Communication Styles

Question 1

Social Background and language style

Answer 1

Berstein (1971) - working class; restrictive code, middle class; elaborated code

Question 2

Elaborated Code

Answer 2

extensive vocabulary, vary syntax, expression of abstract ideas and future possibilities, memories and emotions, meaning is clear from sentence alone

Question 3

Restricted Code

Answer 3

Restricted vocab, similar sentence structure; communication is predictable for speaker and listener, few descriptive words, commands used for compliance

Question 4

Gender differences in communication

Answer 4

Tannen (1990) - women use rapport talk, men use report talk; language differences led to relationship conflicts

Question 5

Rapport Talk

Answer 5

developing a relationship between speaker and receiver; encourages connectedness by identifying similarities and emphasizing good will

Question 6

Report Talk

Answer 6

Holding centre-stage, gaining and holding attention - in order to negotiate and maintain status

Question 7

Chomsky (1965)

Answer 7

Children posses innate ability to understand the basic structure of any human language

Question 8

Universal Grammar

Answer 8

Innate, biological grammatical categories facilitate language development

Question 9

LAD

Answer 9

Language Acquisition Device - all linguistic knowledge in inbuilt

Question 10

Limitations to Chomksy (1965)

Answer 10

Little attention given to the nature aspect
All theoretical - didn’t study real children
Didn’t account for interactions between child and caregiver
Ignored need for interactions in language development

Question 11

Bruner (1983)

Answer 11

Conducted a longitudinal study on 2 boys from 3-24 months

Parents guide language development

Question 12

LASS

Answer 12

Language acquisition support system - parents guide language development through interactions with child in ‘formats’

Question 13

Scaffolding

Answer 13

Parents model correct grammatical structure and conversation conventions

Question 14

Formats

Answer 14

Well-known, familiar routines used to comfortably learn new words and meanings (walks, meal/bath time)

Question 15

Joint-Attention

Answer 15

First established through eye contact; progresses to pointing and objects positioned further away - used to gradually associate objects with their names and the meaning of particular words

Question 16

Reference

Answer 16

Manage and direct attention linguistically (there, here)
Develops from pointing
Highly context sensitive

Question 17

Book reading - Bruner (1983)

Answer 17

This format allows mother to help with language - children know the conventions of conversation by reading age (Garton and Pratt, 2004)

Question 18

Limitations to Bruner (1983)

Answer 18

May not have structured routines or communicate with child during tasks
May not pick up on and correct errors or miscommunication

Question 19

La Bov (1970)

Answer 19

Categorized Black English Venacular (BEV); suggested that other forms of English should be considered as different, not deficient - just as complex as standard english
Opposes Bernstein’s language deficit view

Question 20

Communication Definition

Answer 20

the transmission of a message from one to another (Fletcher and Garton, 2016)

Question 21

Source of the Message - Hovland and Weiss, 1952)

Answer 21

Persuasion is most effective when the source is reliable, expertise

Question 22

Source of the Message - Miller, 1976

Answer 22

Natural rate of speech works best when presenting to an audience already holding a similar viewpoint, fast speech attributes knowledge

Question 23

Rate of Speech (Smith and Shaffer, 1995)

Answer 23

Rapid speech shows expertise

Question 24

Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty and Cacioppo, 1986)

Answer 24

Central route - directly stating message

Peripheral route - persuasion through cues

Question 25

Cultural differences (Yunxia, 2000)

Answer 25

Western cultures are more direct, appeal to logic, Eastern cultures are more polite