Geography-Economic development Flashcards
1
Q
What is development?
A
When a country is improving
2
Q
What improves when a country improves?
A
The people living theres, quality of life improves e.g. wealth, health and safety. Just wealth is economic development
3
Q
Why is it hard to measure development?
A
Because it includes so many things so you have to compare development indicators
4
Q
What are the economic development indicators?
A
Gross domestic product (GDP) and GDP per capita
5
Q
What is GDP?
A
The total value of goods and services a country produces in a year, often in dollars. Its a measure of wealth and gets higher as a country developed
6
Q
What is GDP per capita?
A
GDP divided by the total population. Its a measure of wealth and gets higher as a country develops
7
Q
What are the social development indicators?
A
Birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, people per doctor, literacy rate, access to safe water, life expectancy, psychical quality of life index (PQLI) and calorie intake
8
Q
What is birth rate?
A
The number of live babies born per thousand of the population per year. Its a measure of female education and availability of birth control. It gets lower as a country develops
9
Q
What is death rate?
A
The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year. It measures the quality and access to healthcare and gets lower as a country develops
10
Q
What is infant mortally rate?
A
The number of babies who die under 1 year old, per thousand babies born. It measures sanitation and healthcare and gets lower as a country develops
11
Q
What is people per doctor?
A
The average number of people for each doctor. It measure access to healthcare and gets lower as a country develops
12
Q
What is literacy rate?
A
The percentage of adults who can read and write. It measures access to education and gets higher as a country develops
13
Q
What is access to safe water?
A
The percentage of people that can get clean drinking water. It measures sanitation and gets higher as a country develops
14
Q
What is life expectancy?
A
The average age a person can expect to live to. It measures quality of and access to healthcare and gets higher as a country develops
15
Q
What is physical quality of life index (PQLI)
A
This is a number thats calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate and infant mortality rate. Its a measure of lots of things and gets higher as a country develops
16
Q
What is calorie intake?
A
The average number of calories eaten per day. Its a measure of the access to a healthy and varied diet and gets higher as a country develops
17
Q
What is another development indicator?
A
Human development index (HDI)
18
Q
What is human development index?
A
A number thats calculated using life expectancy, literacy rate, education level and income per head. Its a measure of lots of things and gets higher as a country develops
19
Q
What is the disadvantage of economic indicators?
A
They can be inaccurate for countries where trade is informal (not taxed). They’re also affected by exchange rate changes as they’re usually given in US dollars)
20
Q
What is the disadvantage of social indicators?
A
The are more difficult to measure but give a better indication of quality of life, also there aren’t any indicators for important factors such as human rights
21
Q
What are other disadvantages?
A
The measures are misleading on their own as they are averages, they don’t show up elite groups in the population or variations within the country. Using more than one measure avoids this problem
22
Q
How were countries classified in the 1960’s?
A
As first world, second world or third world countries
23
Q
What are first word countries?
A
Rich countries with lots of manufacturing and services including the USA, western Europe, Australia and Japan
24
Q
What are second world countries?
A
Communist countries with lots of manufacturing including eastern Europe (Poland), the USSR (Russia) and China
25
What are third world countries?
All other countries
26
Why did some people not like this categorisation of countries?
They thought it was disrespectful to label a country as third world
27
From the 1980's onwards, how have countries been categorised?
As MEDCs and LEDCs based on their economic development
28
What were MEDCs?
More economically developed countries
29
What were LEDCs?
Less economically developed countries
30
What are MEDCs?
Generally found in the north including the USA, European countries, Australia and New Zealand
31
What are LEDCs
Generally found in the south including India, China, Mexico, Brazil and all the African countries
32
What is the Brandt Report?
Developed in the 1980's, it discussed the divide of rich countries to the north and poorer countries to the sound, the line used to show the divide is called the Brandt line
33
What cant this simple classification show?
It cant tell you what countries are developing quickly and which aren't developing at all. Also the classifications are based on wealth which doesn't always match development level e.g. literacy can be high when GDP is low
34
What are the new categories?
Most developed countries, newly industrialised countries, middle income countries and least developed countries
35
What are most developed countries?
These are the most developed countries in the world e.g. the UK, Norway, USA, Canada and France
36
What are newly industrialised countries (NICs)
These are rapidly getting richer as their economy is moving from being based on primary industry e.g. agriculture to secondary industry e.g. manufacturing. These include China, India, Brazil, Mexico, South Africa
37
What are middle income countries?
