Regeneration EQ1 Flashcards
What are the different types of economic activity?
Primary > agriculture, forestry, mining and fishing. Rural areas tend to have more primary employment, tending to be low paid and manual work.
Secondary > manufacturing. Mainly in northern cities but has decline over time due to global shift p.
Tertiary > retail, service and office work. Jobs are concentrated in urban areas and vary from cleaners to lawyers.
Quaternary > scientific research/IT. normally found in the south east and London.
What are the different types of employment?
- part time/full time
- temporary/permanent
- employed/self employed
In 2015 the UK had 5.6% unemployment.
What is the rural to urban continuum?
The unbroken transition from sparsely populated/unpopulated remote rural areas to densely populated intensively used urban areas.
What is the quinary sectors and examples?
The quinary sector is an important aspect of the growing knowledge economy creating prosperous areas via economic opportunities in IT and science.
Examples include the Cambridge triangle, M4 corridor and London.
What is the definition of regeneration?
The long term upgrading of existing places or more drastic schemes to improve quality of life. It is often connected with rebranding to increase an areas attractiveness and socio-economic viability.
What are the controversial aspects of work?
- gender gap (on average men are paid 10% more than women)
- Zero hour contracts encourage ‘casual work’
- temporary and seasonal work usually has low pay and not constant source of income.
What does the type of economic activity impact as area?
Economic activity in places has direct and indirect impacts of key social factors
- health
- education
- life expectancy
How can economic activity’s be measured?
It can be measured by employment and output data
- location quotients (distribution of employments by industry)
- gross domestic product (GDP)
- gross value added
- income levels
- unemployment percentage
How has economic activity carets variations in social factors - deindustrialisation of the steel industry?
Nationally steel employs 30,000 people, often in areas with high unemployment rates. However the global shift of industry to Asia have resulted in the sift of steel to reduce costs creates a huge loss of jobs. It is also estimated four other jobs will be lost for each steel worker redundancy effect whole communities (negative multiplier effect)
How has the global shift impacted the south of England?
The lower relative importance of manufacturing for the economy
of of the south east meant they were less affect by deindustrialisation. Responsible for 48% of the UKs growth output.
How does economic activity affect health levels and how is health measured?
Health can be measured by morbidity rates and life expectancy.
There is a direct link between health and type of employment
- ‘blue collar’ and manual jobs tend to have long hours, exposed to chemicals/pollutants and may be out in high danger work leading to raised risks or poor health and mortality.
- amount of income also impact health due of affordability of treatment (private) or essential medicine.
- income also impacts diet with people of low incomes tending to have a diet high in processed and fast food increase obesity levels.
- mental health may be impacted due to location of job (stuck in office)
- area live in (postcode lottery)
Postcode lottery
Refers to the uneven distribution of local personal health and services nationally.
How does type of economic activity impact life expectancy?
Life expectancy varies substantially between areas
- north south variations due to income inequality, uneven distribution of health services.
- life style choices (drugs/smoking)
How does type of economic activity impact education?
Examination success is directly linked to income levels.
- free school meals children tend to have lower educational achievements and are less likely to continue higher education. 31% of this forum achieved 5 or more GCSEs.
- more disadvantaged children may feel a lack of control over their learning and may be reluctant to carry into higher education
- public vers privates educations
- may be intergenerational cycles.
Why is there inequalities in pay levels?
- people working in the primary sector and low level service have low income that more skilled and professional sectors.
- jobs may be seasonal or insecure
- variety in cost of living
What are the quality of life indices?
Usually measured using a composite index
- United Nations human development index
- uSwich index > combines housing affordability, energy costs, broadband availability, average incomes, crime rates to rank UK regions.
What does inequality result in?
High inequality will inevitably reduce its potential for economic growth, regeneration aims to decrease inequality making areas less unfair and wealthier.
What is the definition of quality of life?
The level of social and economic well-being experienced by individuals or communities measured by health, happiness, educational achievements and income. Not just centred on standard of living.
What are the different types of inequality?
Economic > employment opportunities, income.
Social > segregation of people and marginalisation of sub groups.
Service > health facilities, public transport and food
Environmental > pollution levels, derelict land and open spaces (mental health)
What is the definition of the ‘function’ of a place?
