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GCSE > Geography - population& settlement > Flashcards

Geography - population& settlement Flashcards

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1
Q

What is overpopulation?

A

When there are too many people for the resources

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2
Q

What usually causes overpopulation?

A

rapid population growth

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3
Q

Where is overpopulation most likely to occur?

A

LEDCs such as Gambia, stage 2-3 of the DTM, as they have a high birth rate and falling death rates

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4
Q

What sort of population is it when there are high birth rates and low life expectancy?

A

A youthful population, it has a high dependancy ratio. Lots of people under 15 years old who are dependant on the working population

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5
Q

What are social issues with youthful, overpopulation in LEDCs?

A

Services like healthcare/education can’t cope, children have to work, not enough houses, food shortages, lack of houses = more illnesses from makeshift housing

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6
Q

What are economic issues with youthful, overpopulation in LEDCs?

A

There aren’t enough jobs, unemployment increases, Increased poverty as more people are born into already poor families

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7
Q

What are environmental issues with youthful, overpopulation in LEDCs?

A

Increased pollution and waste as more cars and more waste for landfill sites, More natural resources like trees are used up

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8
Q

What are two population policies that help to achieve sustainable development?

A

Birth control programmes and Immigration laws

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9
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

developing in a way that allows people today to get the things they need without stopping people in the future getting what they need

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10
Q

What is the case study for managing overpopulation?

A

China

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11
Q

Why does china have overpopulation?

A

Because it has the worlds largest population with over 1.3 billion people. In 1949 the population was only 540 million so people were encouraged to have more children to build a strong army and produce more food.

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12
Q

What was the result of having families have more children?

A

By 1970 the population increased to 830 million but the resources weren’t enough. Famine from 1958-1961, no access to things like water and electricity

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13
Q

What policy was introduced in 1970?

A

The late long and few policy

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14
Q

What is the late long and few policy?

A

It aimed to reduce natural population growth by encouraging people to have children later, leave longer gas between children and to have less children

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15
Q

Was this policy successful?

A

Yes, the fertility rate fell from 5.7 in 1970, to 2.9 in 1979. It helped to make development in China more sustainable.

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16
Q

The population continued to increase, what was the next policy put into place?

A

The one-child policy in 1979

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17
Q

What did the one child policy encourage people to do?

A

Only have one child

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18
Q

What benefits were given to couples that only had one child?

A

Longer maternity leave, better housing, free education. Couples that had more than one child didn’t get any benefits and were fined

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19
Q

How effective was the one child policy?

A

It prevented 400 million births and the fertility rate dropped from 2.9 in 1979 to about 1.8 in 2009

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20
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

The average number of a children a woman has in her lifetime

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21
Q

What do some people say about the effectiveness of the one child policy?

A

That the late, long and few policy was more effective and also Chinese people wanted less children as they became more wealthy

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22
Q

The one child policy also helped towards sustainable development, but what else did it cause?

A

An ageing population, there is a lower proportion of young people compared to older people, this causes man issues

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23
Q

What were some exceptions to the one child policy?

A

In some rural ares, a second child was allowed if the first is a girl or has a physical disability so they had children to work on the farm. Also if one of the parents had a disability or bother were only children they can have a second child so they could loo after the parents

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24
Q

What are social issues with an ageing population?

A

Healthcare services are stretched more, people become more stressed as they have less free time as it is spent looking after older parents, birth rate drops, people will have to retire later and the pension will drop as there are more older

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25
Q

What are economic issues with an ageing population?

A

Taxes increase to pay for older peoples pensions and for public healthcare, the economy would grow slower as less money is being spent on things to grow the economy

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26
Q

What are different strategies to cope with ageing population?

A

Encouraging larger to increase number of young people. Encouraging immigration of young people to increase working population?

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27
Q

What is the problem with these strategies?

A

They don’t help with sustainable development as they increase population size

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28
Q

What are sustainable strategies to cope with ageing populations?

A

Raising retirement age and raising taxes for working people

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29
Q

What is the case study for an ageing populations?

A

The Uk

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30
Q

What causes an ageing population?

A

Increasing life expectancy and dropping birth rate

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31
Q

What are some of the reasons that we have a ageing population?

A

People are living longer - better medicine and health care. Lots of babies born in the 1940s and 1960s, now they are retiring. Less babies born today

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32
Q

Problems caused by an ageing population?