These countries aren't really poor but they aren't really rich either, they're developing quickly but not as quick as NICs. These include Albania, Bulgaria and Poland
38
What are least developed countries?
These are the worlds poorest countries with the lowest quality of life. These include Ethiopia, Chad and Angola
39
What are environmental factors that affect how developed a country is?
A poor climate, poor farming land, limited water supplies, lots of natural hazards and few raw materials
40
How does a poor climate affect how developed a country is?
Too hot/too cold they won't be able to grow much which reduces the amount of food produced, can lead to malnutrition (Chad, Ethiopia) lower quality of life. Fewer crops to sell, less money to spend on goods/service, reducing quality of life. Government gets less money from taxes so less to spend on developing the country
41
How does poor farming land affect how developed a country is?
IF the land in a country is steep or has poor/no soil, then they won't produce a lot of food which has the same effect as a poor climate
42
How does a limited water supply affect how developed a country is?
Some countries don't have a lot of water, e.g. Egypt and Jordan. This makes it harder for them to produce a lot of food. This has the same effect as a poor climate
43
How does a lot of natural hazards affect how developed a country is?
A natural hazard is an event that has the potential to affect peoples' lives or prosperity. They're called natural disasters when they effect peoples lives/property. Countries with lots of natural disasters spend a lot of money rebuilding after disasters (Bangladesh) so they reduce quality of life for the people affected and they reduce the money the government can spend on development projects
44
How does few raw materials affect how developed a country is?
Countries without many raw materials like coal, oil or metal ores may makes less money because they have less products to sell, meaning less money to spend on development. You can still be not very developed if you have raw materials because they don't have the money to build things like roads and ports to sell them
45
What are three main political factors that slow development?
Unstable government-may not invest in healthcare, education, improving economy etc. =slow development.
Governments are corrupt-some people get richer by breaking the law and others are poor and have a low quality of life.
If theres a war-country loses money that could be spent on development, directly reduces quality of life
46
What are economic factors that affect how developed a country is?
Poor trade links, lots of debt and an economy based on primary products
47
How does poor trade links affect how developed a country is?
World trade patterns seriously influence a country economy and so affect their level of development. If a country has poor trade links, it won't make a lot of money so there'll be less to spend on development.
48
How does lots of debt affect how developed a country is?
Very poor countries borrow money from other countries and international organisations e.g. after national disasters. This money has to be paid back (sometimes with interest) and any money a country makes is used to pay back the money, so isn't used to develop the country
49
How does an economy based on primary products affect how developed a country is?
Countries that mostly trade primary products(raw materials) tend to be less developed as you don't make much profit as their prices fluctuate sometimes lower than cost of production, this means people don't make much money so government tends to spend less on development. Countries that trade manufactured goods tend to be more developed this is because yo usually make a good profit selling manufactured goods and force down the price of raw materials from poorer countries
50
What social factors affect the development of a country?
Drinking water, the place of women in society and child education
51
How does drinking water affect how developed a country is?
More developed=more clean water available. If only water people can drink is dirty then they'll get ill which reduces a persons quality of life, ill people cant work so they don't add money to the economy and they also cost money to that so if a country has unsafe water, they have more ill people and less money to develop the country
52
How does the place of women in society affect how developed a country is?
More developed if women have an equal place with men in society, women who are equal are more likely to be educated and work. Women who are educated and work have a better quality of life and the country has more money to spend on development as there are more people contributing to the economy
53
How does child education affect how developed a country is?
More children go to school means more developed the country is. This is because they'll get a better education and so will get better jobs, this improves the quality of life and increases the money the country has to spend on development
54
What is aid?
Aid is given by one country to another country in the form of money or resources (e.g. food, doctors)
55
What is the country called that gives aid?
The donor, the one that receives is the recipient
56
What are the two main sources of aid?
Governments (paid by taxes) and non-government organisations (NGOs paid by voluntary donations)
57
What are the two different ways of giving aid?
Directly to the recipient, called bilateral aid to indirectly through an international organisation which distributes the aid, called multilateral aid
58
Bilateral aid can be tied, what does this mean?
Its given with the condition that the recipient country has to buy goods and services it needs from the donor country to help its economy, however this can be expensive for the recipient so the aid doesn't go as far
59
What is short term aid used for?
Resources that help the recipient to cope during emergencies such as food
60
When does short term aid work?
It has an immediate impact so more people will survive the impact
61
What are the disadvantages of short term aid?
