Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory > Mechanics of breathing > Flashcards

Mechanics of breathing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the accessory muscles for deep inhalation?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis minor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the muscles used during deep exhalation?

A

Abdominal muscles
Internal intercostals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

Pressure exerted by a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container at a constant temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the normal range of the intrapleural pressure?

A

-3 to -5 cm of H20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure

Pt = Pa - Pi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the pressure changes during no breathing?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atm
Intrapleural pressure is less than atm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the pressure changes during normal inhalation?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure decreases to -1
Intrapleural pressure drops to -6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the pressure changes during normal expiration?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure increases to +1
Intrapleural pressure increases to -4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the typical tidal volume?

A

~ 500 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to transmural pressure during inspiration?

A

Difference increases, becoming more positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is positive pressure breathing?

A

Air can be forced into the lung by raising the pressure at the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two methods for air to move into the lung?

A

Negative pressure breathing
Positive pressure breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are indications for mechanical ventilation?

A

Poor oxygenation
Raised CO2 level
Increased work of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of PEEP and what does it stand for?

A

Prevent alveolar collapse at the end of expiration

Positive end-expiratory pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are factors contributing to the mechanics of respiration?

A

Lung compliance
Surface tension of alveolar fluid - surfactant
Airway resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the equation for compliance?

A

C = deltaV/deltaP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the normal compliance of both the isolated lungs?

A

200 mL of air/cm of H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is represented by the slop of a pressure volume curve?

A

Compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the reciprocal of compliance?

A

Elastance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two components of lung recoil?

A

Collagen and elastic fibers of the tissue
Surface tension forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What factors cause the stability of the alveoli?

A

Surfactant
Alveolar interdependence

22
Q

What can be assessed by the L/S ratio in amniotic fluid?

A

Fetal lung maturity

23
Q

At what L/S ratio is the lung mature?

A

> 2

24
Q

What is the forced vital capacity?

A

Maximal volume attained on forced expiration beginning at TLC

25
Q

What is the FEV1?

A

Forced expiratory volume in the first second

26
Q

What is the FRC?

A

Functional residual capacity
Amount of air left in lungs after normal expiration

27
Q

What is the ERV?

A

Expiratory reserve volume
Amount that remains in lungs above the RV after quiet expiration

ERV = FRC - RV

28
Q

What is the IRV?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume

29
Q

What is the IC?

A

Inspiratory capacity or inspiratory vital capacity
Maximal volume of air inhaled above FRC

30
Q

What is DLCO?

A

Diffusion capacity of CO
Measures the uptake of CO as surrogate for capillary beds

31
Q

What is the pressure relationship at FRC?

A

Balance between inward elastic recoil of lung and outward elastic recoil of chest wall

32
Q

What is the pressure relationship above FRC?

A

Overall pressure is positive

33
Q

What is the pressure relationship below FRC?

A

Overall pressure is negative

34
Q

What makes up non-elastic resistance?

A

Pulmonary tissue resistance
Airway resistance due to friction between gas molecules and airway walls

35
Q

What is the major site of airway resistance?

A

Medium-sized bronchi

36
Q

What is the general equation for airflow?

A

Flow(Q) = deltaP/R

37
Q

What is the equation for resistance using Poiseuille’s law?

A

R = (8 x eta x l)/(pi x r^4)

38
Q

What is the equation for airflow using Poiseuille’s law?

A

Flow = (deltaP x r^4 x pi)/(8 x eta x l)

39
Q

What is the equation for Reynold’s number?

A

Rn = (rho x Ve x D)/eta

rho = density
eta = viscosity

40
Q

At what value does airflow change from laminar to turbulent?

A

Rn > 2000

41
Q

What is the effect of SyNS stimulation on bronchial smooth muscle?

A

Bronchodilation

42
Q

What is the effect of PsNS stimulation on bronchial smooth muscle?

A

Bronchoconstriction

43
Q

What factors affect airway resistance?

A

Lung volume
Bronchial smooth muscle tone
Density and viscosity of inspired gas
Chemicals and other irritants

44
Q

What happens to the equal pressure point during expiration and why?

A

It moves deeper into the lung as expiration progresses because of increased resistance

45
Q

What is the pressure gradient for airflow during normal expiration?

A

Difference between alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure

46
Q

What is the pressure gradient for airflow during forced expiration?

A

Between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure

47
Q

Why does alveolar elastic recoil pressure oppose dynamic compression?

A

Radial traction

48
Q

What is the equation for work?

A

W = Pt x deltaV

49
Q

What is airway resistance work?

A

Work required to overcome the resistance to airflow through the respiratory passage

50
Q

What is tissue resistance work?

A

Work required to overcome the resistance of the lungs and chest wall structures to change in shape because of molecular cohesion

51
Q

Why do patients with emphysema breath with pursed lips?

A

Moves site of main airway resistance closer to the mouth, keeping airways patent by extending time airway pressure remains high

Respiratory (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions