

Treating a person or they feelings with consideration

141
Q

What is the definition of the United Nations?

A

An international body set up to promote world peace and cooperation

142
Q

What is the definition of weapons of mass destruction?

A

Weapons which can destroy large areas and numbers of people

143
Q

What is the definition of world peace?

A

The ending of war throughout the whole world (the basic aim of the United Nations)

144
Q

What is global warming?

A

Also known as climate change, is the increase in temperature of the earths atmosphere

145
Q

What are the causes of global warming?

A

The burning of fossil fuels by humans increases greenhouses gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere. Some scientists believe that the rise in temperature is natural and the climate has always been in a state of change

146
Q

What are the effects of global warming?

A

Polar regions, the ice melts and increases the sea level meaning some land may be submerged. Some hotter areas suffering drought and others suffering excessive rain and flooding-could result in food shortage and then famine. Increase in extreme weather events e.g. hurricanes and flash floods. Some animals and plants may die out if they cant adapt

147
Q

What are individual solutions?

A

Turn off electrical appliances when not in use, walk instead of use vehicles, support environmental charities, lobby the government for change

148
Q

What are government and organisation solutions?

A

Set laws for factories to reduce energy, work together to try and reduce energy usage

149
Q

What are scientists solutions?

A

Research into the causes and consequences of climate change so we understand more about it and can do more to prevent it

150
Q

What is pollution?

A

The contamination of the environment which damages and spots the world

151
Q

What are the different forms of pollution?

A

Waste, land, air and water pollution

152
Q

What is waste pollution?

A

Increase in waste that is not biodegradable or recyclable, waste takes up space, spreads disease and releases dangerous chemicals. Eg new technology products like computers

153
Q

What is land pollution?

A

Land or soil pollution leads to poor plant growth and threatens animal habitats. Eg littering, pesticides and radioactive waste

154
Q

What is air pollution?

A

Substances or chemicals released into the atmosphere threaten the chemical balance in the air. Leads to acid rain caused by burning fossil fuels, and smog which affects humans and animals. Eg Vehicle fumes, CFCs, burning fossil fuels and waste from power stations

155
Q

What is water pollution?

A

Contaminated rivers, lakes, oceans and reservoirs. This affects the water quality and the plants and animals that live there. Eg chemicals, fertilisers, oil, sewage and eutrophication (too many nutrients affect the environment:algae grow and the bacteria that break nutrients down use up the oxygen that fish need)

156
Q

What are the solutions for pollution?

A

Create less waste (Reduce reuse recycle), government action (anti pollution laws to limit the amount of pollution and sever penalties for breaking them), alternative energy sources (use of renewable clean sources like solar and wind power to reduce waste and pollution), And alternative manufacturing methods (research into ways of manufacturing that cause less waste or remove waste more efficiently)

157
Q

What are renewable resources?

A

Wind power, solar power, wave power, waste power, fertile land and wood

158
Q

What are the advantages of these?

A

They will never run out and mostly provide clean energy which doesn’t cause pollution

159
Q

What are the disadvantages of these?

A

Many are only effective in certain areas and can be more expensive

160
Q

What are non-renewable resources?

A

Coal, oil, gas and elements/minerals/rocks such as uranium for nuclear power

161
Q

What are the advantages of these?

A

Some can be recycled (e.g. metals) and they are useful to humans for transport, electricity, buildings and everyday products

162
Q

What are the disadvantages of these?

A

They are scarce. Once they are used up, they cannot be replaced and will be gone forever, many cause pollution

163
Q

What are the issues with nonrenewable energy?

A

Humans are reliant on them, if they are used at their current rate, they will run out and this will have an enormous impact and effect on the planet and human life

164
Q

What is the solution to this?

A

Conservation which involves protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment for future generations e.g. use renewable energy sources, conserve electricity, walk or cycle instead of drive and use produce made from renewable sources

165
Q

What is stewardship?

A

God gave humans stewardship over the world-they must look after it for future generations

166
Q

What is authority or dominion?

A

God gave humans dominion over the Earth which means they have a position of power and responsibility to care for Gods creation?

167
Q

What is responsibility?

A

Humans have a god given responsibility to care for the world and environment for future generations

168
Q

What does the bible teach about the environment?

