Human geography main specification points Flashcards
How has globalisation be accelerated?
- What is globalisation (global flows)
- Developments in transport and trade accelerated in the 20th century
- rapid developments in ICT and global communications
How has political and economic decisions accelerated globalisation?
- International political and economic organisations (IGOS) through promoting free trade and FDI
- National governments in promoting and participating in trade blocs and policies (free markets liberalisation, privatisation, encouraging business start ups)
- Special economic zones, governments subsidies and attitudes to FDI
How has globalisation affect some places and organisations more than others?
- Degree of globalisation varies between countries (Kearney and KOF)
- TNCs contributing to spread (global production networks, globalisation and new markets) and economic liberalisation (outsourcing and offshoring)
- ‘switched on’ and ‘switched off’ nations
How has the global shift created winners and losers for people and the physical environment?
- Global shift of manufacturing and services can bring benefits (infrastructure investments, waged work, poverty reduction, education and training) but also costs (loss of productive land, unplanned settlements and resource and environmental pressures)
- major environmental problems impacting peoples health and wellbeing
- deindustrialised areas having social and environmental problems.
How has increased migration creating consequences for people and the environmental whilst also having benefits?
- rural to urban migration and natural increase leading to the growth of megacities
- international migration to global hub cities increasing interdependence and mass low wage migration
- migration has economic, social, political and environmental costs and benefits for both source and host locations.
How has globalisation led to the emergence of a global western culture?
- cultural diffusion (TNCs, global media, tourism and migration) creating a global ‘western culture) creating negative impacts on the environment but increased spread of awareness for disadvantaged groups
- cultural erosion resulting in changes to built and natural ecosystems
- cultural, economic and environmental impacts led tp the formation of antiglobalisation groups.
How has globalisation led to development but also widened the development gap?
- economic, social and environmental indicators (composite and single)
- trend in widening income equality (Gina coefficient) and creating of winners and losers
- trends in economic development and environmental management
How has globalisation created social, political and environmental tensions?
- increased migration (open borders, deregulation and FDI) culturally mixed societies and migrant diasporas creating tensions. As well as tensions environmentally (resource and extremist groups)
- countries attempts to control globalisation by censorship, migration policies and trade protectionism
- groups seek gin to retain cultural identities and resources, whereas other prioritise economic development
How has environmental concerns led to localism and awareness?
- Local sourcing (transition towns)
- Fair trade and ethical consumption (improve working conditions and decrease inequalities in global trade)
- recycling (managing resource consumption and ecological footprints)
Why do economies vary between places, and how can they be classified?
- Economic sector and type of employment
- differences in economic activity, reflected through variations in social factors
- inequalities in income levels reflected in quality of life indices
How has places changed function and characteristics over time?
- function changes (administrative, commercial, retail and industrial) and demographically (gentrification, age structure and ethnical composition)
- changes happen because of physical factors, accessibility and connectives, historical development and role of local and national planning
- changes measured by employment trends, demographic changes, land use changes and levels of depreciation)
How has past and present connection shed economic and social characteristics? (local place)
- regional and national influences
- international and global influences
- how has it influenced peoples identity and demographic influences
How do economic and social inequalities changed peoples perception of an area?
- successful regions have both positive and negative factors
- unsuccessful regions cause by economic restructuring triggering spiral of decline
- priorities for regeneration due to significant variations
Why are there significant variations in lived experiences and engagement levels?
- variations in levels of engagement (local and national election turnout and abundance and participation in local groups)
- lived experiences and attachment varies (age, ethnicity, gender, length of residence) impact levels of engagement
- conflict occur when there are different views on the priorities and strategies for regeneration, it has complex causes.
How do you evaluate the need to regeneration (local place)?
- statistical evidence
- media providing contrasting evidence and question the need for regeneration
- representation influence perceived regeneration need.
What’s the role played by UK government policy in regeneration?
- infrastructure investment to maintain growth and improve accessibility
- rate and type of development (planning laws, house building targets, permission for fracking and housing affordability)
- decisions and policies on migration and deregulation of capital markets affecting economic regeneration.