A

More elderly people living in poverty, working population isn’t big enough to cover a decent pension. The government is struggling to pay the already low pension Health services are put under pressure

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33
Q

Strategies to influence population change in the uk?

A

Encourage women to have more children and make it more affordable to have children by tax credits supporting men and women who return to work after having children. Also encourage immigration of younger people

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34
Q

What are some more quick and sustainable strategies to cope with an ageing population?

A

Raise the retirement age so there are more people paying taxes and encourage people to take out private pensions

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35
Q

What is migration?

A

The movement of people from one are to another area

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36
Q

What is it called when people move into an area?

A

Immigration

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37
Q

What is it called when people exit an area?

A

Emigration

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38
Q

What is it called when people move to different countries?

A

Internation migration

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39
Q

What is it called when people move between different regions within a country?

A

Internal migration (country side to city = rural-urban migration)

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40
Q

What are the two main types of migrant?

A

Refugees and economic migrants

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41
Q

What is a refugee?

A

Someone who has been forced out of their country due to things like war, persecution and natural disasters

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42
Q

What is an economic migrant?

A

People who voluntarily move from poorer places to richer places for jobs/higher wages

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43
Q

What are push factors?

A

Negative things about where the person lives which makes them want to leave

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44
Q

What are examples of push factors?

A

Job shortage, low wages, poor standard of living, poor healthcare and education, persecution due to religion/political views, war, pollution, crime, natural disasters

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45
Q

What are pull factors?

A

Positive things about a place making people want to stay/move there

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46
Q

What are examples of pull factors?

A

More employment opportunities, higher wages, better standard of living, better healthcare and education, being free to worship as they like/join any political party, no war, safer/cleaner environment (no pollution/crime/natural disasters)

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47
Q

What are the positive impacts on the country people are leaving?

A

Less pressure on public services such as hospitals and schools and money is usually sent back to the country from the people that have left

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48
Q

What are the negative impacts on the country people are leaving?

A

Labour shortage as usually its the working age that emigrate leading to a higher proportion of older people left that don’t work and need care. Also to skills shortage as usually skilled and educated people leave

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49
Q

What are the positive impacts on the country people are moving to?

A

Bigger labour force as young people immigrate for work, they then pay taxes that help fund services

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50
Q

What are the negative impacts on the country people are moving to?

A

Locals and immigrants fight for jobs causing tension and conflict. Increased demand for services leading to overcrowding. Some money earned by immigrants is sent back to their previous country instead of being spent in their new country

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51
Q

There are different ways to manage international migration, what are points-based systems?

A

They let countries choose who they want to let in. People who want to move are given points for things like age, education, work experience and language, only those with enough points can move in (Australia, New Zealand and Canada

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52
Q

How are limits and targets used to manage international migration?

A

Limits and targets are set by countries so they don’t have too many or too few immigrants. These are set by the amount of jobs available and public opinion. Once the limit is reached, no one new can move in that year

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53
Q

What is the case study for international migration?

A

Economic migration from Poland to the Uk

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54
Q

Roughly how many polish people moved to the uk between 2004 and 2007?

A

More than half a million

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55
Q

What are the push factors from Poland?

A

High unemployment (19%), Low average wages (one third of EU wages) and housing shortages.

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56
Q

What are the pull factors to the UK?

A

Ease of migration as UK allowed unlimited migration from the EU in 2004, More work and higher wages and also a good exchange rate

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57
Q

What were the impacts on Poland?

A

Shortage of workers, economy didn’t grow much but was boosted by money sent home by emigrants. Ageing population as loads of young people left. Housing and unemployment problems were solved

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58
Q

What were the impacts on the UK?

A

Economy was boosted, New shops opened to serve Polish communities, more taxes being paid towards retired people, some of the UK were unhappy about the amount of immigrants, politicians changed the policy on allowing unlimited people from the EU

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59
Q

How has the UK now changed how it manages immigration?

A

Immigrants from Poland aren’t limited but they have to register under the worker registration scheme if they want to work, letting there UK border agency monitor how many people enter the country and how their work effects the UK economy

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60
Q

How did the government respond to complaints about polish immigrants?

A

They tightened the control of migration from some of the newer EU states e.g Bulgaria and Romania have to get permission from the Home Office to work in the UK (only granted for certain types of jobs)

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61
Q

Where is urbanisation happening fastest?