A

Take care of it as its a gift from god, conserve the earths natural resources for future generations, reduce pollution to help the environment and care for animals and plant life because they were created by God

169
Q

Why do christians believe this?

A

Christianity teaches that after death, humans will be judged by god for three actions whilst on earth. This includes how they have looked after the death, the bible shows that god will be angry with those who have ruined or damaged the environment

170
Q

Do muslims believe is stewardship as well?

A

Sí

171
Q

What are muslim teachings about looking after the environment?

A

Adam, the first human was made as khalifas (caretaker of the earth) all humans have this responsibility, The balance of earth must be maintained as allah created everything to have unity and all depends on everything else, All muslims are part of the ummah so should make sure earth is good for future generations, all natural resources shared equally and also Allah judges on the day of judgement on their life and if they’ve looked after the Earth

172
Q

What should muslims do to look after the earth?

A

Support environmental organisation and charities, reduce reuse recycle, planting trees and crops and using them for the good of others

173
Q

What shouldn’t muslims do?

A

Overuse the earths resources, not share resources equally, not damage the natural environment and not cause waste and pollution

174
Q

What are the different types of medical treatment for infertility?

A

Artificial insemination by husband/partner (AIH), In-vitro fertilisation (IVF), artificial insemination by donor (AID), egg donation, embryo donation and surrogacy

175
Q

What is artificial insemination by husband/partner (AIH)?

A

The husband or partner’s s** is medically put into the mothers womb

176
Q

What is in-vitro fertilisation?

A

An egg is taken from the mother and fertilised in a test tube with the s** and then placed back in her womb

177
Q

What is artificial insemination by donor (AID)?

A

The s** of a donor, usually unknown to the couple, is medically put into the mothers womb

178
Q

What is egg donation?

A

The husband/partner’s s** is used to fertilise a donor egg in a test tube and then put in the woman’s womb

179
Q

What is embryo donation?

A

Both s** and eggs are provided by anonymous donors then placed in the woman’s womb?

180
Q

What is surrogacy?

A

Another woman will carry the baby to full term, either using the coupe’s s** and egg or that of a donor

181
Q

What are the issues with fertility treatments?

A

They’re expensive, no guarantees that procedures will work and many attempts may be needed, can have bad side effects, donors and surrogates can cause bonding issues with the child

182
Q

What are the different christian responses to fertility treatments?

A

Some may accept it is Gods plan for them not to have children, some may choose to adopt children, some may direct their parental skills in a different way through a school, charity or church work and some may choose to explore fertility treatments

183
Q

Why would some christians be against fertility treatments?

A

No one has a right to have children if its not gods will, treatments where fertilisation takes place outside the womb involves something thats a sin, when embryos are created the unused ones are destroyed so could be murder and many are against treatments where donated s** or eggs are used as it could be adultery (most are completely against surrogacy)

184
Q

Why do christians hold these views?

A

God has a plan for everyone which should be respected, Children were intended to be created naturally between a married couple. Brining a third person in can be seen as adultery and destroying embryos breaks the sanctity of life principle

185
Q

why would some christians be for fertility treatments?

A

It allows infertile couples to have children as god intended, it depends on the situation and may be more acceptable for married childless couples and God gave humans the knowledge to create children artificially

186
Q

Why would some christians hold these views?

A

Christianity teaches that God commanded to “be fruitful and multiply” and fertility treatment is a way of loving thy neighbour and follows the golden rule

187
Q

Why are some types of fertility treatment acceptable to muslims?

A

Infertility is seen as a disease so its ok to try to cure it, childbirth and childrearing are important family commitments, having children brings couples closer together and the role and status of a muslim women in society and the family involves her ability to have children

188
Q

What type of fertility treatments are allowed?

A

IVF and artificial insemination by husband because the s** and egg used are from the married couple, the embryos destroyed are 14 days old so the soul hasn’t entered the foetus (120 days), God has given us the knowledge to create humans this way and if treatment doesn’t work then its the wish of Allah

189
Q

Why do some muslims not agree with fertility treatments?

A

If allah doesn’t want a child then they should just accept it, most disagree with using donor s** and eggs and all muslims believe surrogacy is wrong

190
Q

Why do muslims hold these views?

