Regulation of Energy Intake and Body Weight Reduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are some facts that support the idea that people adapt to overeating?

A

People gain less weight than anticipated by over-consumption

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2
Q

What is thought to be the main mechanism by which people adapt to positive energy balance?

A

Activity

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3
Q

Catabolic pathways ___________ hunger.

A

inhibit

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4
Q

The __________ nucleus in the hypothalamus mediates hunger.

A

lateral

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5
Q

The ____________ nucleus in the hypothalamus mediates satiety.

A

ventromedial

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6
Q

Areas of the insula typically increase in obesity-prone individuals after they have __________, compared to obesity-resistant people.

A

eaten

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7
Q

What two hormones act on the lateral hypothalamus?

A

Orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone

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8
Q

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) both promote ___________.

A

feeding; NPY stimulates the NPYR nucleus that increases hunger and AgRP inhibits the MCR nucleus that mediates satiety

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9
Q

Which hormones promote satiety?

A

Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (aMSH) and cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript (CART)

(“I feel like I’ve eaten a CART of MaSHed potatoes!”)

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10
Q

The anabolic pathways also __________ energy expenditure.

A

decrease

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11
Q

Ghrelin is secreted by the ____________.

A

stomach

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12
Q

Hyperglycemia __________ the VMN.

A

stimulates (because the VMN is the satiety-inducing center)

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13
Q

Hyperglycemia ___________ the LN.

A

inhibits (because the LN is the hunger center)

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14
Q

Lipectomy does what to appetite?

A

It increases it.

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15
Q

Leptin __________ appetite.

A

decreases

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16
Q

How does leptin work?

A

It inhibits the NPY/AgRP nuclei and stimulates the aMSH/CART pathway.

17
Q

How does insulin affect the hypothalamus?

A

It works in the same way as leptin.

18
Q

PYY and GLP oppose the action of _________.

A

ghrelin