A

In LEDCs

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62
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas

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63
Q

Roughly how many people live in urban areas today?

A

More than 50% of the worlds population-3.4 billion people

64
Q

Why is urbanisation happening fastest in LEDCs?

A

Because most of the population in MEDCs already live in urban areas e.g. more than 80% of the uk live in urban areas

65
Q

What is urbanisation caused by?

A

Rural-urban migration

66
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A

The movement of people from the countryside to the cities

67
Q

What are some push factors (reasons why people want to leave the country side)?

A

Few jobs with low wages due to mechanical farming, lack of services like schools and healthcare, poor harvests can mean no income and risk of starvation

68
Q

What are some pull factors (Reasons why people want to move to urban areas)

A

More jobs with higher wages, more stable jobs.Better services and access to services like schools and healthcare

69
Q

Why do good healthcare services and high birth rates in cities increase the proportion of people in urban areas?

A

Because a lot of the people moving to urban areas are young so when they eventually start a family, there are more people in the urban areas

70
Q

What are the impacts of urbanisation in urban areas?

A

Overcrowding, job/house shortages, Increased traffic, pollution and waste

71
Q

In LEDCs, what does urbanisation lead to?

A

Squatter settlements which are badly built, illegal, disease spreads quickly through them, no drains increasing risk of flooding, often don’t have basic services like electricity, sewers or firefighters

72
Q

Urbanisation leads to falling population sizes in rural areas, what problems does this cause?

A

Increasingly elderly population as young people move away who may straggle with things like shopping that young people used to help with. Even fewer services as there is less demand-some shops and services would have to shut down also due to lack of funding as less taxes are being paid

73
Q

How are the impacts in urban areas caused by urbanisation managed?

A

By building more houses, attracting more industry to create more jobs, improving public transport and roads and promoting cycling to ease pollution and waste, improving water and electricity services

74
Q

How can governments improve squatter settlements in LEDCs?

A

Self-help schemes-the government supplies materials so people can build their homes and site and service schemes-people pay low rent for a site and the money is used to provide basic services for the area

75
Q

To manage problems of urbanisation in rural areas, how can you ease the push factors so people don’t move away?

A

Invest in local services such as healthcare as it also provides jobs. Giving loans and grants to businesses to encourage companies to set up in rural areas again creating jobs and improving local transport to make traveling easier for locals and could travel to the city for work but live in the rural areas

76
Q

What is the case study for urbanisation?

A

China-internal migration of people from rural areas to urban areas

77
Q

What are the positive impacts of urbanisation in urban areas?

A

More workers, increase in demand for services, increase trade and industry, good for the economy

78
Q

What are the negative impacts of urbanisation in urban areas?

A

More pollution and environmental damage due to more people, some cities in China have no ester treatment plants so sewage is dumped into local rivers

79
Q

What are the positive impacts of urbanisation in rural areas?

A

130 million people that left send money back home to their families, increases income and avoids poverty

80
Q

What are the negative impacts of urbanisation in rural areas?

A

Mainly young people leave, causing ageing population without younger relatives to look after them

81
Q

How is urbanisation being managed in China?

A

In urban areas, in 2001 china changed its water supply system to cope with more people and pollution, improving water quality and supply
In rural areas in 2009 a pilot pension scheme was set up to help retired farmers have a pension each month to raise income and reduce poverty

82
Q

Where is counter urbanisation happening?

A

In MEDCs

83
Q

What is another name for counter urbanisation?

A

Deurbanisation

84
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

People moving out of cities into rural areas

85
Q

What are the push factors?

A

Pollution, traffic congestion, crime rates and house prices are all higher in cities

86
Q

What are the pull factors?

A

Better transport links/increased car ownership means you can still work in a city if you live in a rural area, the growth of IT means more people can work from home and there are new out of town business parks meaning more jobs are available outside cities

87
Q

Rural impacts of counter urbanisation?

A

Increased house prices, young people have to move away as they cant afford house prices, commuters prefer to use shops and services closer to work, local ones have to shut down as there is a lack of demand meaning locals become isolated if they cant travel

88
Q

Urban impacts of counter urbanisation?