A

Muslims want to act in the way that allah wishes, third person involved is seen as adultery and children have the right to know their natural parents. Also its believed that the woman who gives birth is the child’s mother

191
Q

What are the advantages of transplant surgery?

A

People and their loved ones have the opportunity to help others after their death because organs are used which would otherwise be wasted. It also offers relief to those who receive transplants and their loved ones

192
Q

What are the ethical problems with transplant surgery?

A

Its expensive and a limited form of treatment. How do you chose who receives the transplant? People are conflicted over whether it should be the youngest person or the peon the waited the longest

193
Q

What is organ donation?

A

It is voluntary, one persons organs can give life to up to seven different people. Most come from dead donors although liver, kidney and bone marrow transplants can be from a live donor

194
Q

What are the issues raised by organ donation?

A

Family members may feel pressurised into donating organs of a loved one, It raises questions about when a person is considered dead (should they be kept alive or allowed to die purely for donation), could lead to using human organs and there are enough donor organs for those requiring organs

195
Q

Why don’t most christians have moral problems with organ donation?

A

It is seen as a charitable act

196
Q

Why do christians agree with organ donation?

A

Its loving and charitable so follows Jesus’ teaching to love one another, its a way of showing gratitude to God for the gift of life, a body is not needed to get into heaven and it follows the golden rule

197
Q

Why would christians disagree with organ donation?

A

Goes against sanctity of life (shouldn’t play God), interferes with God’s plan for every human being, organs are created by God so would be wrong to replace part of Gods creation, some may argue that organs shouldn’t be replaced if a person deliberately caused the damage to themselves e.g. alcohol. Some believe that you need your body for when the dead are raised

198
Q

What do muslims generally believe about organ donation?

A

It should be left to the individual as some agree and others disagree

199
Q

Why would some muslims be against organ donation?

A

The Qur’an teaches that the body should be buried soon after death and not be interfered with. Muslims believe that the body will be resurrected on the last day and the organs will therefore be needed. This may also be the case for live donation. It goes against the sanctity of life because only God should give and take life

200
Q

Why are some muslims for organ donation?

A

Some muslims argue that organ donation is okay if done to save the life of others because its what allah would wish, Live donations are less controversial because people can survive with one kidney e.g. so the resurrection would be unaffected. Many muslims would allow living donor transplant to close relatives

201
Q

What does the Shari’ah law say about organ donation?

A

The council supports organ transplants to alleviate pain or save life, muslims may carry do not cards and in the absence of a donor card, the next of kin may give permission for the organs of a loved one to be used to save other peoples lives

202
Q

What is the definition of artificial insemination?

A

Injecting s** into the uterus by artificial means

203
Q

What is the definition of conservation?

A

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

204
Q

What is the definition of creation?

A

The act of creating the universe or the universe which has been created

205
Q

What is the definition of embryo?

A

A fertilised egg in the first eight weeks after conception

206
Q

What is the definition of environment?

A

The surroundings in which plants and animals live and on which they depend to life

207
Q

What is the definition of global warming?

A

The increase in the temperature of the Earths atmosphere (thought to be caused by the greenhouse effect)

208
Q

What is the definition of infertility?

A

Not being able to have children

209
Q

What is the definition of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF)?

A

The method of fertilising a human egg in a test tube

210
Q

What is the definition of natural resources?

A

Naturally occurring materials, such as oil and fertile land, which can be used by humans

211
Q

What is the definition of organ donation?

A

Giving organs to be used in transplant surgery

212
Q

What is the definition of stewardship?

A

Looking after something so it can be passed on to the next generation

213
Q

What is the definition of surrogacy?

A

An arrangement whereby a woman bears a child on behalf of another woman OR where an egg is donated and fertilised by the husband through IVF and then implanted into the wife’s uterus

214
Q

Why may Christians use the Bible to make moral decisions?

A

Because they believe its the word of god containing teachings on how to live, has authority from God about what christians should believe and how they should live, and only the Bible should be used to decide what is right, wrong and what to believe

215
Q

Why do christians believe this?

