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A Level Edexcel Geography BRM > Globalisation EQ2 > Flashcards

Globalisation EQ2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the the global shift?

A

The movement of the global economic centre of gravity to Asia from Europe and North America, via the global shift in manufacturing to China outsourcing to India.

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2
Q

What drove the global shift?

A

Improvements in Transport and communication. As well as lowering trade barriers and economic liberalisation, opening up areas to FDI.

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3
Q

What is an example of outsourcing?

A

India:
- by 2040 expected to be second largest economy in the world creating many costs and benefits
costs:
- worker exploitation (ten hour shifts in call centres)
- massive amounts of inequality (more billionaires then the UK but more people living in absolute poverty then Africa)
Benefits:
- call centre workers earn middle classss wages
- outpouring companies very profitable

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4
Q

What is an example of outsourcing?

A

China:
- extreme every fell from 60% to 16%
- gained a reputation of ‘workshop of the world’ bringing in FDI
- Increased in wages after protests 30-65% increase
- Boom in ‘high tech’ industry

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5
Q

Benefits of the global shift

A
  • Waged work
  • Poverty reduction
  • Education and training
  • infrastructure investment
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6
Q

How is waged work a benefit of the global shift?

A

factory work provides reliable, regular wages higher than subsidence farming. Also raises education levels and shifts to more higher-technology products.

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7
Q

How has the global shift lead to poverty reduction?

A

incomes raise due to factory work, or rise in income for supplying the factories. (600 million Chinese were lifted out of poverty between 1992 and 2015)

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8
Q

How has the global swift resulted in education and training?

A
  • TNCs invest in training and skills development to improve workforce productivity, carrying transferable skills
  • Economic growth generated by global shift used to finance investment into education and training (state education)
  • Households of a higher income can obey for children school
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9
Q

How has the global shift lead to investments in infrastructure?

A
  • Allows initial investment into basic infrastructure (ports power and water supply) as higher taxes and economic growth attracting further FDI.
  • TNCs investment into local infrastructure to increases economic productivity
    China build 11,000 km of new motorways in 2015.
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10
Q

Disadvantages of global shifts in developing nations?

A
  • loss of productive land
  • un-planned settlements
  • environmental and resource pressure
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11
Q

How has the global shift lead to the loss of productive land?

A
  • Constructions of factories, infrastructure snow housing for workers are built on previously greenfield land.
  • Aid and water pollution form industrial, activities can render more agricultural land unstable.
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12
Q

How has the global shift resulted in unplanned settlements?

A

New manufacturing jobs create more economic opportunities promoting rural to urban migration. This rapid urban population growth outpaces formal housing construction leading to unplanned settlement such as slums or shanty towns.

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13
Q

How has the global shift lead to environmental or resource pressure?

A
  • Industrial activity can produce serious air and water pollution.
  • Increased demand on natural resources (water) as factories have increased demand.
  • higher population wealth (consumer societies)
    Commodity extraction creates environmental pressure elsewhere Togo loss 60% of their forest since 1990.
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14
Q

Environmental problems created by the global shift

A
  • air and water pollution
  • land degradation
  • over-exploitation of resources
  • loss of biodiversity
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15
Q

Effect of global shift on China’s environment

A

Since 1980 China has u define rapid industrialisation resulting in:
- severe air pollution (Beijing is above the world health organisations safe limit)
- close to 50% of the world coal in burnt in China.
- defrstation and desertification has forced many farmers off their land and into cities
- air pollution in China has reduce life spectacular by 5 years.

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16
Q

What problems has the global shift created in the developed world?

A
  • increasing rates on unemployment due to deindustrialisation creating a spiral of decline.
  • rise in crime levels
  • depopulation (brain drain/gain) * Detroit’s population fell from 1.5 million in 1960 to 0.7 million in 2012 due to the closure of its car factories.
  • dereliction (abandoned factories and falling house prices)
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17
Q

What is rural to urban migration?

A

Rural-urban migration means people moving from the countryside to cities.
60 % of urban growth in developing countries is caused by rural-urban migration.

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18
Q

What is a megacity ?

A

A megacity is a city with a population of over 10 million.

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19
Q

Push factors of migration?

A
  • high poverty levels
  • agricultural modernisation (mechanisation) reducing the need to manual labour.
  • resource scarcity may trigger conflict and migration.
20
Q

Migration pull factors?

A
  • economic opportunities (higher employment levels )
  • offer of hope and advancement (bright light syndrome)
  • better schooling and education
  • better health care
21
Q

What is causing megacity growth?

A

Rural to urban migration - 60%
High birth rate (natural increase) - 40%
China has seen 150 million internal rural-urban migration since the open door policy leading to the creation of 7 mega cities.

22
Q

Social challenge created by rapid population growth?

A
  • short housing supply’s, as the service cannot keep up with the growing demand leading to the development of slums and shanty towns (lack sanitation and power)
  • high levels of poverty, low wages and informal jobs
  • lack of taxes, governments struggle to supply essential health and education.
  • lack of water bad sanitation lead to high amount of disease and illness.
23
Q

Environmental challenges created by rapid population growth p?

A
  • urban sprawl results in high amount of deforestation and loss of farmland increasing flood risk.
  • growth of industry means high air pollution and respiratory health declines.
  • rivers and lakes are polluted with sewage and industrial waste increasing health problems.
  • critical resources (water) in short supply due to increasing demands.
24
Q

What is a global hub?

A

A settlement of region that has boomed a focal point for activities with a global influence. E.g. trade and business.

25
Q

What is international migration and what does it result in?

A

International migration is the movement of someone permanently from one countries to another.
It leads to and increase in global hub cities seeping interdependence and mass low-age economic migration.