A

Inner city areas become more empty and disused as people move away, making them unpopular and run down, people prefer work and shops on the outskirts so inner city shops and services close down

89
Q

What new the four main parts a city can be split into?

A

CBD, The inner city, the suburbs and the rural urban fringe

90
Q

What is the CBD?

A

The central business district. Its usually found right in the centre of a city. Its the commercial centre of the city with shops and offices

91
Q

What is the inner city?

A

Found around the CBD. It has a mix of poorer quality housing like high-rise tower blocks, and older industrial buildings

92
Q

What is the suburbs?

A

Housing areas found towards the edge of the city

93
Q

What is the rural urban fringe?

A

Right at the end of a city where there are both urban land uses e.g. factories and rural land uses e.g. farming

94
Q

What is the land used for in the CBD and why?

A

Businesses e.g. shops and offices, the social factor is its busy and very accessible, the economic factor is that land is expensive and only businesses can afford it and the cultural factors is that its a centre point for entertainment e.g. cinemas

95
Q

What is the land used for in the innner city and why?

A

Low-class housing and industry. The social factors are traditionally small houses were built here near to factories to house workers. The economic factors are poorer people who cant afford to commute and can only afford small houses live here and the cultural fact is ethnic groups live here so they’re near to important services e.g. places of worship

96
Q

What is the land used for in the suburbs and why?

A

Medium-class housing. The social factor is its less crowded and more pleasant, with less traffic and pollution. The economic fact is richer people cho can afford to commute and to have big houses live here and the cultural factor is people with families live here due to the space for leisure activities e.g. BBQs

97
Q

What is the land used for in the rural-urban fringe and why?

A

Business parks and high-class housing. The social factor is its still accessible for commuters as theres lots of space. The economic fact is the land is often cheaper here so bigger houses can be built for richer people and the cultural factor is richer people who like a rural lifestyle and being in reach of the city live here

98
Q

Why may LEDC cities like Rio de Janeiro differ from the model?

A

There is usually low cost housing and squatter settlements on the outskirts of cities but high-class housing in the CBD

99
Q

How does the land use of each part of a city change over time?

A

In recent years a lot of shopping centres have been built in out-of-town locations in the uk e.g. Meadowhall Shopping Centre was built on the outskirts of Sheffield 1950. Also inner city tower blocks have been removed and replaced with housing estates on the rural-urban fringe

100
Q

What do planners need to consider when designing new developments?

A

Social, economic and environmental needs

101
Q

What are the social needs?

A

More housing-can be built on old industrial sites (brownfield sites) near city centre or on rural-urban fringe for commutes. More room for social activities e.g. parks on brownfield sites in cities and places for things like golf in the rural-urban fringe. Also better transport systems and routes-more roads in the rural-urban fringe to cope with increased traffic and better public transport

102
Q

What are the economic needs?

A

more jobs-business parks and out-of-town shopping centres can be built on undeveloped land (greenfield sites) in the rural-urban fringe where land is cheap and its easily accessible

103
Q

What are the environmental needs?

A

More waste disposal systems-landfill sites can be built on the rural-urban fringe to cope with the increase in waste. Also more green spaces-derelict land in cities can be turned back into open spaces

104
Q

How can building new houses be sustainable?

A

By building carbon-neutral homes, buildings that generate as much energy as they use e.g. by using solar panels to produce energy e.g. BedZED is a carbon-neutral housing development in London. More homes can be provided without damaging the environment too much or causing much more pollution. These are more sustainable than normal houses

105
Q

How can new development be sustainable?

A

By building on brownfield sites, it stops green space being used up so the space will still be available for people in the future. This is more sustainable than building on greenfield sites. For example the London Docklands redevelopment was built on a brownfield site

106
Q

How can public transport be sustainable?

A

Good public transport systems encourage less car use which reduces pollution and traffic. Also, more efficient vehicles that use less fuel use fewer resources and give out less pollution. Eg some buses in London are powered by hydrogen and only emit water vapour

107
Q

How can recycling make life more sustainable?

A

More recycling means fewer resources are used e.g. metal cans can be used to make more cans. Also, less waste is produced, which reduces the amount that goes to landfill. Landfill is unattainable as it wastes resources and eventually there’ll be nowhere left to bury the waste

108
Q

What is the case study for urban development?

A

Glasgow

109
Q

Where is Glasgow?