A

The new testament offers moral guidance and teachings on how to behave, it contains laws on how to act and jesus teachings and example are shown which should be followed. And Bible comes from God so is only thing that can be trusted, handed down for hundreds of years keeping christians in line, gods truth doesn’t change

216
Q

What are the different opinions on the Bible?

A

Literal word of God and totally write. Bible is word of God but needs to be interpreted by the church. The Bible was inspired by God and gives guidance but needs to be adapted for modern life

217
Q

What is The Decalogue

A

The 10 commandments

218
Q

What are the 10 commandments?

A

You shall have no other Gods before me, You shall not worship idols, You shall not misuse the name of the Lord, Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy Honour your father and mother, You shall not murder, You shall not commit adultery, You shall not steal, You shall not bear false witness, You shall not covet (be envious)

219
Q

How can the Church guide Christians?

A

Talking to other Christians, listening to the priest or vicar, pray and worshipping together, accepting the authority of the Church to explain and teach God’s word

220
Q

How does the Church of England decide on moral issues?

A

They refer to the General Synod. They discuss in an assembly containing elected members of the Church. They decided on how members should respond

221
Q

How do Roman Catholics decide on moral issues?

A

They look to the pope, the leader of the church to make decisions on moral issues

222
Q

Why do christians believe the church has authority?

A

The church provides rules so everyone knows what they should do, the church is the body of christ-christians should follow the teachings of the church as they are the teachings of Jesus, God speaks to them through the church and Only the church fully understands the Bible and knows how to interpret and apply its teachings

223
Q

What is conscience?

A

The inner feeling or sense of what is right or wrong, christians believe it is the voice of God within us, It is the way both religious and non religious people can judge their moral actions, it makes us feel guilty if we do things that are wrong, some christians believe that conscience is the most important guide when making moral decisions

224
Q

How do christians make moral decisions?

A

The bible + the church + conscience

225
Q

What are conscientious objectors?

A

An example of when some christians use conscience as their main guide when making moral decisions. these people object to fighting and refuse to fight in war as they think its against Gods moral code and their conscience tells them this is the correct action

226
Q

What are the three points of situation ethics?

A

Love should be the only consideration when making moral decisions, a good action is one which aims to do the most loving thing. A person should only obey the rules of the bible or the teaching of the church if it results in the most loving action

227
Q

Why do christians use situation ethics?

A

Its similar to the golden rule taught by jesus and jesus seemed to follow situation ethics e.g. when he ignored the teachings of the Bible and acted in a most loving way in the case where a woman was being accused of adultery

228
Q

What is the golden rule?

A

‘…do unto others what you would have them do to you…’

229
Q

What are reasons for using situation ethics?

A

Every situation is judged individually, as love is the main principle it follows a genuine christian action, love is an easy principle to apply and remember in all situations, doing the most loving thing will appeal to people as a positive idea

230
Q

What are reasons against using situation ethics?

A

It is impossible to predict what will happen in every example, in theory anything a person felt was the most loving things could be justified including adultery or murder, its not easy to apply situation ethics in everyday cases where we are used to having rules

231
Q

What are the four types of moral authorities?

A

Law and teaching of the Bible, teachings and guidance of the church, the conscience and principles of situation ethics

232
Q

Why do christians use a variety of moral authorities?

A

Christians believe they must live life according to God, different christians believe different sources of authority contain advice and help on what God wants, they may use one source of authority or refer to a combination

233
Q

What are the different thoughts of what the authorities advise?

A

Either they should do good actions to lead a moral life and other believe moral development is about spiritual rather than social issues so will work on building a closer relationship with God

234
Q

What does the united nations declaration of human rights say?

A

All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights

235
Q

What are citizens of the UK all entitled?

A

Life, food, liberty/free speech, racial/sexual/religious equality, education, health care, privacy

236
Q

Why has there been controversy about issues where human rights need to be overruled?

A

When national security is at risk such as in cases of terrorism

237
Q

Why are human rights important to christians?

A

They believe every human being is created by God in his image and deserves respect, they believe God loves everyone equally so all should be treated equally, the teachings of the Bible for example the Ten Commandments (The Decalogue) support most human rights laws

238
Q

What does Bible say about human rights?

A

The parable of the Sheep and Goats teaches that it is the moral duty of Christians to help people in need. Jesus taught the Golden rule showing all humans are worthy of value and respect and human rights are important

239
Q

What are examples of democracy in the UK?