The stage of the recipient country stays unchanged overall, if either country is slow to react, aid may not get to where its most needed and the aid may not reach those who need it due to theft and transport problems
62
What is long term aid used for?
Money or resources that help recipient countries to develop e.g. to build dams/wells to improve clean water supplies or to construct school to improve literacy rates
63
When does long term aid work?
Over time the recipient countries become less reliant on foreign aid as they become more developed
64
What are the disadvantages of long term aid?
It can take a while before the aid benefits a country e.g. hospitals take a long time to build
65
What are the disadvantages of both type of aid?
The repent countries may become dependent on aid and never use their own money as they get more from others and also the aid could be missed if the government is corrupt and use the money for their own personal gain
66
How can aid be sustainable?
It must help development in ways that don't irreversibly damage the environment or use up resources (including money) faster than they can be replaced
67
What is an example of a sustainable aid project?
A scheme hat helps people switch from earning money by deforestation to earning money in a more environmentally friendly way. This reduces environmental damage and makes sure trees are still there for future generations
68
What is an example of an unsustainable aid project?
Investment in large, shallow water wells in areas with little rainfall. Use of the wells could use up water faster than its replaced, this would mean that the amount of water available for future use would be reduced
69
What is the case study for aid?
FARM-Africa helps the development of Rural Africa
70
What is FARM-Africa?
A NGO that provides aid to eastern Africa, funded by voluntary donations, it was founded in 1985 to reduce rural poverty, it runs programmes in five African countries-Ethipopa, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania
71
What four projects have been operating in Ethiopia since 1988?
Rural women empowerment, prosopis management, community development project and sustainable forest management
72
What is the rural women empowerment programme?
Works in various regions, problem is there are few opportunities for the women to make money meaning low faulty of life and cant afford things like healthcare. Whats being done is women are trained and given livestock to start forming, loan schemes set up to launch small businesses and legal training to advise women on their rights, have helped around 15160 people, once businesses are set up they are sustainable and keep earning money
73
What is the proposis management programme?
Works in afar regions, problem is proposis is a plant introduced by management to stabilise soils has become a pest invading grazing land making farming difficult, whats being done is farmers are shown how to convert it into animal feed which is sold and generating income. Helped around 4400 households. Once farmers are taught the technique they can carry on using it and earning money making is sustainable
74
What is the community development project programme?
Works in Semu Robi, problem is frequent droughts make farming difficult, reducing farmer income leading to malnutrition, rural area so veterinary care for livestock is difficult, whats being done is people given loans to buy small water pumps to irrigate their farmland, reducing effects of drought and people trained in basic veterinary care so can keep healthy livestock. Helped around 4100 people. Project means people are able to farm more crops and animals, can then earn more money but if too much money is used, it will run out so unsustainable
75
What is the sustainable forest management programme?
Works in Bale, problem is forests cut down, make land for crops and livestock, also for firewood which reduces resources for future generations, whats being done is people taught how to produce honey and grow wild coffee, these are sold so people make money without cutting down trees, also taught how to make fuel efficient stoves use less wood reducing deforestation. Helped around 7500 communities, less deforestation means more trees for future also can make money the,selves by selling coffee and honey so its sustainable
76
What are the four different types of industry?
Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
77
What is primary industry?
Involves collecting raw materials e.g. farming, fishing, mining and forestry
78
What is secondary industry?
Involves turning a product into another product (manufacturing), e.g. making textiles, furniture, chemicals, steel and cars
79
What is tertiary industry?
Involves providing a service-anything from financial services, nursing and retail to the police force and transport
80
What is quaternary industry?
It is high technology-Where scientists and researchers investigate and develop new products e.g. in the electronics and IT industry
81
What does the employment structure of a country describe?
It describes what production of its workforce is employed in each type of industry
82
When does a country employment structure change?
As it develops
83
What is primary industry like in LEDCs?
Most of the workforce is employed in primary industry
84
What is secondary industry like in LEDCs?
Few people work in secondary industry because theres not enough money to invest in the technology needed for this type of industry e.g. to build large factories
85
What is tertiary industry like in LEDCs?
A small percentage of people work in tertiary industry-usually in cities where there are banks, hospitals and schools
86
What is quaternary industry like in LEDCs?
There are no quaternary industry because the country doesn't have enough educated or skilled workers and it cant afford to invest in the technology needed e.g. telescopes
87
Why don't many of the workers in LEDCs appear in official statistics?
Because they work in jobs that aren't taxed or monitored by the government e.g. street traders, normally refereed as the informal sector of the economy
88
What are the industries like in NICs?
