Fat Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

All of the water-soluble vitamins are not stored with the exception of ________.

Answer 1

B12 (which is stored in muscle)

Question 2

There are two sources of vitamin A in the diet: ______________.

Answer 2

• preformed retinyl palmitate (liver, dairy, eggs)

- beta-carotene (squash, carrots)

Question 3

__________ spots are pathognomonic for vitamin A deficiency.

Answer 3

Bitot’s (foamy, raised spots on the sclera)

Question 4

Xerophthalmia is a non-specific finding of ___________ deficiency.

Answer 4

vitamin A

Question 5

Vitamin A deficiency also leads to __________ impairment; supplementing to avoid deficiency has been shown to decrease all-cause mortality in children by about 25%.

Answer 5

immune

Question 6

What groups of people are at risk of vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 6

• those with severely restricted diets
• people with extremely low fat intake
• people with fat malabsorption

Question 7

Vitamin A toxicity is only caused by ________________.

Answer 7

the preformed version (retinyl palmitate) that is found in cod oil or liver

Question 8

____________ is a late finding in vitamin A deficiency.

Answer 8

Low serum retinol levels (because the liver has a high reserve of vitamin A)

Question 9

Vitamin D is different from the other vitamins in that it is a ______________.

Answer 9

hormone (with specific receptors); most of the other vitamins are cofactors

Question 10

What vitamin D levels are considered deficient, insufficient, and sufficient?

Answer 10

Deficient: less than 20 ng/mL
Insufficient: 20 - 30 ng/mL
Sufficient: greater than 30 ng/mL

Question 11

By two months of age, breastfed infants should be given ______ IU of vitamin D3.

Answer 11

400

Question 12

Why do those with sarcoidosis develop hypercalcemia?

Answer 12

Granulomas activate vitamin D.

Question 13

Signs of vitamin E deficiency include _______________.

Answer 13

• loss of DTRs
• spinocerebellar ataxia
• neuropathy
• hemolytic anemia

Question 14

The neurologic findings of vitamin E deficiency are _____________.

Answer 14

irreversible

Question 15

Why are many infants deficient in vitamin K and D?

Answer 15

They are large molecules and don’t pass through the placenta or ducts of the breasts.

Question 16

The more potent form of vitamin D comes from ___________.

Answer 16

skin (D3)

Question 17

What foods contain vitamin E?

Answer 17

Vegetable oils and wheat germ

Question 18

What symptoms are suggestive of vitamin E deficiency?

Answer 18

Neurologic changes (many different kinds) and hemolytic anemia,

Question 19

What two fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies present with a rash (or general skin findings)?

Answer 19

K (purpura) and A

Question 20

Increased ICP is a symptom of which vitamin toxicity?

Answer 20

A

Question 21

Which fat-soluble vitamin is a negative acute phase reactant?

Answer 21

Vitamin A

Question 22

True or false: the form of vitamin D produced by the skin is already hydroxylated and does not need the liver to hydroxylate it.

Answer 22

False. All vitamin D (D3 from animal sources and the skin and D2 from plants) needs the two hydroxylations from the liver and kidney.

Question 23

Those with liver or kidney disease are at risk of which vitamin deficiency?

Answer 23

D

Question 24

Premature infants are at risk of vitamin _____ deficiency.

Answer 24

E