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Dems Unit 2 Part 2 YAAAY > Regulation of Energy Intake & Body Weight Regulation > Flashcards

Regulation of Energy Intake & Body Weight Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Lateral hypothalamus: stimulation and lesions

A

hunger center

stimulation: voracious eating
lesions: aphagia (no eating)

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2
Q

Two peptides produced in LH

A

MCH: melanin concentrating hormone

Orexins

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3
Q

MCH and Orexins function and projection

A

induce feeding

  1. brainstem motor systems: chewing, licking, swallowing
  2. reticular surrounding: pattern generators
  3. sympathetic/ parasympathetic pregang. nuclei in medulla and spinal cord
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4
Q

ventromedial nucleus:

stimulation & lesions

A

satiety center
stimulation: cessation of eating

lesions: eat excessively–> obesity
- lesioned animals have reset baseline weight at 3-4 times normal

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5
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

-contains first order neurons that promote either food intake or satiety

Promote feeding:
-NPY & AgRP

Promote Satiety:
-a-MSH & CART

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6
Q

what is the precursor to a-MSH?

A

POMC

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7
Q

what do a-MSH & CART neurons innervate?

A
  • PVN and LH

- sympathetic pregang. neurons in the spinal cord

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8
Q

MCR: melanocortin receptor

A

Activation: satiety

  • activated by a-MSH
  • inhibited by AgRP
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9
Q

NPY

A
  • increases hunger when injected into hypothalamus

- decrease energy expenditure: inhibit sympathetic nervous system/ thyroxin & GH secretion

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10
Q

Arcuate nucleus:

NPY & AgRP

A

Anabolic: Hunger
-increased food intake, decreased energy expenditure

NPY–> NPYR in PVN/ LH
AgRP inhibits MCR in PVN/LH

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11
Q

Arcuate nucleus:

POMC & CART

A

Catabolic: Satiety
-decreased food intake, increased energy expenditure

–>aMSH–> MCR in PVN/ LH

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12
Q

Gherkin effects on hypothalamic nuclei

A

Anabolic: hunger

Activates: NPY/ AgRP in Arc
Inhibits: POMC/CART in ARC

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13
Q

4 several satiety signals from GI tract

A

Vagal afferents
CCK (doudenum)
GLP-1 (L cells distal ileum)
PYY (L cells distal ileum)

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14
Q

vagal afferents

A

Rapid eaters: gastric distention in addition to glucose and lipids

vagal afferents
-->
Tractus solitarius nucleus (NTS)
-->
PVN, Arcuate Nucleus, LH, Amygdala & Visceral sensory of Thalamus
--> 
conscious fullness (Thalamus)
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15
Q

CCK: cholecystokinin

A
  • doudenum
  • activates vagal afferents in peritoneum
  • area postrema to activate brainstem pthwys projecting to hypothalamus
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16
Q

GLP-1: glucagon like peptide

A
  • L cells of distal ileum
  • acts in area postrema via NTS
  • activate pathways 4 reduced food intake
17
Q

PYY: Peptide YY

A
  • L cells of distal ileum

- anorexic effects by inhibiting NYP/AGRP neurons

18
Q

Glucose Sensitive Neurons

A

LH: hunger center
-inhibited by glucose

VMN: satiety center
-stimulated by hyperglycemia

19
Q

selective destruction of glucose sensitive cells in VMN

A

-mice develop obesity

20
Q

lipectomy/ removal of adipose tissue in rats

A

increased appetite: due to reduced appetite depressing signal

21
Q

serum from obese rats fed a high-fat diet

A

appetite depressing effect when injected into control rats

22
Q

parabiotic animal experiments

A

surgical connection 2 rats:

  • if one made fat (lesion VMH)
  • 2nd rat will under eat and lose weight

*circulating factor in fat rats that suppresses appetite

23
Q

cultured fat cells from obese rats injected into brain ventricles of normal rats

A

depresses appetite

24
Q

ob/ob type mice

A

-deficient in leptin and can be cured of obesity via systemic injection of leptin

25
Q

injecting leptin into normal mice

A
  1. systemic: decreased appetite, increased metabolic rate, weight loss
  2. minute amounts into brain ventricles: weight loss
26
Q

db/db strain mice

A
  • mutated leptin receptor

- supernormal amount of circulating leptin but are insensitive to it

27
Q

leptin in the hypothalamus

A

-Leptin receptor in Arcuate and VMN

NPY/AgRP: Hunger
-inhibited

a-MSH/ CART: Satiety
-activated

28
Q

Insulin

A
  • levels parallel body fat mass
  • insulin receptors: glucose sensitive regions of hypothalamus and brainstem
  • transported to brain by specific transporters
29
Q

insulin in the hypothalamus

A

POMP/CART: satiety
-activates

NPY/AgRP: hunger
-inhibits

30
Q

NPY/AgRP

Activators and Inducers

A

Anabolic/ Hunger

Activated:
-Ghrelin

Inhibited:

  • leptin
  • insulin
  • PYY
31
Q

Wanting of Food

A

Nucleus Accumbens:

  • related to drug addiction
  • injected opioid agonists into nucleus accumbens: Feeding Induced
  • nucleus accumbens and LH are interconnected
32
Q

d-fenfluramide

A

-serotonin re-uptake inhibitor was part of when/fen weight loss combination in humans

33
Q

lorcaserin

A
  • selective serotonin 2c receptor agonist

- activates POMC (a-MSH/CART): satiety

34
Q

liking of food

A
  • endogenous opioid system
  • agonists: increase food intake
  • antagonists: suppress intake
35
Q

naltrexone

A

-opioid receptor blocker: reduces food intake

36
Q

other effects on eating

A
  • cognitive/ executive
  • emotions
  • environmental
  • social
37
Q

POMP/CART

Activators and Inhibitors

A

Satiety

Activated:

  • leptin
  • insulin

Inhibitors:
-Ghrelin

Dems Unit 2 Part 2 YAAAY (23 decks)

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