Employment un secondary industry is increasing, as a country becomes more developed the percentage of people employed in secondary industry increases then decreases, this is because as infrastructure develops, business move their factories to LEDCs where labour is cheaper
89
What is primary industry like in MEDCs?
Few people work in primary industry because machines replace workers, and its cheaper to import primary products from other countries, e.g. farm workers in LEDCs earn very littler so the produce is cheap
90
What is secondary industry like in MEDCs?
Fewer people work in secondary industry than in NICs
91
What is tertiary industry like in MEDCs?
Most people work in tertiary industrial because theres a skilled and educated workforce, and theres a high demand for services like banks and shops
92
What is quaternary industry like in MEDCs?
Theres some quaternary industry because the country has lots of highly skilled labour and has money to invest in the technology needed
93
What environmental factors affect the location of primary industry?
Lots of raw materials e.g. fisheries by the coast. A suitable climate as this affects the type of farming in an area e.g. potatoes need a temperate climate and bananas need a tropical climate. Also good quality soil- farming will be most successful where theres nutrient-rich soil
94
What economic factors affect the location of primary industry?
Cheap land e.g. farming uses large areas of land so its found where land is cheap. Good transport routes e.g. quarries need roads or railways to transport rock
95
What environmental factors affect the location of secondary industry?
Close to raw materials e.g. paper factors often located near forests, plenty of flat land-its easier to build a factory on flat land. A local water supply-industries that use a lot of water are often located near rivers
96
What economic factors affect the location of secondary industry?
A suitable local market e.g. bakers are often in residential areas. Government grants e.g. grants or loans may be provided to encourage industries to locate in particular areas. Lots of workers e.g. factories need lots of staff. Good transport routes e.g. factors are often near motorways, ports and railways
97
What environmental factors affect the location of tertiary industry?
Green open spaces e.g. schools are often in areas that provide a pleasant environment for pupils
98
What economic factors affect the location of tertiary industry?
A suitable local market e.g. shops in cities as there are more customers. Good transport routes e.g. shops near public transport routes so customers can get to them easier. Skilled and educated workers e.g. hospitals are located near universities where skilled workers are available
99
What social factors affect the location of tertiary industry?
Enough local people to support the service e.g. schools are found where there are lots of children
100
What environmental factors affect the location of quaternary industry?
Green open spaces e.g. often located where theres plenty of open space and a pleasant environment for workers
101
What economic factors affect the location of quaternary industry?
Near similar businesses-research and development companies often cluster together e.g. on a science park so that information and ideas can be shared. Skilled and educated workers e.g. scientific research companies are often near universities
102
What social factors affect the location of quaternary industry?
Lots of nice quality housing e.g. good houses nearby will encourage workers to move there
103
What is the case study for location of industry in an LEDC?
Kenya
104
What are the primary industry in Kenya?
Farming-lots of farms producing coffee, tea, tobacco and fruits, these areas get enough rainfall to produce crops(western province) . Also livestock are reared on farms in the North eastern province because the climate is too dry for crops but suitable for grazing. And mining, extracting trona which makes glass, mineral forms around Lake Magadi as water evaporate.
105
What the secondary industries in Kenya?
Manufacturing, cement works in coast province as they use limestone from nearby deposits as raw material and manufacturers in Nairobi for textiles and food/drink. Area has good transport links (+airport) and good labour supply as Nairobi population is about 3million people
106
What is the tertiary industries in Kenya?
Theres a strong tourist industry in coast province as theres beaches, strong tourist industry in the rift valley, the area has several National Parks and lakes. Theres a strong tourist industry near Mount Kenya because its the second highest mountain in Africa and has a National park
107
What is the case study for location of industry in an MEDC?
The UK
108
What is the primary industries in the UK?
Farming, lots of farms in Lincolnshire and east anglia as there is good soil and mild climate. Also very fast which makes it easier to use large machinery e.g. tractors. Also mining as coal mining has been big in Nottinghamshire since the 13th century because of the coal fields in the area although most mines have closed, a few still work.
109
What is the secondary industries in the UK?
Chemical processing, chemical works in north east England as they're near to offshore oil rigs that prove the raw materials for the industry. Ans manufacturing, government grants have encouraged car manufacturers to locate in Merseyside e.g. in 1998 jaguar cars began production at the Halewood plant after receiving £50 million grant from the government
110
What is the tertiary industry in the UK?
