- increases hunger when injected into hypothalamus - decrease energy expenditure: inhibit sympathetic nervous system/ thyroxin & GH secretion

- doudenum - activates vagal afferents in peritoneum - area postrema to activate brainstem pthwys projecting to hypothalamus

Regulation of Energy Intake & Body Weight Regulation Flashcards by __________ _________

Lateral hypothalamus: stimulation and lesions

hunger center

stimulation: voracious eating
lesions: aphagia (no eating)

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Two peptides produced in LH

MCH: melanin concentrating hormone

Orexins

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MCH and Orexins function and projection

induce feeding

brainstem motor systems: chewing, licking, swallowing
reticular surrounding: pattern generators
sympathetic/ parasympathetic pregang. nuclei in medulla and spinal cord

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ventromedial nucleus:

stimulation & lesions

satiety center
stimulation: cessation of eating

lesions: eat excessively–> obesity
- lesioned animals have reset baseline weight at 3-4 times normal

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arcuate nucleus

-contains first order neurons that promote either food intake or satiety

Promote feeding:
-NPY & AgRP

Promote Satiety:
-a-MSH & CART

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what is the precursor to a-MSH?

POMC

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what do a-MSH & CART neurons innervate?

PVN and LH

- sympathetic pregang. neurons in the spinal cord

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MCR: melanocortin receptor

Activation: satiety

activated by a-MSH
inhibited by AgRP

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NPY

increases hunger when injected into hypothalamus

- decrease energy expenditure: inhibit sympathetic nervous system/ thyroxin & GH secretion

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Arcuate nucleus:

NPY & AgRP

Anabolic: Hunger
-increased food intake, decreased energy expenditure

NPY–> NPYR in PVN/ LH
AgRP inhibits MCR in PVN/LH

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Arcuate nucleus:

POMC & CART

Catabolic: Satiety
-decreased food intake, increased energy expenditure

–>aMSH–> MCR in PVN/ LH

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Gherkin effects on hypothalamic nuclei

Anabolic: hunger

Activates: NPY/ AgRP in Arc
Inhibits: POMC/CART in ARC

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4 several satiety signals from GI tract

Vagal afferents
CCK (doudenum)
GLP-1 (L cells distal ileum)
PYY (L cells distal ileum)

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vagal afferents

Rapid eaters: gastric distention in addition to glucose and lipids

vagal afferents
-->
Tractus solitarius nucleus (NTS)
-->
PVN, Arcuate Nucleus, LH, Amygdala &amp; Visceral sensory of Thalamus
--> 
conscious fullness (Thalamus)

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CCK: cholecystokinin

doudenum
activates vagal afferents in peritoneum
area postrema to activate brainstem pthwys projecting to hypothalamus

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GLP-1: glucagon like peptide

L cells of distal ileum
acts in area postrema via NTS
activate pathways 4 reduced food intake

PYY: Peptide YY

L cells of distal ileum

- anorexic effects by inhibiting NYP/AGRP neurons

Glucose Sensitive Neurons

LH: hunger center
-inhibited by glucose

VMN: satiety center
-stimulated by hyperglycemia

selective destruction of glucose sensitive cells in VMN

-mice develop obesity

lipectomy/ removal of adipose tissue in rats

increased appetite: due to reduced appetite depressing signal

serum from obese rats fed a high-fat diet

appetite depressing effect when injected into control rats

parabiotic animal experiments

surgical connection 2 rats:

if one made fat (lesion VMH)
2nd rat will under eat and lose weight

*circulating factor in fat rats that suppresses appetite

cultured fat cells from obese rats injected into brain ventricles of normal rats

depresses appetite

ob/ob type mice

-deficient in leptin and can be cured of obesity via systemic injection of leptin

injecting leptin into normal mice

1. systemic: decreased appetite, increased metabolic rate, weight loss 2. minute amounts into brain ventricles: weight loss

db/db strain mice

- mutated leptin receptor | - supernormal amount of circulating leptin but are insensitive to it

leptin in the hypothalamus

-Leptin receptor in Arcuate and VMN NPY/AgRP: Hunger -inhibited a-MSH/ CART: Satiety -activated

Insulin

- levels parallel body fat mass - insulin receptors: glucose sensitive regions of hypothalamus and brainstem - transported to brain by specific transporters

insulin in the hypothalamus

POMP/CART: satiety -activates NPY/AgRP: hunger -inhibits

NPY/AgRP | Activators and Inducers

Anabolic/ Hunger Activated: -Ghrelin Inhibited: - leptin - insulin - PYY

Wanting of Food

Nucleus Accumbens: - related to drug addiction - injected opioid agonists into nucleus accumbens: Feeding Induced - nucleus accumbens and LH are interconnected

d-fenfluramide

-serotonin re-uptake inhibitor was part of when/fen weight loss combination in humans

lorcaserin

- selective serotonin 2c receptor agonist | - activates POMC (a-MSH/CART): satiety

liking of food

- endogenous opioid system - agonists: increase food intake - antagonists: suppress intake

naltrexone

-opioid receptor blocker: reduces food intake

other effects on eating

- cognitive/ executive - emotions - environmental - social

POMP/CART | Activators and Inhibitors

Satiety Activated: - leptin - insulin Inhibitors: -Ghrelin