A

Its governed by an elected parliament, every 5 years an election is held where people vote for the political party to form the next government, every british citizen over 18 years old can vote.

240
Q

What are the three main political parties?

A

Labour party, conservative party and liberal democrat party

241
Q

What is the labour party?

A

The state should help the poor and provide hospitals and school for all

242
Q

What is the conservative party?

A

The state should encourage people to look after themselves and only provide what people cannot pay for themselves

243
Q

What is the liberal democrat party?

A

Green issue are important and the government and individual need to work together to help everyone

244
Q

Why is it important for people to vote?

A

Allows people to have a say about who runs runs their country. People elected trough voting are responsible for making important decisions that affect everyone. Issues include taxes, benefit, rubbish collection, school, army etc. Change can only be brought about through the democratic process

245
Q

How else can people take part?

A

Writing to or meeting MPs. Lobby (influencing government decisions e.g. writing letter or petitions). Becoming member of political parties that support their views. Stand for election themselves

246
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The process where the structure and characteristics of genes are changed. Genes can be added, replaced or taken away. Genes that cause disorders can be removed or improvements made. The UK government has strict guidelines on genetically modified (GM) crops

247
Q

What is cloning?

A

A clone is an exact copy of something. Reproductive cloning is a technology used to create an animal or plant with an identical genetic makeup to another. Therapeutic cloning is the cloning of embryos to harvest stem cells. Stem cells develop in an embryo

248
Q

What different things could be done with genetic engineering/cloning?

A

Genetic disorders may be cured using gene therapy to replace missing genes, hormones and proteins can be produced for example insulin for diabetes, genes can be inserted to grow human parts on animals for organ transplants, inherited disorders like cystic fibrosis could be removed from embryos, it could be used to grow crops that are resistant to pests and diseases or that could grow in harsh climates or on infertile land

249
Q

What are the concerns with genetic engineering/cloning?

A

Nature is complex and we don’t know of the exact long term effects, the technologies could be dangerous in wrong hands as they could be used to make biological weapons, who makes decisions over what is defective and not? There is no guidance, could lead to ‘designer babies’ with people wanting certain characteristics for their kids

250
Q

What are the main christian views on genetic engineering?

A

Some oppose it and some believe it should only be done for reasons such as healing the sick or feeding the hungry

251
Q

What are christian views for genetic engineering and cloning?

A

God gave humans dominion over world so if it doesn’t cause harm gm crops would be acceptable, golden rule so genetic engineering to cure diseases and disorders is acceptable, jesus heard people and christians believe they should follow his example to improve others health, some believe god has given the knowledge and technology

252
Q

What are christian views against genetic engineering and cloning?

A

Most would be against curing defects that don’t cause suffering such as short sightedness, christians such as catholics believe life begins at conception so are against research on embryos as some are discarded, life is sacred and special by god so shouldn’t be affected by humans and only god can create life and humans should not ‘play god’

253
Q

What is the definition of Bible?

A

The holy book of Christians

254
Q

What is the definition of Church?

A

The community of Christians (church with a small ‘c’ means a Christian church of worship)

255
Q

What is the definition of conscience?

A

An inner feeling of the rightness or wrongness of an action

256
Q

What is the definition of the Decalogue?

A

The Ten Commandments

257
Q

What is the definition of democratic processes?

A

The ways in which all citizens can take part in government (usually through elections)

258
Q

What is the definition of electoral processes?

A

The ways in which voting is organised

259
Q

What is the definition of the Golden Rule?

A

The teaching of Jesus that you should treat others as you would like them to treat you

260
Q

What is the definition of human rights?

A

The rights and freedoms to which everyone is entitled

261
Q

What is the definition of political party?

A

A group which tries to be elected into power on the basis of its policies (e.g. labour, conservative)

262
Q

What is the definition of pressure group?

A

A group formed to influence government policy on a particular issue

263
Q

What is the definition of situation ethics?

A

The idea that Christians should base moral decisions on what is the most loving thing to do

264
Q

What is the definition of social change?

A

The way in which society has changed and is changing (and also the possibilities for future change)

GCSE (26 decks)

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