Retail, lots of shops (London), lots of customers and good public transport and transport links for delivery of products to shops. And tourism, strong tourist industry in Cumbria because of the beautiful scenery
111
What is the quaternary industry in the UK?
Electronics, companies based in central lowlands of scotland, local skilled labour supplies as nearby universities. High technology, high tech industries near cambridge as university provides educated and skilled workers. And along M4 corridor as area is close to universities that provide skilled workers and the motorway is good for communication
112
What environmental factors cause primary industry to change over time?
Raw materials get used up so industry moves elsewhere e.g. quarries move once all rock has been extracted. Also climate change means that some crops can be grown in new areas e.g. increasing temperatures mean that vineyards have been set up in Kent
113
What economic factors cause primary industry to change over time?
Lower costs make previously expensive areas cheaper e.g. improvements to oil drilling technology mean that its now economically worth it to reach much deeper oil fields
114
What are social factors that cause primary industry to change over time?
Improved transport routes mean primary industry can be located in more remote areas e.g. better roads in Brazil means forestry is possible in more parts of the amazon. Also Government policies change to allow industry in new areas e.g. in 2008 western Australia lifted its ban on uranium mining
115
What are environmental factors that cause secondary industry to change over time?
New energy sources mean that industry doesn't have to be close to power sources e.g. in the past, many factories used coal for power so were near coalfields, nut now they use electricity from the national grid.
116
What are the economic factors that cause secondary industry to change over time?
Changing capital (money) investment patterns encourage industry to locate to new areas, e.g. the UK government and private investment in manufacturing in Scotland is encouraging industries to locate there
117
What are the social factors that cause secondary industry to change over time?
Government policies change which encourages industries to settle in different locations e.g. in the uk government gives incentives to companies to open factories in deprived areas. Improved transport facilities mean more people have access to cars or public transport so can travel further to wrk e.g. in the past many factories were located in city centres so workers could get there easily
118
What are environmental factors that cause tertiary industry to change over time?
Workers increasingly want a nice working environment with pleasant surroundings so industry moves in order to attract workers e.g. offices move from centre of a city to the outskirts. And extreme environments are becoming more popular for tourists as travel gets cheaper and easier e.g. the tourist industry is developing in Antartica
119
What are economic factors that cause tertiary industry to change over time?
Changing capital investment patterns encourage industry to locate to new areas e.g. the uk government has provided the money to build a new hospital development in manchester and new mental health facilities in merseyside
120
What are social factors that cause tertiary industry to change over time?
Improved transport facilities mean retailers don't have to be located in the city centres for their customers to reach them e.g. most people have access to cars so there are more out-of-town shopping centres. Shopping patterns have changed so people don't just shop on their local high street e.g. many retailers sell products over the internet so they don't need to be near their customers
121
What are environmental factors that cause quaternary industry to change over time?
Workers increasingly want to work in a nice environment with pleasant surroundings so industry moves in order to attract them e.g. research centres are often outside cities. And some scientific research industries have environmental needs e.g. research into GM crops need land to grow experimental crops away from ordinary crops
122
What are economic factors that cause quaternary industry to change over time?
Changing capital investment patters encourage industry to locate to new areas, e.g. increasing investment in digital telecommunications in rural areas encourages businesses to move there
123
What are social factors that cause quaternary industry to change over time?
The labour force move as training and housing changes e.g. electronics industries often locate near universities that have good electronics courses
124
What does primary industry affect?
It has a huge impact on the environment
125
How does farming impact the environment?
Monoculture (growing just one type of crop) reduces biodiversity as there are fewer habitats. removing hedgerows to increase the area of farmland destroys habitats and increases spot erosion as hedgerows act as windbreaks, Herbicides can kill wildflower, pesticides can kill other non pest insects and fertilisers can pollute rivers killing fish-eutrophication. And cows produce methane which adds to global warming
126
How does mining impact the environment?
Destroys large areas of land so there are fewer habitats and food sources for animals/birds which reduces biodiversity, mining uses lots of water so it can deplete water sources and some kinds of mining can cause water pollution
127
How does fishing impact the environment?
Overfishing depletes resources and upsets food chains, also fishing boats can leak oil and diesel, which kills aquatic animals
128
How does forestry impact the environment?
Fewer trees-fewer habitats and food sources for animals/birds which reduces biodiversity. Soil erosion is more common as there are fewer to hold the soil together. Trees remove CO2 from the atmosphere when they photosynthesise so without them less CO2 is removed, more forestry means more CO2 in the atmosphere which adds to global warming. Without trees, less water is removed from the soil and evaporated into the atmosphere so fewer clouds form and rainfall in the area is reduced so reduces plant growth
129
How do secondary industries cause pollution?
