Alveolar ventilation Flashcards by Rachel Muxlow

What are the four lung volumes?

RV
ERV
Vt
IRV

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What is normal value for tidal volume?

500 mL

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What is the normal value for inspiratory reserve volume?

3000-3300 mL

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What is the normal value for expiratory reserve volume?

1000-1200 mL

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What is the normal value for residual volume?

1200 mL

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What are the four lung capacities?

IC
FRC
VC
TLC

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What is the normal value for IC?

3500 mL
Vt + IRV

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What is the normal value for FRC?

2400 mL
ERV + RV

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What is the normal value for VC?

4700 mL
IRV + ERV + TV
TLC - RV

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What is the normal value for TLC?

5900 mL

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What are methods that can be used to measure FRC?

Helium dilution
Nitrogen wash out method
Body plethysmograph

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Why can helium be used to measure FRC?

Very low solubility in blood

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What are the major obstructive diseases?

Asthma
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Cystic fibrosis
Bronchiolitis
Tumor

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What are the 2 conditions of restrictive diseases?

Interstitial lung diseases
Extrapulmonary disorders

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What changes in the TLC, FEV1, FVC , and their ratio are seen in obstructive diseases?

FEV1 decreases
FVC decreased or normal
Ratio decreases
TLC increases or stays the same

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What changes in TLC, FEV1, FVC, and their ratio are seen in restrictive lung diseases?

TLC decreases
FEV1 decreased or normal
FVC decreases
Ratio stays the same or increases

What is the equation for minute/total ventilation?

Vt x RR

What is the normal value for minute ventilation?

About 6 L/min

What is dead space ventilation?

Volume of air that never reaches the gas exchange areas

What is alveolar ventilation?

Rate at which new air reaches gas exchange areas

What is the equation for determining alveolar ventilation?

Minute ventilation - Vd = Va

What is the relationship between alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood flow (CO)?

Approximately equal

What is a reasonable estimate of anatomic dead space?

1 mL per pound of ideal body weight

How can anatomic dead space be determined?

Fowler’s method

What is alveolar dead space?

Amount of alveoli that are ventilated by not perfused

How can physiologic dead space be measured using the Bohr method?

Vd/Vt = (PaCO2 - PeCO2)/PaCO2

What is Dalton's law of partial pressure?

The partial pressure of a particular gas in a gas mixture is equal to its fractional concentration times the total pressure

What is the normal partial pressure of O2 at sea level?

~ 160 mmHg

What is the equation for Dalton's law?

PlO2 = FlO2 (Pb - Ph2o) Where Pb = atmospheric pressure Where Ph2o = 47 mmHg FiO2 = concentration of oxygen

What is Boyle's law?

Gasses move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

What is the alveolar gas equation?

PaO2 = PlO2 - PaCO2/R = FlO2 (Pb - Ph2o) - PaCO2/R

What is the alveolar ventilation equation?

PaCO2 = 0.863 x (Vco2/Va)

What are the effects of hypoventilation?

Increases alveolar and arterial PCO2 Decreases PO2

What are the effects of hyperventilation?

Alveolar PCO2 decreases Alveolar PO2 increases

What is eupnea?

Normal quiet breathing

What is the distribution of ventilation at low lung volumes?

Pressure at base will exceed atm making ventilation impossible. Therefore the upper regions are better ventilated.

What is the effect of aging on lung volumes and capacities?

Decreased chest wall compliance Increased lung compliance Little change in TLC Increased RV Decreased FVC Decreased FEV1 Decreased diffusion capacity