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Genes And Evolution > Phylogenies > Flashcards

Phylogenies Flashcards

1
Q

phylogeny

A

the history of descent of a group of organisms from a common ancestor

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2
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

comparison of traits, individuals with common traits placed together

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3
Q

trait

A

one form of a character

e.g. blue flower colour

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4
Q

character

A

a feature of an organism

e.g. flower colour

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5
Q

homologous traits

A

traits inherited from a common ancestor

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6
Q

derived traits

A

traits that differ from ancestor

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7
Q

homoplasies

A

similar character in 2 or more taxa that are not derived from a common ancestor

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8
Q

example of a homoplasy

A

wings - found in insects, mammals (bats) and birds

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9
Q

monophyletic taxa

A

include ALL descendents of common ancestor

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10
Q

paraphyletic taxa

A

include SOME, but not all, descendent of a common ancestor

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11
Q

polyphyletic taxa

A

includes members with MORE THAN ONE recent common ancestor

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12
Q

outgroup

A

a lineage closely related to the focal group

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13
Q

convergent evolution

A

independent evolution of similar traits due to similar selection pressure

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14
Q

parallel evolution

A

independent evolution of common trait in organisms sharing distant relatives

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15
Q

traits used in phylogenies

A
  • morphology and developmental

- molecular

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16
Q

advantages of molecular traits

A
  • directly reflect underlying process of evolution
  • vast number of potential traits
  • can detect difference between very closely related organisms
  • not affected by the environment
  • mutations random with specific probabilities, number of mutations can be used to calibrate evolutionary time (molecular clocks)
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17
Q

molecular clocks

A

mutations random with specific probabilities, number of mutations can be used to calibrate evolutionary time

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18
Q

disadvantages of molecular traits

A
  • can’t get DNA from too far back

- complexity - duplicates of the same gene

19
Q

transition

A

purine -> purine

pyrimidine -> pyrimidine

20
Q

transversion

A

purine -> pyrimidine

pyrimidine -> purine

21
Q

non-coding DNA located in…

A

introns

22
Q

coding DNA located in…

A

exons

23
Q

examples of non-coding DNA

A

repetitive sequences, pseudogenes

24
Q

synonymous

A

DO NOT change amino acid

more commonly fixed in evolution

25
Q

non-synonymous

A

DO change amino acid

26
Q

nonsense

A

prematurely terminate genes

27
Q

mitochondrial gene example for analysis (evolution)

A

cytochrome C - highly conserved gene

28
Q

calibration of molecular clock

A

alpha-globin

29
Q

What is the C-value?

A

the weight of the genome (in grams)

30
Q

explaining the C-paradox

A

1 - genomes differ in the amount of repetitive DNA

2 - some species have more than 2 copies of each chromosome (polyploidy)

31
Q

polyploidy

A

more than 2 copies of the haploid chromosome

32
Q

Single or Low-Copy sequences

A
  • genes including promoters, exons and introns

- pseudogenes

33
Q

Repetitive DNA

A

middle-repetitive and highly-repetitive

  • multiple copy genes - increased expression -> more of gene product produced
  • telomeres - facilitate accurate copying of linear DNA molecule
34
Q

Mobile elements

A

transposons and retrotransposons

35
Q

transposons

A

mobile DNA elements that can move from one place to another

36
Q

retrotransposons

A

can increase in copy number via the production of an RNA intermediate followed by insertion of a DNA copy into the genome

37
Q

what are SSRs?

A

Simple sequence repeats
- short sequence - 1-5 bp
AKA micro-satellites

38
Q

why is number of repeats not well copied?

A

slippage

39
Q

________ contain large tracts of micro-satellites.

A

Centromeres

40
Q

mutation will normally lead to loss of function

A

(to) pseudogenes

41
Q

accumulated gene duplication leads to…

A

gene clusters

42
Q

euploidy

A

containing a chromosome number that is a multiple of the haploid number

43
Q

aneuploidy

A

extra or fewer copies of one chromosome or part of a chromosome guides

44
Q

chromosomal rearrangements

A

inversions and translocations

Genes And Evolution (12 decks)

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