Epigenetics

Question 1

Susceptibility to health and disease is somehow encoded…

Answer 1

in the genetic material

Question 2

Epigenetic information determines…

Answer 2

how, when and where the sequence data is used

Question 3

Individual chromosomes occupy…

Answer 3

distinct territories

Question 4

Compartments, corresponding to______________________, _________________ the genome.

Answer 4

open and closed chromatin, spatially partition

Question 5

Epigenetics, in molecular terms, represents…

Answer 5

range of chromatin modifications, inc.:

• DNA methylation
• histone modifications

Question 6

Methylation

Answer 6

not evenly spread (CPG (lots of Cs and Gs) islands)

often found in promotion sequences

Question 7

denoval methylation

Answer 7

no methylation before
3A/3B/3L
methyltransferases
TET - take off methyl groups

Question 8

maintenance methylation

Answer 8

already have methyl group
DNMT1
produce 2 copies of DNA with methylation
methyl groups - fall off during methylation or TET

Question 9

open chromatin =

Answer 9

active => available for transcription

Question 10

closed chromatin =

Answer 10

condensed

Question 11

open chromatin -> closed chromatin

Answer 11

histone methylation and deacetylation

Question 12

closed chromatin -> open chromatin

Answer 12

histone demethylation and acetylation

Question 13

methylation at promoters =>

Answer 13

gene expression repression

Question 14

methyl - from metabolism

Answer 14

phenolmethionine cycle

Question 15

acetyl - from metabolism

Answer 15

general

Question 16

bisulphite sequencing

Answer 16

if not protected by methyl group C -> U -> T +bisulphite

Question 17

Immunoprecipitation

Answer 17

break DNA into fragments

antibody specific to CPGs -> chip -> enriched

Question 18

Epigenetic clock concept

Answer 18

variation increases with age
global methylation falls with age
(gene specific increas or decrease though)

Question 19

Epigenetics allows the environment to…

Answer 19

modify the genome

Question 20

Transposable elements, aka?

Answer 20

‘jumping genes’

Question 21

Retrotransposons duplicate through…

Answer 21

RNA intermediates that are reverse transcribed and inserted at new genomic locations.

Question 22

The ongoing expansion of non‐LTR retrotransposons has created…

Answer 22

significant inter‐individual variation in retrotransposon content

Question 23

Regulating transposable elements

Answer 23

Methylation has the effect of repressing transposition and protecting the early embryo in particular from potentially damaging genome rearrangement during critical periods of development

Heavily methylated = don’t transpose

Question 24

Imprinted genes

Answer 24

Imprinted – remember which parent they came from