Elizabeth Society - Exploration Flashcards
What hit the wool and trade cloth hard in England?
Conflict with Spain and in Netherlands
Where were most opportunities for expanding trade?
The New World
What was good for trade in the New World?
Crops, animal skins and precious metals
Who funded many of the voyages of discovery to the new world?
Private investors
How was the high risk, high reward of voyages to the New World seen?
Spain had become rich with silver mines in Peru
Why were there hopes of riches in the New World mainly in the coasts, in areas of not much exploration?
Most of Americas was undiscovered
What did English merchants exploit in Elizabeth’s reign?
Ancient African slave trade
What did English merchants’ exploitation of andient African slave trade develop into?
A massive trade of hundreds of Africans being shipped to the New World
Who was John Hawkins?
A slave trader and navigator behind many developments that helped English navy defeat Armada.
What did John Hawkins do?
Bought slaves from Africa and sold them to Spanish colonists. Bought ginger, sugar etc with his proceeds from slave trading and made profits, repeatinf it in 1564 to help lay out foundations of the Triangular trade
Why did young gentry and nobility go on voyages?
In hope of adventure and making fortunes. Treasures to be found in Americas attracted people to venture into the unknown even though it was only rumoured
What did Thomas Harriot do in 1584 and how was it helpful?
Worked out how to use the sun to calculate true sailing direction, making voyages safer and faster
How were quadrants and astrolabes used in navigation?
To make more accurate calculations on ship direction, using position of stars
Why were voyages sometimes recorded?
To make routes easy to map out. Printed books detailing a voyage were more common
How did navigation improve ships?
They had greater capacity and better sails
What did Gerardus Mercator develop in 1569?
Mercator map
What was the Mercator map?
Used longitude and latitude to place lands more accurately on a map
How did printing advance maps?
Allowed them to be consistent and widespread. Less inconsistencies in maps
How did larger and stable ships help voyages?
Made long journeys possible
When were galleons developed?
16th century
Why was it good that galleons were larger than normal ships?
Allowed more supplies to be taken on board
How was it helpful that the gows and sterns on ships were lowered?
Made the ships more stable in heavy seas
How did sails develop?
Different sail types could be swapped on the same vessel, such as traditional square sail for speed
How did swappable sails help?
Made ships easier to manoeuvre
What did more masts and sails allow for voyages?
Longer, faster and more accurate voyages
How was fire power better on galleons?
Gun decks ran all down Galleons, allowing cannons to fire from sides as well as the bows and sterns which were needed to fend of pirates and Spanish ships
How long was Drake’s circumnavigation and give dates?
Almost 3 years. December 1577-September 1580
What was Drake’s intention when he circumnavigated?
To raid Spanish colonies in the Pacific
How were Anglo-Spanish relations in 1578?
Poor
Who did Drake want revenge on?
Spanish
What did Drake and Hawkins do in 1567-68?
Went on another translatlantic expedition
Why were Spain angry at Drake and Hawkin’s expedition?
Angry at English attempts to break Spain’s new world monopoly and they were ready to fight for it
How did the English vs Spanish battle go in the Drake and Hawkins expedition?
English were attacked at St Juan de Ulua. 325 English sailors killed and Hawkins and Drake returned home with 15 sailors.
Aside from political reasons, why would many have invested in the Drake and Hawkins expedition?
Drake and Elizabeth knew there were great profits in the Americas
Despite the difficult voyage, how did Drake return after voyage with Hawkins?
Returned rich and famous. Made investor rich. Estimated Drake made £500,000,000 worth of treasure
How did Drake’s circumnavigation show England as a great sea-fairing nation?
Drake’s voyage almost went awfully. Only one ship left: the Golden Hind. 56 men survived, second crew ever to circumnavigate. Gained reputation of English ships being some of the best. Helped scare Philip from invasion a bit
How did Drake’s circumnavigation encourage explorations?
The circumnavigation survived by raiding ships and colonies up the coast of South America. Gathered useful information about the Americas and logged the voyage to share
When did the Golden Hind need repairing?
June 1579
What did local native Americans in modern day San Francisco do for Drake in his circumnavigation?
Performed a ceremony that he treated as a coronation
What did Drake do with area where he was ‘coronated’?
Named the region Nova Albion declared Elizabeth as sovreign
How did Elizabeth ignore existing rights of native americans after she became the sovreign of Nova Albion?
Gave her explorers the right to any land no Christian leader had claimed
What is Nova Albion now?
California
How did Drake’s peaceful welcome by the Native americans encourage an idea?
Showed Europeans could settle and rule in Nova Albion
How did Drake’s circumnavigation encourage English colonies in America?
In 1583, Drake returned to England with wealth and reports that encouraged adventurers and investors to continue trying to establish colonies, despite the failed attempt at colonisation by Sir Humphrey Gilbert
Who did Drake’s circumnavigatin damage Anglo-Spanish relations?
Elizabeth knighting Drake on the Golden Hind sent a message to Philip that deteriorated relations as Philip saw Drake as a pirate
