Relationships and phylogenies

Question 1

clade

Answer 1

entire portion of phylogeny from a single - or COMMON - ancestor

Question 2

cladogram

Answer 2

evolutionary tree with points of divergence on it

Question 3

phylogenetic trees

Answer 3

pedigree of lineage

Question 4

ancestral

Answer 4

shared by a common ancestor

Question 5

derived

Answer 5

differs from lineage ancestor

Question 6

any 2 traits from ancestor

Answer 6

homologous

Question 7

parsimony

Answer 7

simplest is correct (reversal and changes in traits - evolutionarily)

Question 8

estimating and using phylogenies

Answer 8

predictive epidemiology

Question 9

compatibility for schistosomes

Answer 9

sister clade or ancestral to Africa

Question 10

panmictic unit

Answer 10

area that organism lives, breeds and dies within

Question 11

diseases

large infection network =>

Answer 11

higher virulence of disease

pathogen does not have to keep host alive for as long in order to be passed on

Question 12

Advantages/disadvantages of being ‘selfers’

Answer 12

eggs few and large
high quality offspring 
low juvenile mortality 
low reproductive investment 
late maturation 
high altitudes/latitudes 
biologically simple habitats

Question 13

Advantages/disadvantages of being ‘outcrossers’

Answer 13

eggs many and small 
low quality offspring 
higher juvenile mortality 
high reproductive investment 
early maturation 
lower latitudes/altitudes
biologically complex habitats

Question 14

why ‘selfers’ at high latitudes and altitudes?

Answer 14

fewer parasites/pathogens

better to invest resources in suiting environment than defence against pathogens/parasites

Question 15

general homologous

Answer 15

all species in lineage

e.g. vertebrae

Question 16

special homologous

Answer 16

few species in lineage

e.g. indeterminate incisors

Question 17

special homologous traits order…

Answer 17

TIME of separation

Question 18

Ability to host schistosomes =

Answer 18

homologous

Question 19

Resistance to schistosomes =

Answer 19

analogous

Question 20

outgroup

Answer 20

branched off from below base of lineage

Question 21

schistosome compatibility theory conclusion

snails in Americas and Africa

Answer 21

snails moved from Americas to Africa
glabrata ancester (ancestral biomphalaria)
to B.pfeifferi, B. sudanica and B. alexandrina

Question 22

Cepaea nemoralis

Answer 22

good to look at for ecological genetics 
easily defined panmictic unit
low vagility 
highly polymorphic 
tractable 

AKA Grove Snail

Question 23

Cepaea nemoralis studies

Answer 23

crypsis

thermal selection

Question 24

Island house mouse

Answer 24

small panmictic unit 
highly polymorphic 
moderately-highly vagile 
tractable 
good system to study

Question 25

Isle of May Mice after effect

Answer 25

more aggressive mice of hybrids becoming less aggressive again
huddling behaviour returning
… evolution in action? - better to be in those conditions?

Question 26

partitioning genetic variation

Answer 26

sexual/asexual

host-parasite - host escapes by evolving resistance

Question 27

bryozoans (genetics with parasites)

Answer 27

budding, self/outcross
good dispersal
few, widespread clones
fugitive lifestyle (can’t kill them all if spread out)

Question 28

asexual statoblasts

Answer 28

produced at end of season - vs.sexual overwintering propagules

Question 29

parapatric species

Answer 29

have adjacent but non-overlapping distributions