Regional Adult Orthopaedics Flashcards
describe mechanical back pain
recurrent relapsing and remitting back pain with no neurological symptoms
where do tears occur in back pain
outer annulus fibrosis of an intervertebral disc
what is spinal stenosis
the limiting of the cauda equina caused by: spondylosis, bulging discs, bulging ligament flavum and osteophytosis
what is cauda equine syndrome
very large central disc prolapse compressing all the nerve roots of the cauda equine
why is cauda equina syndrome a surgical emergency?
if effecting sacral nerve roots defaecation and urination is effected
name the red flags of back pain
young patients 60yo, nature of pain, systemic upset
what is painful arc
tendons of the rotator cuff are compressed in the tight subacromial space during movement
what is the medical name for frozen shoulder
adhesive capsulitis
principal clinical sign of frozen shoulder
loss of external rotation
what nerve passes through the carpal tunnel
median nerve
what in Tinels test
percussing over the median nerve
what is Phalens test
holding the wrists hyper flexed
what is and what causes cubital tunnel syndrome
compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow being the medial epicondyle
what is the medical name for tennis elbow
lateral epicondylitis
what is the medical name for golfers elbow
medial epicondylitis
tennis elbow is caused by what?
strain of the common extensor origin
golfers elbow is caused by?
strain of the common flexor origin
what is duputrens contracture
hyperplasia of the palmar fascia
what is a ganglion cyst
mucinous filled cysts found adjacent to a tendon or synovial joint
are patients with RA and down syndrome more at risk of atraumatic cervical spine instability
yes
what type of collagen is produced in Dupytrens contracture
Type 3
what is froments test
weak abduction of the index finger, testing adductor pollicis
what nerve root is a lateral disc prolapse more likely to impinge
exiting nerve root
what nerve root is a paracentral disc prolapse more likely to impinge
traversing nerve root
what is the principle clinical sign of adhesive capsulitis
loss of external rotation
what treatment of tendonitis of the Achilles tendon is not recommended
steroid injection (risk of rupture)
describe the extensor mechanism of the knee
quad muscles, quad tendon, patella, patellar tendon, tibial tuberosity
typical presentation of a meniscal injury
twisting of the knee, sports injury, pain in the medial or lateral joint line and effusion developing the following day
why do the knees lock?
a meniscal tear, meniscus can flip over and become stuck in the joint line
ACL rupture, typical presentation
occurs from a higher rotation force, patient developed haemarthosis within an hour of injury, deep pain in the knee and rotatory instability
describe hallux valgus
medial deviation of the 1st metatarsal and lateral deviation of the toe itself
describe hallux rigidus
OA of the first MTPJ
what is the gold standard treatment of hallux rigidus
arthrodesis
what is mortons neuroma
irritation of the plantar interdigital nerves
what is mulders click test
click when squeezing the forefoot
where do metatarsal stress fractures most commonly occur
2nd metatarsal, followed by the 3rd
name given to pain when walking, on the instep of the foot
plantar fasciitis
what is pes cavus
abnormally high arch of the foot
how do claw and hammer toes occur
imbalance between the flexor and extensor tendons