26
Q

Why are migrant attracted to global hubs?

A
  • HQs and TNCs are often located in global periods, so high paid professional workers are attracted.
  • thes global elites often employs low wage worked attracting low skilled migrants.
27
Q

Russian oligarch billionaire migration

A

Some areas such as London ants New York attract exceptional wealthy migrants such as Russian oligarch billionaire who invest in property and living there form time to time. Taking advantage of the Uks elite private schools and to be able to move money out of Russia and invest in london property.

28
Q

What are the benefits of migration on the host country?

A
  • fills particular skill shortages
  • economic migrants will willingly do labour work that local may be reluctant to do (farming, cleaning)
  • Brain gain, migrant entrepreneurs employing others in business start-ups.
  • creates higher amount so diversity (london a global melting pot)
29
Q

What are the benefits of migration of the source region?

A
  • remittance boost the incomes of families (25% of Nepal’s GDP in 2014)
  • migrants or their children may return bringing new skills.
  • reduces the pressure of a large population (less resource demand)
30
Q

What are the negatives of migration in the host country?

A

Economic > increased cost of education
Social > tensions can arise though shortage of places in primary schools. As well as lack of jobs and affordable housing as migrant views to ‘take them’
Environmental > urban sprawls (development on green area of make space for growing population) and overcrowding.

31
Q

What are the cost of migration on the source region?

A

Economic > Brain drain p, loss of skilled and education worker (speak of decline p)
Social > families broken home with younger males who tend to migrates leaving older residence with no care.
And closure of service and population decline.

32
Q

What is cultural diffusion?

A

The spreading out and merging of pieces from different (language, food and clothing). Globalisation has spread a ‘westernised’ global culture. A form of soft power.

33
Q

What is a ‘westernised’ culture?

A

A culture originating from North America and Europe which is based upon
- wealth creation (earning money to buy, and high consumption levels)
- private enterprise (people owned rather and government owned business)
- success (measured by wealth)
- fashion, technology and trends
- an attitude that the physical environment should be exploited for natural resources in order to accumulate wealth.

34
Q

What is cultural imperialism?

A

The practice of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another. It is usually the case that the former is more developed and may be a superpower nation (high amount of influence)

35
Q

What has accelerated cultural diffusion?

A
  • globalisation
  • TNCs
  • Global media cooperation
  • migration
  • tourism
36
Q

What is the role of TNCs in cultural diffusion?

A

They aid cultural diffusion through the global dispersal of food, clothe and other goods. Which has played a major role in shaping a common culture and cultural change in places .
E.g. Apple and Nike having ‘rolled out’ uniform products globally.
C > localism

37
Q

Role of global media in cultural diffusion?

A

They aid in spreading westernised ideas and ideology’s globally. Especially a westernised view of world events.
E.g. Western holidays such as Halloween and Christmas heavily featured in television and films.
C > many television shows are entirely re-filmed for different nations markets (strictly come dancing). As well as several countries having banns/limits of the number of foreign films being shown.

38
Q

Role of migration and tourism in cultural diffusion

A

Tourism and migration bring people in contact with new cultures and migration helps spread peopl side as and customs.
E.g. the availability of a range of foods (India, Mexican) right around the corner. Spread of language.
C > migrants only bring partial change, British migrants took their language and sports to many places but has little influence over cultural traits such as religion.

39
Q

Negatives of global diffusion

A
  • spread diet western diet has led to higher consumer society’s
  • high sugar/salt diet of the west increasing obesity and diabetes levels (fast food restaurants)
  • western culture can be viewed as wasteful and having little regard for the physical environment maybe increasing deforestation and waste levels.(air and water pollution)
40
Q

Changing diets in Asia

A

The act of cultural diffusion and the global shift is increasing the amount of meat and fast food consumption among the emerging middle classes.
e.g. In the 1990s China’s annual meat consumption per capita increased tenfold from 5 to 50kg.
Affecting the physical environment (increases emission from livestock farming (methane and CO2) and higher amounts of cash cropping for cattle feed.

41
Q

What are the benefits of cultural diffusion

A

Wes the culture has also tended to improve opportunities for some traditionally disadvantages groups
- Women
- LGBTQ
The media coverage of the Paralympics, gay pride and other high profile events are helping to erode sexism and prejudice in developing countries

42
Q

What is cultural erosion?

A

Cultural erosion is process of a civilised group or organisation losing its core element such as language and ideology’s.

43
Q

Loss of traditional lifestyles of Amazonia tribes and Papua New Guinea

A

Amazonia and Papua New Guinea are among the works most isolated tribes. Many members of the rainforest tribes are becoming more aware of western cultures and lifestyles such as wearing T-shirt and other westernised clothing as well as moving out of the rainforests.
This can led to them becoming addicted to drugs and alcohol and an increase in endangered species hunting

44
Q

How has globalisation led to the formation of anti-globalisation groups?

A

Concerns about cultural, economic and environmental impacts such as
- increase resource consumption (global warming, deforestation)
- exploited workers (low wages/dangerous working conditions)
- political and economic pose being placed into the hands of TNCs
- created increased inequality
- cultural erosion degrading traditional lifestyles.
Has led to the formation of protest groups ‘occupy Wall Street’ and ‘Global Justice movement ‘.

45
Q

How has national protected against globalisation (selected reactions)

A

France > 40% of television outputs must consist of French production and french language music is heavily promoted on radio stations.
China > has the ‘Great Firewall of China’ prevents internet users using BBC and Facebook services. As well as having a strict quota of 34 foreign films a year.

A Level Edexcel Geography BRM (29 decks)

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