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Respiratory > Regulation of respiration > Flashcards

Regulation of respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general location of the pneumotaxic center?

A

Upper pons

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2
Q

What is the general location of the apneustic center?

A

Lower pons

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3
Q

What are the respiratory centers in the brainstem?

A

Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic center
Dorsal respiratory group
Ventral respiratory group

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4
Q

Where is the inspiratory area mainly located?

A

Dorsal respiratory group

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5
Q

Where is the expiratory area mainly located?

A

Ventral respiratory group

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6
Q

What afferents does the DRG receive?

A

From vagus and glossopharyngeal carrying stimulation from baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors

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7
Q

What is the function of the pneumotaxic center?

A

Sends efferents to DRG to inhibit inspiration, leading to shorter and more rapid respiration
Modulates the apneustic center activity
Fine tunes breathing pattern

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8
Q

What are the efferents of the DRG?

A

Through phrenic N and intercostal nerves to the muscles of inspiration
To VRG

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9
Q

What is the advantage of the inspiratory ramp signal?

A

Causes steady increase in the volume of the lungs during inspiration instead of inspiratory gaps

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10
Q

What is the inspiratory ramp signal?

A

2 seconds of contraction of inspiratory muscles followed by 3 seconds of relaxation then repeated

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11
Q

What nuclei of the brainstem contain parts of the ventral respiratory group?

A

Retrofacial nucleus
Nucleus ambiguus
Nucleus retroambigualis

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12
Q

Where is the Botzinger complex located?

A

VRG

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13
Q

What is the function of the Botzinger complex?

A

Expiratory neurons inhibit inspiratory cells in the DRG and some of the phrenic motor neurons

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14
Q

Where is the respiratory rhythm generator?

A

Cells in the pre-Botzinger complex

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15
Q

What is the function of motor efferents from the VRG?

A

Muscles of larynx, pharynx, and tongue to keep the upper airway patent

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16
Q

What is the nucleus the pneumotaxic center is located?

A

Nucleus parabrachialis

17
Q

What are the functions of the apneustic center?

A

Delay the switch-off point of the respiratory camp by acting on the DRG –> increased inspiration and decreases RR

18
Q

What inhibits the apneustic center?

A

Pneumotaxic center
Vagus

19
Q

What is the effect of a bilateral vagotomy just above the apneustic center?

A

Prolonged inspiratory gasps –> apneusis

20
Q

What is Kussmaul breathing and what is it associated with?

A

Deep, labored, gasping breathing pattern
Associated with severe metabolic acidosis like diabetic ketoacidosis and renal failure

21
Q

What is ataxic breathing and what is it associated with?

A

Clusters of cyclic irregular breathing followed by recurrent periods of apnea
Seen with medullary lesions

22
Q

What is Biot’s breathing?

A

Special type of ataxic breathing characterized by breaths of nearly equal volume separated by long periods of apnea

23
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?

A

Inflation to tidal volume stimulates stretch receptors to send afferents to DRG to stop inspiration

24
Q

What is the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex?

A

Deflation of lung decreases afferents from stretch receptors, stimulating inspiration

25
Q

What is the most important stimulus for peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Hypoxia –> decreased PaO2

26
Q

What can also stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors other than hypoxia?

A

Increased PaCO2
Increased [H+] –> decreased pH

27
Q

What is the location of central chemoreceptors?

A

Bilaterally in the ventrolateral medulla in contact with CSF

28
Q

What is the major chemoreceptor responsible for breathing rate?

A

Central chemoreceptors responding to PaCO2

29
Q

What can stimulate central chemoreceptors?

A

Increased PaCO2
Increased [H+] –> decreased pH

30
Q

What chemoreceptors does metabolic acidosis primarily act on?

A

Peripheral

31
Q

Which chemoreceptors are more sensitive? Which are quicker?

A

Central are 7x more sensitive
Peripheral are 5x quicker

Respiratory (15 decks)

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