The role a place plays for its community and surroundings. Some have regional, national and even global functions.
Why have some places function changed?
Functions of an area are rapidly changing as
- internet and broadband
- changing customer habits e.g. online shopping and click and collect.
This creates clones towns where areas loos it naturally ‘charm’ and become the same. Regeneration may try to counteract ‘cloning’ to attracted more tourism.
What are the different types of economic functions?
Administrative > council offices, schools and other public services like clinics and hospitals
Commercial > legal services and accountancy
Retail > shops that range in size can be small boutiques or malls
Industrial > factories, Wade housing and distribution centres
What the definition of ‘characteristics of a place’?
The physical and human aspects that help distinguish one place from another. E.g. location, natural features, land use and cultural traits.
How do demographics change between places?
Areas a demographics can change drastically between areas as
- Different aged population (reading has a higher proportion of people between 20-44 suggesting a younge working population whereas Middlesbrough has an older retired population suggesting an ageing population
- The ethnicity of a population (in England and Wales 86% of people are classes as having a white ethnicity). Controlled by immigration and growing multicultural society.
- Type of employment (unemployed/part time)
What is the definition of ethnic compositions?
The ethnic make up of a population.
What is gentrification?
Gentrification is a change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location. Planners may allow developers to upgrade a place’s characteristics, residential and retail to deliberately attract people of a higher social status and income. Displacing the local residence as they can no longer afford the house prices and local shops.
What is studentification?
In places that offer higher education (university’s) students often cluster in certain areas of these places. Their absence during holidays and antisocial behaviour may cause conflicts.
Belfast has 50% of immediate housing around the Queens university campus is student occupied,
What are the four mains for functional and demographic changes?
- physical
- accessibility and connectedness
-historical development
-role of planning you governments and other stakeholders.
How does physical factors change the function and demographics of an area?
Location > proximity to large cities and core economic zones
Environment > places vary in terms of attractiveness
Technology > lifts allowing high rise buildings and motor vehicles facilitating urban sprawl and counter urbanisation. As well as fibre optic cables and broadband for working from home.
How does the amount of accessibility and connectedness change the function and demographics of an area?
Access > links to other places such as roads (motorways, airports and train stations)
Connections > help competition for investment and visitors.
How has historical development changed the functions and demographics of an area?
Post production era > the global shift from primary production and manufacturing have changed the function and consequently the characteristics of an area.
Competition > for best sites (commercial, retail, residential, infrastructure). Land values have increases towards CBD or core area as better access.
Changes in consumer trends > change from retail to online shopping, change in house types due to cultural and demographics changes and role of business TNC shaping consumer demand (clone towns)
Increased affluence > increasing leisure and tourism demands (more B&Bs, second homes and bars)
Historical buildings > ex ware houses ect can be physical assets for regenerations. However contaminated and toxic land can be a deterrent.
How has the role of planning by government and other stakeholders influenced the function and change in demographics of an area?
National government > policies of restructuring the uk economy. (Such as 1990s policing of increasing student number meaning 50% of students can go on to higher education
Plan led systems > areas with tight control over developments and land use. (E.g. Green belts)
Conservation areas > policies to limit new development and encourage conversions rather then renewal schemes. (National interest may override local ones HS2 and fracking)
Central government interventions > ‘localism schemes’ and individuality.
Local planning > increasing input into local decisions through local area plans and stakeholder meetings (fast track decisions without consultations)
Image > perceptions of a place may affect whether a place needs changing or is able to change.
What are footloose industries?
Industries that can be located anywhere in the world p. They are not tied to natural resources or fixed infrastructure.
How can be the change of a place be measured?
- employment trends
Demographics changes - land use changes
- levels of deprivation
- quality of living environment
What is the index of multiple deprivation?
The IMD attempts to quantify deprivation in England. It uses 7 bits of data weighted towards income and employment
- income
- employment
- education
- health
- crime
- barriers to housing and services
- living environment
C > doesn’t show or represent inequality in areas
NEED TO DO EQ1 PAST AND PRESNT THINGS THAT HAVE SHOED YOUR LOCAL PLACE
LUTON VS HARPENDEN
