Regional Adult Orthopaedics

Question 1

describe mechanical back pain

Answer 1

recurrent relapsing and remitting back pain with no neurological symptoms

Question 2

where do tears occur in back pain

Answer 2

outer annulus fibrosis of an intervertebral disc

Question 3

what is spinal stenosis

Answer 3

the limiting of the cauda equina caused by: spondylosis, bulging discs, bulging ligament flavum and osteophytosis

Question 4

what is cauda equine syndrome

Answer 4

very large central disc prolapse compressing all the nerve roots of the cauda equine

Question 5

why is cauda equina syndrome a surgical emergency?

Answer 5

if effecting sacral nerve roots defaecation and urination is effected

Question 6

name the red flags of back pain

Answer 6

young patients 60yo, nature of pain, systemic upset

Question 7

what is painful arc

Answer 7

tendons of the rotator cuff are compressed in the tight subacromial space during movement

Question 8

what is the medical name for frozen shoulder

Answer 8

adhesive capsulitis

Question 9

principal clinical sign of frozen shoulder

Answer 9

loss of external rotation

Question 10

what nerve passes through the carpal tunnel

Answer 10

median nerve

Question 11

what in Tinels test

Answer 11

percussing over the median nerve

Question 12

what is Phalens test

Answer 12

holding the wrists hyper flexed

Question 13

what is and what causes cubital tunnel syndrome

Answer 13

compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow being the medial epicondyle

Question 14

what is the medical name for tennis elbow

Answer 14

lateral epicondylitis

Question 15

what is the medical name for golfers elbow

Answer 15

medial epicondylitis

Question 16

tennis elbow is caused by what?

Answer 16

strain of the common extensor origin

Question 17

golfers elbow is caused by?

Answer 17

strain of the common flexor origin

Question 18

what is duputrens contracture

Answer 18

hyperplasia of the palmar fascia

Question 19

what is a ganglion cyst

Answer 19

mucinous filled cysts found adjacent to a tendon or synovial joint

Question 20

are patients with RA and down syndrome more at risk of atraumatic cervical spine instability

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

what type of collagen is produced in Dupytrens contracture

Answer 21

Type 3

Question 22

what is froments test

Answer 22

weak abduction of the index finger, testing adductor pollicis

Question 23

what nerve root is a lateral disc prolapse more likely to impinge

Answer 23

exiting nerve root

Question 24

what nerve root is a paracentral disc prolapse more likely to impinge

Answer 24

traversing nerve root

Question 25

what is the principle clinical sign of adhesive capsulitis

Answer 25

loss of external rotation

Question 26

what treatment of tendonitis of the Achilles tendon is not recommended

Answer 26

steroid injection (risk of rupture)

Question 27

describe the extensor mechanism of the knee

Answer 27

quad muscles, quad tendon, patella, patellar tendon, tibial tuberosity

Question 28

typical presentation of a meniscal injury

Answer 28

twisting of the knee, sports injury, pain in the medial or lateral joint line and effusion developing the following day

Question 29

why do the knees lock?

Answer 29

a meniscal tear, meniscus can flip over and become stuck in the joint line

Question 30

ACL rupture, typical presentation

Answer 30

occurs from a higher rotation force, patient developed haemarthosis within an hour of injury, deep pain in the knee and rotatory instability

Question 31

describe hallux valgus

Answer 31

medial deviation of the 1st metatarsal and lateral deviation of the toe itself

Question 32

describe hallux rigidus

Answer 32

OA of the first MTPJ

Question 33

what is the gold standard treatment of hallux rigidus

Answer 33

arthrodesis

Question 34

what is mortons neuroma

Answer 34

irritation of the plantar interdigital nerves

Question 35

what is mulders click test

Answer 35

click when squeezing the forefoot

Question 36

where do metatarsal stress fractures most commonly occur

Answer 36

2nd metatarsal, followed by the 3rd

Question 37

name given to pain when walking, on the instep of the foot

Answer 37

plantar fasciitis

Question 38

what is pes cavus

Answer 38

abnormally high arch of the foot

Question 39

how do claw and hammer toes occur

Answer 39

imbalance between the flexor and extensor tendons