Relational Influences Flashcards
Conflict
Behavior that occurs when two parties perceive they’ve incompatible goals, ideas or behaviors
Mirror-image perception
Identical, distorted perceptions of the other party; often leads to escalation in the conflict
Imposed Solutions
One party is stronger than the other and imposes a solution; usually leads to one party being dissatisfied and underlying conflict remains
Distributive Solutions
Involves a compromise/mutual concessions; lose-lose situation
Integrative Solution
Win-win solution; both parties must understand other’s motives, values and goals
Conflict Resolutions - Follett (1940)
Sister’s fighting over an orange; distributive would be 1/2 an orange each, integrative would be 1 uses juice, other uses rind
Counselling
Deals with family conflict; offers both parties skills to deal with conflict, encourages clients to solve own problems rather than provide solutions
Negotiation
Parties with both shared and opposing interests try to reach an agreement - may break down, parties fail to understand other’s position and goals
Negotiation - Thompson & Hastie (1990)
Most negotiators enter negotiations expecting opposing views. If both parties realise joint gain, the outcome is better for both sides, yet a high % failed to realise that and settles for less-than-ideal solutions
Mediation
Bringing in a 3rd party to settle conflicts; focus on the issues and reach a voluntary solution (distributive/integrative). Mediators arrange time, place and agenda - neutral place aims to improve relationship
Arbitration
3rd party imposes decision after listening to both parties
Arbitration - Emery & Collegues (2005)
Can settle a large % of cases otherwise heading to court, speed settlement, save money, high compliance with agreements, high party satisfaction, good relationship between divorced parents; helps parents to see need for long term cooperative parenting
Attachment Theory
Bowlby (1969) - attachment is the tendency of infants to form an emotional bond to another
Bowlby (1969)
Observed children in institutions; children who suffered loss and failure in early relationships were more open to psychological consequences
Proximity Maintainance
Desire to be near attachment figure
Safe Haven
Return to attachment figure for comfort and safety when unsafe or feeling threatened
Secure House
Perceive attachment figure as a base of security to explore environment
Separation Distress
Anxiety when attachment figure is absent
Infant behaviour around caregiver - Bowlby
Displays predictable behaviour in presence and absence of caregiver; seek attention
Attachment Targets - Bowlby
Infants under 6 months don’t fully recognise caregiver individually; from 2 months they show signs of identifying caregivers, 6-8 development of special attachment to main caregiver
Attachment Object
Provides additional attachment for comfort when attachment figure is absent - a teddy etc
Strange Situation - Mary Ainsworth
discovered 3 types of attachment through removing attachment target and offering comfort from a stranger
Secure Attachment
Balance between dependence and exploration; the caregiver is a safe base, infants show distress and decreased exploration when attachment figure is removed and shows enthusiasm and seeks physical contact when they return - 65% of 1 yr olds
Avoidance Attachment
Doesn’t seek closeness or contact with caregiver; rarely cries when left in room, ignores them upon return, may result from neglectful/abusive caregivers - 20% of 1 yr olds
Resistant Attachment
Appears anxious when caregiver is near, but is upset when separated; cries to be picked up, squirms to get free, results from unresponsive caregivers - 12% of 1 yr olds
Attachment Change
tends not to change over time unless there has been a significant change in life circumstances, early attachment influences emotional wellbeing
Social changes in family - Crabb 2014
Differences in gender employment, less children later in life, improvements in healthcare, changing family ties, changes in family membership
5 social changes on families - Stanley, Richardson, & Prior (2005)
demographic changes, economic changes, women in the workforce, changes in family structure, technological advancement
Formal Grandparents (Peterson, 2004)
provide special outings, activities at birthdays etc, 65+
Fun-Seeking Grandparents (Peterson, 2004)
playing, other informal activities, around 50
Remote Grandparents (Peterson, 2004)
little social/psychological involvement in children due to physical distance
Parent-Surrogate Grandparent (Peterson, 2004)
Take on childcare responsibilities in absence of parents (work, divorce, death)
‘Fonts of Wisdom’ Grandparents (Peterson, 2004)
Maintain family traditions, provides links with previous generations; storytellers, impart wisdom, memories and skills
Harlow, Dodsworth and Harlow (1965)
Privation - found monkeys reared in isolation suffered emotional and social problems, and tended to be more aggressive
Cultural Differences - Ijendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988)
Found evidence of all 3 attachment types
Type B (secure) most common in all countries
Type A - more common in Western Europe
Type C - Japan & Israel
Cultural Differences in Childrearing (Sagi et al, 1994)
Cultural differences in childrearing means differences in attachment
