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A Level Edexcel Geography BRM > Globalisation EQ3 > Flashcards

Globalisation EQ3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development?

A

The improved quality of life (wellbeing, happiness) of a countries population. It has social,economic, cultural , political and environmental aspects.

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2
Q

Why has globalisation led to a growing development gap?

A

Overall, the global economy has grown massively however the already rich take a disproportionate large share of this growth. Increasing the inequality gap.
However, it has also halved poverty levels since 2000 and taking many people spout off absolute poverty.

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3
Q

What is the difference between single indicators and composite indices?

A

Single indicators > measure one variable. They are easy to use and understand but may not give an accurate representation of development. (GDP)
Composite indices > combine more than one variable into a single measurement (HII,GII)

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4
Q

Economic development indicators

A
  • income per capita
  • gross domestic product (GDP)
  • gross national income (GNI)
  • economic sector balance
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5
Q

What is income per capita, benefits and costs?

A

The mean income of a group of people. Gives a decent indication of levels of development as a higher income is normally associated with raised QoL (education/health care)
C > it may be misleading where there is a high income inequality.

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6
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross domestic product is the measure of the total output of goods and services produced in a country over a year.

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7
Q

What is economic sector balance?

A

A countries economy can be split into four economic sectors. The economic balance is the contribution that the different economic sectors (agriculture, manufacturing) are outputting.

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8
Q

What are the main social development indicators?

A
  • human development index (HDI)
  • Gender inequality index (GII)
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9
Q

What is the human development index?

A

The combination of life expectancy at birth, income and years in education. It combines economic and social development on a scale of 0 (lowest) - 1 (highest)

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10
Q

What is the gender inequality index?

A

Combines the reproductive health of women, their participation in the workforce and empowerment to measure gender based development. Present on a scale from 0-1.

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11
Q

What are environmental indicators?

A
  • WHO air pollution levels
    Tend to be local and the roar cannot be compared Ona national scale.
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12
Q

How are indicators not reliable?

A
  • Arguably, all date is out of date and soon as it’s collected
  • developing and emerging countries may lack the resources needed to collect accurate data.
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13
Q

What is the Gini Coefficent?

A

It shows how wealth varies between and within several national. Providing each with a number between 1-100. The higher the value the greater the income inequality

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14
Q

What has globalisation created winners and loser?

A

Globalisation has created a steep rise in the money supply changing the spatial pattern of global wealth.
- average income has risen in all the continents but only very slowly in the poorest parts.
- greatest gains have been the already rich nations (Europe, North America)widening the average income gap.
- absolute poverty has fallen worldwide.
This is a growing wealth group has created significant wins for the already rich but also significant loss for developing national as well as the environment.

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15
Q

Winners of globalisation?

A
  • TNCs have managed to expand their businesses globally, and have majorly benefited from the cheaper and Korean efficient trade. Many global TNCs owners are billionaires.
  • Global shift has led to Asian population having regular incomes and a raised confused society
  • the fall in absolute poverty worldwide
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16
Q

Loses of globalisation

A
  • isolated rural populations (Asian and Sub-Saharan Africa) who still rely on subsidence farming and global connections are thin.
  • deindustrialise regions in developed country’s who face high unemployment and crime rates.
  • factories workers who suffer exploitation and unsafe working conditions
  • slum dwellers in developing world.
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17
Q

Environmental losses caused by globalisation?

A
  • climate change
  • air and water pollution
  • Raise in consumer societies and wealth leading to increased resource pressures (over exploitation and cash cropping)
  • Increased water demand for factories
  • loss of biodiversity
  • deforestation
    Caused by cash cropping, high amounts of transport/trade, increasing amounts of cattle ranching , increasing population growth (higher resource demand) and growing consumer society’s.
    40% of earth terrestrial surface has been transferred into habitat loss and biodiversity decline carpeting high amount of habitat loss and biodiversity decline.
18
Q

Positive impacts of globalisation on the physical environment?

A

The increase in telecommunication, technology and innovation has meant that
- renewable energy has been created and distributed
- knowledge/awareness of climate change and impacts can be spread globally though global media and how individually we can mitigate it.
- COP 26 can take place\
- Kuznets curve (greater wealth eventually leads to a more positive relationship with the environment)

19
Q

China vs Sweden development impacting the environment

A

Sweden’s income per person has risen significantly, but it’s ecological footprint has not suggesting that for economic development to take place the environment doors not have to suffer if correct management techniques are used.
However, this contrasts to China has its ecological footprint has steadily risen along with its economic growth showing that growth varies from place to place.

20
Q

What is diasporas?

A

The dispersal or speed of a group of people from their original homeland.
In 2015, 11% of the UKs population are immigrants.

21
Q

What has increased the pace of migration?

A
  • open borders (within the EU)
  • FDI encouraging TNC workers to move abroad.
  • deregulation of job markets
  • humanitarian crisis
22
Q

Why has increased migration created tensions in some areas?

A

Large scale migration creates certain tensions
- outfit strain of services in host countries (education, health and housing)
- poor behaviour of migrants in host countries creating racial tensions.
The relocation of UK residents to the Mediterranean coastline in 1993, have created stationed cultural relations due to poor behaviour.