A

Its the largest city in scotland with a population of over 580000 people

110
Q

Why has Glasgow been developed?

A

The decline in traditional industries such as shipbuilding has led to changes to Glasgows social, economic and environmental needs

111
Q

What are examples of this (Decline of Glasgow)?

A

Some areas of Glasgow such as the Gorbals have poor quality, high rise housing that was built in the 1960s and needs replacing. Also more jobs are needed as there is a high unemployment in Glasgow. In 2008, 7.1% of working age people in Glasgow were unemployed compared to 4.9% for the whole of Scotland

112
Q

What major redevelopments have happened in the city?

A

The Clyde Waterfront Regeneration Project and the Regeneration in the Gorbals

113
Q

What is the Clyde Waterfront Regeneration Project?

A

This project is helping to change old inner city industrial land e.g. land that had shipbuilding yards on it. The land will now be used for businesses, recreational and residential developments. Over 200 projects costing over £5 billion are ongoing including the Glasgow Science Centre, new offices, shops, parks, a walkway alongside the river and improved transport services (e.g. new buses)

114
Q

What is the regeneration of the Gorbals?

A

£170 million is being invested in the declining neighbourhood. There’s an ongoing project to build a new ‘urban village’ with over 1500 new homes, shopping centre, a library, a community centre and a good quality bus service

115
Q

Whats the developments aim?

A

To meet the needs of the local population

116
Q

How are social needs going to get met?

A

The projects will improve transport and leisure facilities and provide new homes

117
Q

How are economic needs going to get met?

A

New businesses are being attracted into the area, bringing jobs e.g. over 50000 new jobs are being created in the Waterfront Project through the new businesses and building work

118
Q

How are environmental needs going to get met?

A

The areas will be more attractive and have more green spaces. Eg the waterfront project will have various parks and natural spaces

119
Q

How has the Clyde Waterfront Regeneration Project tried to be sustainable?

A

It has bus links and walking/cycling routes to encourage lower car use. This means less pollution and fewer greenhouse gases will be emitted. Also less fossil fuel will be used which saves resources for future use. The development is on derelict, brownfield sites, which saves land. And a lot of material from old buildings has been reused so fewer resources have been used up

120
Q

How’s the regeneration projects in the Gorbals tried to be sustainable?

A

The development projects use derelict, brownfield sites to create new green spaces such as Gorbals Park. This reuses land and makes space for future generations to use

121
Q

What are the two types of consumer goods?

A

High order goods and low order goods

122
Q

What are high order goods?

A

These are goods that are only bought occasionally and are usually more expensive e.g. clothes, furniture and cars. They’re also called comparison goods

123
Q

What are low order goods?

A

These are goods that are bought frequently and are usually quite cheap e.g. milk, bread and newspapers. They’re also called convenience goods

124
Q

What is the threshold population?

A

The minimum population needed to support a shop. Shops that sell high order goods have a high threshold population

125
Q

What is the sphere of influence?

A

The area that people come from to visit a shop or an area. Shops that sell high order goods have a large sphere of influence because people will travel a long way occasionally to buy expensive items. People won’t travel a long way to buy things they need regularly so ships that sell low order goods will have a small sphere of influence. The distance people will travel for a particular good or service is called its range

126
Q

What are the urban shopping areas?

A

City centre, out-of-town shopping centre, shopping parades and corner shops

127
Q

What are the characteristics of city centres (location, goods sold, threshold population and sphere of influence)?

A

Its in the CBD, sells high order goods e.g. clothes and jewellery, has a high threshold because they sell high order goods and the rent is expensive. Large sphere of influence as they attract people from a wide area

128
Q

What are the characteristics of out-of-town shopping centres?

A

In rural-urban fringe. Sells High order goods e.g. clothes and hardware. Medium threshold population, they sell high order goods but the cost of rent is lower. Large sphere of influence, they attract people from a wide area

129
Q

What are the characteristics of shopping parades?

A

In suburbs. sells high and low order goods e.g. newspapers and clothes. Medium threshold population, they sell a mixture of goods and the cost of rent is lower than in the city centre. Medium sphere of influence, they attract people from the nearby area

130
Q

What are the characteristics of corner shops?

A

In the inner city. Sells low order goods, newspapers and bread. Low threshold population, they sell goods that are bought often and rent is cheap. Small sphere of influence, they only attract local customers

131
Q

What are the rural shopping areas?

