Regeneration COPY Flashcards

Question

what is murdle's model of cumulative causation?

Answer 1

the process by which one region of a country becomes increasingly the centre of economic activity the process is from the introduction of new industry, to then more hobs and increased demands for shops to increase pop, increased income for the area from taxes to the growth of the tertiary sector and then leading to an attractive aerator business' to relocate to innovation to then similar or related industries to be attracted leading to the creation of other industries

Answer 2

it goes from: extreme rural intermediate rural ^^ these are declining intermediate non-rural extreme non-rural ^^ these are growing

Answer 3

the absolute decline of population living in a rural area

Answer 4

the permanent change of residence of an individual, family or group of people from an area classified as rural to one classified as urban

Answer 5

1) Mechanisation- reduces amount of jobs available leads to increased unemployment which leads to depopulation of people in search of work, reducing spending leading to rural decline 2) unemployment- leads to less motivation, reduced morale and increase in depression, leading to an increase in reliance on healthcare and prescriptions, therefore draining the healthcare funds 3) higher aspirations for young people- can increase motivation to work hard at school which can lead to a brain drain once qualified but also utilisation of the bright light syndrome as urban life becomes more attractive and in reach

Answer 6

1) privatisation of industries 2) allocating funds successfully to certain regions 3) they want to make the UK appealing for FDI as the UK government doesn't have the money to invest in regeneration 4) they need to make money/profit so want to make the UK an appealing place to attract FDI 5) where and how much for each region as they control finances

Answer 7

represents small businesses

Answer 8

they try to protect the area they lair in

Answer 9

- in 1980s they were badly affected by industrial decline with high levels of crime and vandalism and led to high levels of deprivation - lack of retail and commercial industry, increasing competition from other areas - when the docklands went out of their function and land became derelict as tech continued to improve and so Liverpool declined rapidly - In the 1960’s Liverpool was the third most visiting shopping centre in the UK and by 2002 it had dropped to 17th

Answer 10

- working population (availability of jobs for all workers (skilled and unskilled) - Local community (rehousing, too expensive for elderly) - Stakeholders and developers such as urban splash and Liverpool vision have worked within the ropewalks partnership to refurbish historical buildings as luxury settlements and establishing an active residential community - Government were involved as they provided a £5 billion fund for the scheme and gave framework and ideas for local gov to act on - UN were involved in declaring the Liverpool docklands a UNESCO world heritage site - Paradise project cost £1 billion and all the money was raised from the private sector, reducing reliance on government funds

Answer 11

- conflict through the local communities through the increased amount of congestion and pollution due to the UNESCO site - Poorer communities at risk due to rising house prices through regeneration - Elderly pushed out due to gentrification meaning age structure changed - Opposition to the impacts of the new project, such as the removal of public rights of way and the effect it would have on other parts of the city centre - Chambers of commerce which are often headed by smaller organisations may be against large scale regeneration as it attracts larger and more affluent businesses and unicorn companies that can outcompete them

Answer 12

- Waterfront was declared a UNESCO world heritage site as it reflects the area’s historic importance as a trading port, it now has 4 million visitors a year - Liverpool uni has created opportunities for younger generations and has created an educated and innovative population to perhaps facilitate growing job opportunities - Regeneration has also helped people that are low skilled and on low wages by providing opportunities for deprived areas - Culture has boomed through housing two premier league football teams and many visual arts attractions such as the Beatles. This draws people into the area and leads to more spending and sustaining regeneration as it guarantees the movement of people into the area throughout the year.

Answer 13

- There has been large amounts of FDI which have encouraged companies to locate there to boost the economy as there is more economic activity in the area - There was a £5 billion scheme allowing for many opportunities (housing, offices, waterfront quarter) - Regenerated a 60-hectare historic dockland to create a world class, high quality, waterfront feature - Improved retail services and shopping centres allowing competition with other UK cities (London). It has created 160 new stores (tertiary jobs, better pay and therefore greater tax revenue) as well as a range of leisure activities and 600 residential units and offices

