Relations With Spain Flashcards
What are examples of pressure of ruling England influencing Elizabeth’s foreign policy?
Developing and improving trade to benefit economy
Protecting English borders
Protect throne and avoid war which would damage economy and possibly lead to Elizabeth’s deposition.
Where do Elizabeth’s pressures of ruling England arise from?
The lack of resources in England and the religious divisions
What did Europe compete for in the 1500s?
Territory, wealth and power
How did rivalry lead to war?
Conflict over religious divisions in England and Philip II opposed religious settlement. This rivalry led to foreign policy which led to war.
What was part of foreign policy?
Alliances, made according to who needed them and then broken when not needed
When did Spain and England stop being allies?
After England became protestant
Why did Spain and France value England as an ally in the 1500s?
Both France and Spain were more powerful than England but could use England’s support against each other
What was France mostly surrounded by?
Spanish territory
How could Spain be useful allies with England?
Spain could use Elizabeth’s fleets to protect ships going into the Netherlands which Spain controlled.
What were Spanish ships used for from 1567?
Carrying troops and resources of the Duke of Alba’s army into the Netherlanda as Alba wanted to get rid of Protestantism in the Netherlands
What did Elizabeth’s Privy council want Elizabeth to do in response to Alba trying to crush Protestantism in Netherlands?
Help Dutch Protestants rebel
Why didn’t Elizabeth want to help Dutch protestants rebel?
She wanted to avoid war with Spain
What did Elizabeth want to do in response to Alba trying to crush Protestantism in the Netherlands?
Hoped to encourage an agreement to return Netherlands to its original governing state agreed in 1548, giving the Dutch a right to self-government
What did Philip II do in response to Elizabeth’s proposed agreement for the Netherlands?
Challenged it and sparked the Dutch revolt in 1566
How did Elizabeth indirectly help Dutch resist in Netherlands and pressure Spain?
By allowing English privateers to attack Spanish ships
Pursued good relations with France
Encouraged others to fight Spanish in the Netherlands
What did Elizabeth offer with the Duke of Alencon in 1570s?
A promise of marriage allegiance to him (the French heir)
Why did Elizabeth encourage the Duke of Alencon to fight Spanish in Netherlands?
As Philip II wasn’t alarmed by the recent challenges and refused to give Dutch independence
Why was sending the Duke of Alencon to Netherlands risky?
France could take Netherlands for themselves
Why was Elizabeth reluctant to help protestants rebel in Netherlands?
Philip might do the same with Catholic rebels in England, Spain would have backing of the Pope and France could side with Spain. Would be too costly for England
Why couldn’t Spanish continue in Netherlands at the same pace in 1576?
Cost of war was too great
When was the Spanish Fury and what was it?
November 1576 - Spain’s forces in Netherlands sacked (violently robbed) Antwerp after months without pay
What was the Pacification of Ghent?
When all 17 Duthc provinces came together and demanded all Spanish troops leave Netherlands, restore own government and end religious persecution
How did Elizabeth help make sure the Pacification of Ghent was carried out?
Sent £100,000 and troops
When was Pacification of Ghent agreed to?
February 1577, Philips brother agreed to all terms
What happened 6 months after Elizabeth believed all was resolved in Netherlands?
Philip sent a new army on the Dutch
How did Elizabeth help out the Dutch on the attack after the Dutch revolt?
Hired a mercenary, John Casimir, and 6000 English and Scottish volunteers
How was Elizabeth aiding the Dutch against the unexpected Spanish attack not officially a war?
Elizabeth sent volunteers, not an actual army
How did Elizabeth’s plan with Casimir backfire?
Casimir’s troops violently attacked Catholic Churches and southern Dutch catholic provinces made peace with Spanish
Why did the Privy Councillors urge Elizabeth to get directly involved with Spanish attack on Netherlands?
An independent Netherlands would be strong and would form a Protestant ally against the Spanish
What did Elizabeth do instead of getting directly involved in Spanish invasion?
She didn’t help and the Dutch were dissapointed, getting the Duke of Alencon to fight instead
Who did the Duke of Parma replace and when?
Replaced Don Juan in 1579
How did the Duke of Parma give Spanish the upper hand in the invasion?
Much more powerful than Don Juan
How much money did Elizabeth give Alencon for supporting Dutch against Spain?
£70,000
What country did Philip take over in 1580?
Portugal
Why did Elizabeth fear Spain’s increasing wealth in capturing Portugal etc.?
Odds against England even greater
When did Alencon return to Netherlands again and what happened?
1582, failed again
When was William of Orange assassinated (leader of the Dutch rebels)?
July 1584
Even by 1584, what approach did Elizabeth take to the Netherlands?
A cautious approach, yet the Privy Council debated whether to get involved
What happened at the end of 1584?
French Catholic League joined the Treaty of Joinville with Philip, securing his help against French protestants
What did the French king sign up to in 1585 and what did it mean?
Aiming to get rid of heresy (Protestants) in France. Effectively made Catholic France and Spain allies
Why did English merchants begin exploring new markets and trade partners?
There was huge possible profit in the New world.
Why was the Spanish making it difficult for England to trade?
Spain controlled the Netherlands which was England’s main route to European markets, with Antwerp being important to English trade
Spain controlled most of the New World
Why was the New World so desirable?
Had valuable crops such as sugar cane and huge supplies of silver
Why did English merchants trade illegally in the New World?
You needed a license from Spain to trade within the New World
How did some English merchants go even further than just trading illegally in the New World?
Some attacked Spanish ports and shipping. Philip II couldn’t ignore this challenge from England in the New World
Who was Sir Francis Drake?
An English merchant who made a fortune in the New World
How did Sir Francis Drake make most of his money?
From people investing in his voyages, including Elizabeth.
Much of Drake’s work was piracy. Give an example?
Seized Spanish cargoes in the West Indies
When did Elizabeth hire Drake as a privateer?
1572
How much money did Drake capture in Parma and why was Elizabeth reluctant to back Drake?
£40,000. Worried backing him would cause more conflict in Spain
When did Drake return to England from Parma?
1573
How were Elizabeth’s and Philips relations in 1573?
Trying to improve
Why didn’t Elizabeth publicly welcome Drake back to England after capturing fortune in Parma?
As Philip was angry but Elizabeth was privately was impressed
What was Drake to do in November 1577?
Go to the New World around the tip of South America to the Pacific coastline, getting gold, silver, spies etc.
When did Spanish relations worsen again?
After Elizabeth secretly ordered attacks on Spanish colonies in America, and fears of Spanish invasion rose
Why did Elizabeth want to disrupt Spain’s successful trade with its colonies?
To show Philip that England would not be defeated by Spain
What did Drake end up doing on his November 1577 mission?
Circumnavigated the globe, first Englishman to do so
How did Drake’s circumnavigation reveal how dangerous sea voyages were?
He left with 5 ships and only had the Golden Hind by the time he reached the Pacific
What did Drake do in the Pacific?
Took down ports and ships on the coastline of Chile and Peru
What region in North California did Drake claim?
Named it New Albion
When did Drake return from his circumnavigation and with how much money?
In 1580 with £400,000 of Spanish treasure, bringing a great sum to the crown through investments
Where did Elizabeth knight Drake and how did Philip react?
Knighted him on the deck of the Golden Hind. Philip was outraged by this public display.
What did Drake’s actions on Spain and the colonies show?
England didn’t accept Spain’s domination of the Americas
How did Drake’s success give England power?
They nos had a national hero
How did Drake’s treasures help England at a time of growing concern over Spain’s threat?
By boosting the crowns finances
What message did Elizabeth public knighting Drake send?
A strong message of resistance against Spain