23
Q

What has the rising tensions created by migration led to?

A
  • rise in extremism groups
  • anti-migration political parties have been rising in population since 2010.
  • in 2014 51% of the Swiss voted in stooping mass immigration in a national referendum.
    C > many leaders of UKs biggest TNCs argue that migration restrictions threaten competing ness and the UKs role in the global hub. (Brain gain).
24
Q

How has globalisation led to transsboudary water conflicts and increasing demand?

A

In recent years tensions and conflict has grown between stakeholders and player due to the increasing demand and demising supplies (within and between countries)
-globalisation has brought FDI investment helping development but also putting high amounts of pressure on water supplies (Coca cola have dug 6 well extracting massive amount of the groundwater creating water shortages)
- rise in consumer society rising demand through agriculture (irrigation) and commodities (appliances)
This lack of water could led to tension, as seen in China over water basins

25
Q

What have some locations done in order to control the spread of globalisation?

A
  • strengthening and implemented laws to limits the numbers of economic migrants (UK)
  • limiting citizens online freedom (China (great firewall) and North Korea)
  • trade protectionism
26
Q

Migration controls in the UK

A

Since 2010, a five tier point system has been out in place, it works by checking that economic migrants possess skills or resources that the UK economy needs. It pledged to cut net migration by 100,000 annually.

27
Q

What is trade protectionism?

A

A measured and purposeful policy by a nation to control imports while promoting exports.
E.g. India restricts foreign companies investing in its retail sector to protect Indian small shopkeepers from competition.

28
Q

How do some nations retain their cultural identity and physical resources?

A
  • resource nationalism (ensuring that domestic industries and consumers have priority access to national resources found whiting their borders.
29
Q

How is the first Nation in Canada an example of cultural protection?

A

The First Nations are the origin population of Canada, they are attempting to retain its cultural identity and prevent cultural erosion by
- teaching native languages and traditions in schools
- festivals and other meeting to help preserve traditions and oral history.

30
Q

How to local communities (local pressure groups) reducing the impacts of globalisation?

A
  • localism (local sourcing transition towns)
  • recycling and reusing schemes
  • fair trade and ethical consumption
31
Q

What is localism?

A

Localism is the ides that food and goods should be grown locally in order to support local jobs and reduce transport. This is kore suitable as it cuts carbon footprint drastically. It’s promoted
by local gourds and NGOs.
e.g. Fiji water is transported 20,000 km from Fiji to UK supermarkets.
C > locally source produce is usually more expensive making it unattainable/unaffordable for many households.

32
Q

What is a transition town?

A

A transition town is a settlement where individual ps and businesses have adopted ‘bottom-up’ initiatives with the aim of making their community more sustainable and less reliant on global trade.
C > are only done on a small scale

33
Q

Todmorten transition town case study

A

Todmorton is a town in the South Pennines which is a transition town. Much of the food on sale is grown locally. It has created 40 public fruit and vegetables gardens and stages regular educational talks and event in the town.

34
Q

What is the definition of food miles?

A

The distance food travels from a farm to the consumer.

35
Q

Definition of sustainable development

A

Meeting the needs of the current generation without compromising the needs of future generations. (Economically, socially and environmentally)

36
Q

What is fair trade?

A

Fair trade ensure the farmers of cotton, tea and coca (ect) in developing nations are paid a guaranteed price for their produces plus a ‘fair trade premium’ . Attempting to reduce the inequalities of global trade.
C > fair trade produces are usually more expensive making it unaffordable for some households.

37
Q

What is an example of ethical consumption schemes?

A

FSC (Forest Steward ship Council):
- 1993, puts in FSC logo on wood products that are sourced from sustainable forests
- this helps consumers ensure that products are not contributing to environment degradation
- Criteria includes that the forestry must respect the land rights of indigenous people and forestry workers are well treated and paid

38
Q

How has globalisation led to ethical and environmental concerns?

A
  • developing consumer society
  • Consumer goods made using exploited labour
  • Imported food products (coffee, tea, cocoa) do not provide farmers with a fair price
  • rise in ecological footprints
    e.g. Jeans in Bangladesh, to grow the cotton uses 13,000 litres off water, dyes pollute rivers, workers in textile factories earn only £25 a month in 14 hour days.
39
Q

How has recycling played a role in resource consumption and ecological footprints?

A

Recycling material from waste products reduces the extraction of new materials and decreases consumption, and waste send to landfill.
e.g. recycling og household water increased form 17% to 44% 2003-2013 in UK, 65% in Germany

40
Q

What are the downfalls to recycling?

A
  • different councils have different shames with differing results so reducing packaging might be a better way forward
  • recycling varies by product and not all materials easily recyclable
41
Q

What as example of a recycling scheme?

A

Keep Britain Tidy:
- NGO set up in 1954
- introduced a ‘tidyman’ logo on bins and packaging to encourage people to dispose of litter probably
- shows what material can be recycled

A Level Edexcel Geography BRM (29 decks)

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