Relational Influences

Question 1

Conflict

Answer 1

Behavior that occurs when two parties perceive they’ve incompatible goals, ideas or behaviors

Question 2

Mirror-image perception

Answer 2

Identical, distorted perceptions of the other party; often leads to escalation in the conflict

Question 3

Imposed Solutions

Answer 3

One party is stronger than the other and imposes a solution; usually leads to one party being dissatisfied and underlying conflict remains

Question 4

Distributive Solutions

Answer 4

Involves a compromise/mutual concessions; lose-lose situation

Question 5

Integrative Solution

Answer 5

Win-win solution; both parties must understand other’s motives, values and goals

Question 6

Conflict Resolutions - Follett (1940)

Answer 6

Sister’s fighting over an orange; distributive would be 1/2 an orange each, integrative would be 1 uses juice, other uses rind

Question 7

Counselling

Answer 7

Deals with family conflict; offers both parties skills to deal with conflict, encourages clients to solve own problems rather than provide solutions

Question 8

Negotiation

Answer 8

Parties with both shared and opposing interests try to reach an agreement - may break down, parties fail to understand other’s position and goals

Question 9

Negotiation - Thompson & Hastie (1990)

Answer 9

Most negotiators enter negotiations expecting opposing views. If both parties realise joint gain, the outcome is better for both sides, yet a high % failed to realise that and settles for less-than-ideal solutions

Question 10

Mediation

Answer 10

Bringing in a 3rd party to settle conflicts; focus on the issues and reach a voluntary solution (distributive/integrative). Mediators arrange time, place and agenda - neutral place aims to improve relationship

Question 11

Arbitration

Answer 11

3rd party imposes decision after listening to both parties

Question 12

Arbitration - Emery & Collegues (2005)

Answer 12

Can settle a large % of cases otherwise heading to court, speed settlement, save money, high compliance with agreements, high party satisfaction, good relationship between divorced parents; helps parents to see need for long term cooperative parenting

Question 13

Attachment Theory

Answer 13

Bowlby (1969) - attachment is the tendency of infants to form an emotional bond to another

Question 14

Bowlby (1969)

Answer 14

Observed children in institutions; children who suffered loss and failure in early relationships were more open to psychological consequences

Question 15

Proximity Maintainance

Answer 15

Desire to be near attachment figure

Question 16

Safe Haven

Answer 16

Return to attachment figure for comfort and safety when unsafe or feeling threatened

Question 17

Secure House

Answer 17

Perceive attachment figure as a base of security to explore environment

Question 18

Separation Distress

Answer 18

Anxiety when attachment figure is absent

Question 19

Infant behaviour around caregiver - Bowlby

Answer 19

Displays predictable behaviour in presence and absence of caregiver; seek attention

Question 20

Attachment Targets - Bowlby

Answer 20

Infants under 6 months don’t fully recognise caregiver individually; from 2 months they show signs of identifying caregivers, 6-8 development of special attachment to main caregiver

Question 21

Attachment Object

Answer 21

Provides additional attachment for comfort when attachment figure is absent - a teddy etc

Question 22

Strange Situation - Mary Ainsworth

Answer 22

discovered 3 types of attachment through removing attachment target and offering comfort from a stranger

Question 23

Secure Attachment

Answer 23

Balance between dependence and exploration; the caregiver is a safe base, infants show distress and decreased exploration when attachment figure is removed and shows enthusiasm and seeks physical contact when they return - 65% of 1 yr olds

Question 24

Avoidance Attachment

Answer 24

Doesn’t seek closeness or contact with caregiver; rarely cries when left in room, ignores them upon return, may result from neglectful/abusive caregivers - 20% of 1 yr olds

Question 25

Resistant Attachment

Answer 25

Appears anxious when caregiver is near, but is upset when separated; cries to be picked up, squirms to get free, results from unresponsive caregivers - 12% of 1 yr olds

Question 26

Attachment Change

Answer 26

tends not to change over time unless there has been a significant change in life circumstances, early attachment influences emotional wellbeing

Question 27

Social changes in family - Crabb 2014

Answer 27

Differences in gender employment, less children later in life, improvements in healthcare, changing family ties, changes in family membership

Question 28

5 social changes on families - Stanley, Richardson, & Prior (2005)

Answer 28

demographic changes, economic changes, women in the workforce, changes in family structure, technological advancement

Question 29

Formal Grandparents (Peterson, 2004)

Answer 29

provide special outings, activities at birthdays etc, 65+

Question 30

Fun-Seeking Grandparents (Peterson, 2004)

Answer 30

playing, other informal activities, around 50

Question 31

Remote Grandparents (Peterson, 2004)

Answer 31

little social/psychological involvement in children due to physical distance

Question 32

Parent-Surrogate Grandparent (Peterson, 2004)

Answer 32

Take on childcare responsibilities in absence of parents (work, divorce, death)

Question 33

‘Fonts of Wisdom’ Grandparents (Peterson, 2004)

Answer 33

Maintain family traditions, provides links with previous generations; storytellers, impart wisdom, memories and skills

Question 34

Harlow, Dodsworth and Harlow (1965)

Answer 34

Privation - found monkeys reared in isolation suffered emotional and social problems, and tended to be more aggressive

Question 35

Cultural Differences - Ijendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988)

Answer 35

Found evidence of all 3 attachment types
Type B (secure) most common in all countries
Type A - more common in Western Europe
Type C - Japan & Israel

Question 36

Cultural Differences in Childrearing (Sagi et al, 1994)

Answer 36

Cultural differences in childrearing means differences in attachment