Factories can cause land, air and water pollution e.g. dyes from textile factories can pollute rivers and sulfur dioxide emissions from metal works can cause acid rain, habitats are destroyed if factories are built in the countryside. Also some factories use a huge amount of energy e.g. ice cream factories, this energy usually comes from burning fossil fuel so adds to global warming
130
Why do tertiary and quaternary industries use a lot energy?
Tertiary and quaternary industries use a lot of energy e.g. to run computers, shops or vehicles, this usually comes from burning fossil fuels adds to global warming. Also all the resources these industries use cause an impact when they're manufactured e.g. trees are cut down and made into paper in factories
131
Why does economic development often damages the environment?
An increase in industry in an are helps it to develop economically-creating more jobs, increasing the wealth of the area and the local people but some industries damage the environment a lot meaning theres conflict between economic development and protecting the environment. Economic development can aim to be sustainable though To be sustainable it has to increase the wealth of an area in a way that doesn't stop people in the future getting what they need, basically not depleting resources or damaging the environment irreversibly
132
How can farming become more sustainable?
Use fewer herbicides, pesticides and fertilisers although the reduces crop yield and also maintain hedgerows instead of removing them
133
How can mining become more sustainable?
Laws can be introduced to help reduce water pollution, the habits in quarry can be restored once its disused e.g. by planting trees and creating ponds
134
How can forestry become more sustainable?
Laws can be introduces that make logging companies plant one tree for each one cut down. This means that there will still be trees for the future. It also reduces soil erosion
135
How can fishing become more sustainable?
Quotas (limits on the number of fish caught) can be introduced to sop overfishing. Fish can be raised on fish farms to prevent wild stocks from running out
136
How can factories become more sustainable?
Laws to reduce water, air and land pollution can be introduced, building on downfield sites (derelict ares that have been used but parents being used any more) stops habitat destruction and energy use can be reduced by using more energy efficient devices
137
How can offices, shops and vehicles become more sustainable?
Turning off computers instead of leaving them on standby reduces energy use. Also using efficient vehicles reduces the amount of fossil fuel burnt
138
GUESS WHAT.....
ITS CASE STUDY TIME WOOOOOOOOOOO!
139
What is the case study for development and environmental impacts?
South China
140
What is helping economic development in South China?
Manufacturing
141
What is the Pearl River Delta (PRD)?
An area in the Guangdong province of China that has lots of industry including big companies like IBM, Wal-Mart and SAMSUNG
142
How do the industries increase economic development?
By increasing the wealth of the area. In 1980 the area has a GDP of US$8billion and by 2001 it had grown to US$100billion
143
What else has the industries done for the area?
Created lots of jobs e.g. Dongguan has over 25000 factories and Honda employs 6000 people in Guangzhou and Zhongshan
144
What are the environmental impacts?
So much air pollution that the areas often covered in some from power plants and burn coal e.g. levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in the PRD area are two to three times higher than in other areas causing acid rain. Pollution from factory waste and untreated sewage means the water quality of the area is poor e.g. pearl river water in Guangzhou is only suitable for farm use. Humans aren't the only ones suffering, its affecting wildlife habitats as the river drains into South China Sea so its also affected, local species as Chinese white dolphin are become endangered.
145
What are the management strategies for these environmental impacts?
PRD air quality management plan aims to reduce the amount of air pollution by 2010, trying to reduce sulfur dioxide from power plants by 40% compared to 1997 levels by reducing the dependence on coal for energy production by using natural gas instead with fewer toxic emissions. Government pledged US7.1billion to clean up pearl river, being used to build about 30 sewage works and water treatment facilities reducing amount of untreated domestic sewage and industrial waste that goes into the river
146
Why are these management strategies sustainable?
They aim to reduce air and water pollution without stopping industry from expanding or closing down factories meaning people will still be able to live and work in the PRD in the future as there will still be jobs and resources like water for them to use
147
What is global warming?
Type of climate change (a change in the weather of an area over a long period), global warming is the increase in global temperature over the last century so its a type of climate change. Global warming also causes other types of climate change like decreased rainfall
148
What is the process of global warming?
The temperature of earth is a blanche between the heat it gets from the sun and the heat it loses to space, gasses in the atmosphere naturally act like an insulating layer, they trap outgoing heat, helping to keep the earth at the right temperature called the greenhouse effect. Gases that trap the heat are called greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide and methane
149
What causes global warming?