A

Village shops

132
Q

What are the characteristics of village shops?

A

In villages. Sells low order goods e.g. newspapers and bread. Low threshold population, they sell goods that are bought often and rent is cheap. Small sphere of influence, they only attract local customers

133
Q

Why does the size of a settlement, also affect what shops can locate there?

A

The bigger a settlement is, the greater its population, so shops will have more potential customers. So the larger a settlement, the more likely it is to have shops selling high order goods

134
Q

Why do some rural shops sell high order goods?

A

Shops in rural areas sell mainly low order goods but some specialist shops that have a large sphere of influence can be found there. People are willing to reveal dar to buy specialist, rural goods, e.g. caravans or walking equipment (they have a large range

135
Q

What is the case study for changing retail services?

A

South Yorkshire

136
Q

What are the two factors that have caused the way that people in the UK shop in the last 100 years?

A

Changes to transport and changing market forces

137
Q

What are the changes to transport?

A

Car ownership has increased so people can travel further for their shopping. This means there are fewer, smaller convenience stores in rural areas, but there are more out-of-town shopping centres. They’re built out of town because land is cheaper, theres more available and its accessible with on-site parking

138
Q

What are changing market forces?

A

Means changes in the supply and demand for goods and retail services. Supply is how easy and cheap it is to get products. Demand is what products people want and how much they are willing to pay for them. Basically people now want a larger range of goods at cheaper prices. Smaller, specialist shops cant meet this demand, but larger chain stores and supermarkets can, they have lots of different products under one roof at much cheaper prices, so people shop there instead

139
Q

What else has changed that changes peoples shopping habits over the last 100 years?

A

Social habits and work patterns. People have less time to shop for the things they really need e.g. food, but want more leisure shopping time e.g. clothes. This means its convenient to use supermarkets which stock all different types of food all together

140
Q

What sort of shopping areas are in South Yorkshire?

A

A mixture of rural and urban areas e.g. sheffield and part of the peak district. In recent years the provision of retail services in this area has changed

141
Q

What happened in 1990 in South Yorkshire?

A

A large out-of-town shopping centre called Meadowhall was built near Sheffield. The centre has 280 shops, is easily accessible by car and has 12000 are parking spaces. Around 800000 shoppers visit the centre every week

142
Q

Why have the number of shops in Sheffield city centre declined?

A

Some such as House Of Fraser have moved to Meadowhall where the rent is cheaper and they can have more space. Some have closed down, possibly because shoppers are going to Meadowhall instead. Early estimates suggested a 15% trade loss from the city centre due to the building of Meadowhall

143
Q

Why are there also fewer shops and post offices in the surrounding rural villages such as Hope?

A

Because more people own cars and travel to urban areas to do their shopping

144
Q

How is Sheffield city centre now fighting back?

A

By redeveloping itself, improving parking and using a city watch scheme to reduce crime

145
Q

What happens when the birth rate is higher than the death rate?

A

More people are being born than are dying, so the population groans-this is called the natural increase

146
Q

What happens when the death rates higher than the birth rate?

A

More people are dying than are being born-natural decrease

147
Q

What is the population size of a country also affected by?

A

Migration, the movement of people from one area to another area

148
Q

What is distribution?

A

How the population is spread out

149
Q

What is density?

A

The number of people in a given area

150
Q

What is the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)?

A

A model that shows the five different stages of population growth

151
Q

What is stage one of the DTM?

A

High and fluctuating birth rate, high and fluctuating death rate, no population growth, low and steady population size, example countries include no countries but some tribes in Brazil

152
Q

What is the second stage of the DTM?

A

High and steady birth rate, rapidly falling death rate, very high population growth rate, rapidly increasing population size, example countries include Gambia

153
Q

What is the third stage of the DTM?

A

Rapidly falling birth rate, slowly falling death rate, high population growth rate, increasing population size, example countries include Egypt

154
Q

What is the fourth stage of the DTM?

A

Low and fluctuating brith rate, low and fluctuating death rate, no population growth rate, high and steady population size, example countries include UK and USA

155
Q

What is the fifth stage of the DTM?

A

Slowly falling birth rate, low and steady death rate, negative population growth rate, slowly falling population size, example countries include Japan

GCSE (26 decks)

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