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Psychology Unit 3 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of memory

A

the processing, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning; neurological representation of a prior event/experience

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2
Q

Encoding

A

converting raw sensory data into a ‘usable’ form to be represented and stored in memory

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3
Q

Storage

A

retention of info in memory over time

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

locating and recovering stored info from memory to conscious thought

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5
Q

Multi-Store Model of Memory

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968; consists of sensory, short and long term memory - categorized by capacity, duration, and function

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6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

All information picked up by sensory receptors, held for less than 5 seconds as raw data - directing attention to raw data transfers it to STM - unlimited capacity

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7
Q

Short Term Memory

A

Limited storage capacity of 5-9 units, info is temporarily held and worked on during tasks, info retained for 12-30 seconds

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8
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Stores vasts amounts of info from 3 seconds - infinity (can decay over time), inferred through storage and retrieval, transitions from STM to LTM through physical changes in neurons and neural networks - info is stored in semanic networks

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9
Q

LTM - Declarative Memory

A

Facts and events - explicit memory

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10
Q

LTM - Procedural Memory

A

Actions and skills - implicit memory

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11
Q

Divisions of Declarative Memory

A

Semantic and Episodic memory

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12
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Memories of learnt facts/knowledge; not tagged with specific dates of learning

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13
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memories of personally experienced events - details of time, place, psychological and physiological state

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14
Q

Serial Position Effect (SPE)

A

supports the theory of STM and LTM; immediate free recall of items at the beginning/end of a list are remembered

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15
Q

SPE - Primary Effect

A

LTM - items at the beginning are recalled easier

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16
Q

SPE - Asymptote

A

Middle section info is more likely to be forgotten

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17
Q

SPE - Recency Effect

A

STM - items at the end are recalled easier

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18
Q

STM - Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repetition of words, auditory info, visual/spacial info; retained vocally/sub-vocally, inner-ear (mental maps)

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19
Q

STM - Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Focuses on the meaning of the info - processes info on a deeper level by using concepts

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20
Q

STM - Chunking

A

Grouping items to be remembered - familiar stimuli stored as a single unit

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21
Q

Working Memory Model

A

Baddeley and Hitch (1974) - consists of the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive

22
Q

Central Executive

A

Coordinates the actions of other components of working memory, controls attention, diverts info to relevant parts of memory, briefly stores sensory info, integrates info from LTM to guide behaviour, thoughts

23
Q

Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad

A

Storing and manipulating of visual and spacial info

24
Q

Phonological Loop

A

Storing and manipulating of auditory info - lasts for 2 sec unrehearsed, “inner ear”/articulatory control system rehearsal

25
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Limited and temporary storage in any form, joins info from visuo-spatial and phonological loop to prepare memories for storage in episodic buffer

26
Q

LTM - Types of Processing

A

Structural, Phonemic, Semantic

27
Q

LTM - Structural Processing

A

Encoding according to physical features of remembered word - shallow processing

28
Q

LTM - Phonemic Processing

A

Encoding according to the sound of the remembered word - intermediate processing

29
Q

LTM - Semantic Processing

A

Using the meaning of the info - deep processing

30
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Consciously and intentionally retrieved and stored; declarative memories

31
Q

Implict Memory

A

Expressed through behaviour and actions - memories without awareness; non -declarative memories

32
Q

Recall

A

Using minimal amount of cues for retrieval

33
Q

Free Recall

A

Retrieving info without order

34
Q

Serial Recall

A

Retrieving as much info in any order

35
Q

Cued Recall

A

Using prompts to assist retrieval

36
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying correct information amongst wrong info - Luh (1992) - better performance in recognition tests than recall

37
Q

Relearning

A

Revising things previously committed to memory - easier to relearn (saving score)

38
Q

Saving Score

A

[original learning]-[relearning]/[original learning] x100

39
Q

Forgetting

A

Inability to retrieve info previously stored in LTM

40
Q

Forgetting Curve - Ebbinghaus (1885)

A

Measures the amount of info retained and the rate of forgetfulness - 1/2 memory loss occurs in first hour, 68% of info (max lost) occurs in the first 8 hours

41
Q

Retrieval Failure Theory - Tulving & Thompson (1973)

A

Forgetting due to inability to retrieve material due to absence of right cues

42
Q

Retrieval Failure Theory - Context Dependant Cues

A

Environment in which the memory was encoded

43
Q

Retrieval Failure Theory - State Dependant Cues

A

Emotional state, smell, taste, sounds associated with memory

44
Q

Interference Theory

A

Explains why a previously available memory trace has become temporarily inaccessible; most likely to occur when material is similar (McGeoch & McDonald) - proactive and retroactive

45
Q

Interference Theory - Proactive

A

Previously learnt material inhibits new material

46
Q

Interference Theory - Retroactive

A

New material inhibits old material

47
Q

Interference Theory - Strengths and Weaknesses

A

Strengths: plausible theory, repeated in laboratory settings, face validity.
Weaknesses: lab is different to IRL, interference may not occur as frequently

48
Q

Motivated Forgetting

A

Reason to forget stimuli - suppression (conscious) and repression (unconscious) - Freud

49
Q

Decay Theory

A

Memory trace will decay over time - based on physical/chemical trace from memory

50
Q

Decay Theory - Strengths and Weaknesses

A

Strengths: occurs in STM & LTM, supported by empirical studies of hippocampus.
Weaknesses: no proof decay is cause, doesn’t account for recollection from cues

51
Q

Iconic Memory

A

sensory memory division - visual memory

52
Q

Echoic Memory

A

sensory memory division - auditory memory

Psychology Unit 3 (17 decks)

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