Human activities like farming, forestry and manufacturing have increased then concentration of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere e.g. co2 has gone up from 280ppm in 1850 to around 380ppm today. There is a scientific agreement that the increase in greenhouse gases (caused by humans) has caused global warming by increasing the greenhouse effect
150
How does climate change affect farming(economic effects)?
In higher latitudes warmer weather means some farmers can make more money as some crop yields will be increased and they'll be able to grow new types of crops to sell e.g. olives in the UK. And in lower attitudes farmers income may decrease as its too hot and dry for farming
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How does climate change affect weather?
It makes the weather more extreme, this means more money will have to be spent on predicting extreme weather events so more money will also have to be spent reducing their impacts and rebuilding after them. Industry that help reduce the effects of climate change will become bigger and make more money
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What are the environmental impacts of climate change?
Causing sea levels to rise increasing temperatures causes ice on land to melt and ocean water expands, rising sea levels means loss of habitats as some areas are submerged e.g. the maldives are at risk from sea level rise. Rising temperature and decreased rainfall mean some environments become deserts. And the distribution of some species may change due to climate change, species that cant move may die out
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What are the political impacts of climate change?
Water will become more scarce in some places, competition over water may lead to war between countries, climate change may cause people to move meaning countries will have to cope with increased immigration and emigration. Governments are under pressure to come up with ways to slow climate change or reduce its effects
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What was a global response to climate change?
The Kyoto protocol
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What is the kyoto protocol?
From 1997 most countries agreed to monitor and cut greenhouse gas emissions by signing an international agreement (Kyoto Protocol). The aim was to reduce global greenhouse emissions by 5% below 1990 levels by 2012. Each country was set a target e.g. the uk agreed to reduce emission by 12.5% by 2012
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Another part of the protocol was the carbon credits trading scheme, what is this?
Countries that came under their emissions target got carbon credits which they could sell to countries that didn't meet their emissions target which meant there was a reward for having low emissions. Countries could also earn carbon credits by helping poorer countries to reduce their emissions, so poorer countries could reduce their emissions more quickly
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What was a disadvantage to this?
Not all countries agreed to the kyoto project e.g. the USA which have the highest emissions of any country in the world 22% of global co2 emissions in 2004
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What were national responses?
Transport strategies and Taxation
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What were the transport strategies?
Government can improve public transport networks like buses and trains e.g. they can make them run faster or over a wider area encouraging more people to use it instead oc cars so co2 emissions are reduced
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What is taxation?
Governments can increase taxes on cars with high emissions e.g. in the uk there are higher tax rates for cars with higher emissions which encourages people to buy new cars with low emissions so emissions overall are reduced
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What were local responses?
Congestion charges, recycling and conserving energy
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What are congestion charges?
Local authorities can charge people for driving cars into cities during busy periods e.g. theres a congestion charge to drive into central london during busy times of the day. This encourages people to use their cars less which reduces emissions
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What is recycling?
Local authorities can recycle more waste by building recycling plants and giving people recycling bins. Recycling materials means less energy is used making new material so emissions are reduced and local authorise can also create energy by burning recycled waste e.g. sheffield uses a date incinerator to supply 140 buildings with energy
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What is conserving energy?
Local authorities give money and advice to make homes more energy efficient e.g. by doing things like improving insulation meaning people use less energy to heat their homes, because less is lost, emissions are reduced because less energy needs to be produced. Individual can also conserve energy by doing things like switching lights off and not leaving electric gadgets on standby
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What is globalisation?
The process of all the worlds systems and cultures becoming more integrated-the whole world coming together like a single community
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Why does globalisation happen?
Because of international trade, international investment and improvements in communications
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How has ICT increased globalisation?
ICT improvements such as email, internet, mobile phones and phone lines carry more information and faster. This makes it quicker and easier for businesses all over the world to communicate with each other e.g. a company can have headquarters in one country and easily communicate with blanches in other countries, no time is lost so its very efficient
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How has transport increased globalisation?
More airports, high-speed trains and larger ships make it quicker and easier for people all over the world to communicate with each other face to face. Also easier for companies to get supplies from all over the world, and distribute their products over the world and they don't have to be located near their suppliers or product makers
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What else increases globalisation?
Multinational companies(MNCs)
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What are MNCs?
Companies that produce products, sell products or are located in more than one country e.g. Sony is an MNC that manufactures electronic products in China and Japan and sells many of hem in Europe and the USA. They are usually very rich and employ lots of people and have a large output
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What does a large output mean?
They make loads of products every year
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What is an example of an MNC?
Ford is an American-owned MNC that makes cars. In 2008, it produced over 5 million cars worldwide. It also employs over 200000 people at about 90 different sites around the world
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How do MNCs increase globalisation?
By linking together countries through the production and sale of goods. They also bring culture from their country of origin to many different countries e.g. McDonald's brings western-style fast food to other countries
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How do MNCs affect economic development?
Create jobs, increasing wealth of area (taxes) and local people (employment). Taxes improve infrastructure and services. People have more money to spend, attracting more businesses and more jobs, Cycle is called multiplier effect. MNC factories located in LEDC as labour is cheap meaning more profit
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Why are MNCs often located in LEDCs?
Less strict health regulations make it cheaper, working hours are longer so more products can be made quicker
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Why are MNC headquarters located in MEDCs?
Headquarters and research centres are located in MEDCs because there are more skilled and educated people
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What are the positive affect of MNCs on the area where they locate?
Create jobs and multiplier effect. When located in LEDCs they create some skilled jobs e.g. jobs in factory offices, encouraging more education and training in area. Workers get higher wages and more reliable incomes compared to other jobs. MNCs spend money on infrastructure and pay taxes to develop the economy and country. Local companies supply the MNCs increasing their income
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What are the positive affect of MNCs outside of where they are located?
Lower priced goods and a wider range of goods
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What are the negative affect of MNCs on the area where they locate?
Jobs created aren't always secure as they could relocate, employees in LEDCs may have to work long hours in poor conditions, employees in LEDCs may be paid lower wages than employees in MEDCs, other local companies may struggle to find businesses or workers so shut down, profits go back to the country the MNC is from, large sites will attract lots of traffic increasing pollution and pollution and waste is produced and bad for the environment/peoples health
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What are the negative effects of MNCs outside of where they are located?
Increased greenhouse gas emissions caused by transporting raw materials and finished products all over the place adding to global warming
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What is the case study form MNCs?
Wal-mart
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What is was-mart?
Began in 1962 when sam walton opened the first store in Arkansas, USA. More stores opened in Arkansas, USA then across the road including the UK (Asda), sells a variety of products and is the biggest retailer in the world owning over 8000 stores and employs over 2million people
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What are the positive effects of wal-mart?
Creates lots of jobs in different countries e.g. construction, manufacturing and retail. Local companies and farmers supply goods to wal-mart increasing their business, offers more skilled jobs in LEDCs, donates hundreds of millions of dollars to improve things like health and the environment in countries where its based. The company invests money in sustainable development too
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What are the negative effects of wal-mart?
Some supplier companies have long working hours e.g. 60-80 hours a week. Not all wal-mart workers are paid the same wages e.g. $6 in USA and $1 in China. Some studies suggest the stores cause smaller shops in the area to shut (cant compete with range of low priced products) the stores are often large and out of town causing environmental problems, taking up lots of land and can cause traffic and pollution
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What are the economic impacts of globalisation in MEDCs?
Causes deindustrialisation as secondary manufacturing moves to LEDCs as their labour is cheaper. MEDCs have tertiary and quaternary industries instead increasing gap between rich and poor (good qualifications=well paid job, poor unskilled work = not much work)
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What are the economic impacts of globalisations in LEDCs and NICs?
Caused industrialisation in LEDCs and NICs-secondary manufacturing industries move to LEDCs and NICs e.g. china but this can increase the gap between rich and poor as MNCs create jobs, has brought wealth to some people but wealth isn't spread evenly
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What are the environmental impacts of globalisation?
Carbon emissions - transporting raw materials adds to global warming (CO2), waste as people have access to more products at low prices so can afford to be more wasteful (landfill), Deforestation increased global trade so countries in tropical areas can make money growing crops and make money destroying habitats reducing biodiversity and increases soil erosion. Oil pollution as the more products are transported by ship, the more oil pollution there'll be killing fish and seabirds
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What are the social impacts of globalisation?
Helps improve quality of life, Increased trade brings more jobs and money, government uses money improving infrastructure, services like healthcare and education. People have more money and access to lower priced goods so can afford more food, clothes and items like TVs
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What are the cultural impacts of globalisation?
Some people think countries are losing their cultural heritage as we all listen to the same cars but other people think globalisations a good thing as it exposes people to other cultures