Answer 14

- YES: in recent years, 8-10 million tourists have visited Liverpool each year from worldwide countries. Tourism has been aided through the budget airline that use Liverpool John Lennon Airport. Tourists have made Liverpool one of the ten most visited destinations in the UK. Liverpool has become a capital of culture with a yearlong programme of events - NO: as the area becomes more developed with high-paid jobs there will be a lack of affordable housing due to gentrification and so it may cause residents to be pushed out, widening the gap of income, lack of sustainability - NO: rising land prices has forced many out of the city as they aren’t affluent enough to sustain this lifestyle. E.g. the elderly through gentrification. Services of the local area are more benefited towards the younger pop (night life and education)

Answer 15

- YES: greater tax revenue for government due to the increased amount of money coming into the economy through more job opportunities - YES: the city’s economy is said to have been boosted by £800 million of additional income in 2008 alone - NO: despite regeneration schemes a vast proportion of wards in the 10% most deprived, creating large social inequalities and exacerbating the gap between the rich and the poor. This is further increased by the housing affordability crisis meaning many residents can no longer sustain a city lifestyle

Answer 16

- NO: Increased noise and air pollution due to denser urban environment and increased tourism - YES: the preservation of the dockland area has helped to sustain aquatic ecosystems in the area and nearby water - YES: the regeneration has catalysed the revival of the built environment. The previously derelict land has not been preserved through its status as a world heritage site, preventing widespread urban decay

Answer 17

heritage - Regenerated the 60-hectare historic dockland site (Albert docks) into a maritime museum, shops and apartments, in 2004 the waterfront became a UNESCO site culture - in 2008 they were the european capital of culture, leading to an investment of about £4 billion in arts and infrastructure - Reimaging changed the image of the area to a hub for music and visual arts, a tribute to Beatles through the renaming of their airport to John Lennon airport, attracting more tourists retail - A new commercial heart created, office blocks, income coming in - Created 160 new stores, city regenerated as Liverpool ONE, a £900 million shopping and leisure hub living - Liverpool was made into a more inclusive social environment in contrast to the 1981 race riots.

Answer 18

- Located in remote rural area so isn’t well connected (5-hour drive to London), being a long way from core markers and job opportunities, not ideal for TNC's far from the UK’s core economic area of London- where most economic activity takes place - Used to be important for fishing and agriculture, was in need in higher-paid industries - Brain drain due to the lack of connectivity and lack of good jobs and so young people may want to migrate - NME, conflicts who like rural areas for the peace and tranquillity, increasing second home ownership creating less affordable housing for locals - 20% of Cornwall’s working-age population earns less than the living wage

Answer 19

- the local government invested £550,000 on investigations into the A391 to improve links - Council has received £12.6 million from the department for communities and local government (DCLG) to provide infrastructure that supports new eco-developments - the EU provided £50 million for regeneration - Environmental stakeholders, Cornwall’s biggest asset is its scenery and environment, the national trust, royal horticultural society and English heritage all own large areas of land (national trust involved) - national government was responsible for Cornwall’s enterprise status in 2014 which arguable attracted the investment. They also provided funds and framework to local government. - combined universities

Answer 20

- People vs local council and youth vs elders - Younger generation want area regenerated to have things like large shopping centres, clubs and affordable housing which would give them a reason to stay, preventing a brain drain. Elders want the area to stay quiet and feel more like a community, maintain traditional features - Increased investment from gov could lead to conflict with local businesses who are in the tourism and primary sector as there are now more established companies which can outcompete local entrepreneurs, making them less supportive of the regeneration

Answer 21

- Cornwall’s ‘old economy’ consisting of agriculture and fishing which was mainly primary sector jobs has declined with its biggest industry being tourism (tertiary sector) due to long coastlines, history and the Eden project (79% of workforce is tertiary, many in tourism which is low paid and seasonal). - Job opportunities have become widely available to youths. These new jobs open doors to them like moving to new locations. This would encourage students to study harder to live with a good QOL - Combined universities in Cornwall was made by the joining of two universities, these offer degree courses and help graduates to set up their own businesses, preventing the brain drain - Farm Diversification- many farms shops in Cornwall now sell home-made pasties, Cornish cheese, hand-made ice cream and award-winning beers and wines. - Outdoor Pursuits- surfing, rock climbing and para-surfing are just some of the activities attracting tourism to Cornwall.

Answer 22

- wave hub is a wave-power research project installed on the seabed in 2010, the project will earn £76 million over 25 years for Cornwall’s economy, creating 170 jobs - emerged as an aerohub whereby a partnership was formed between council and private sector investors who aim to begin a process of diversifying the economy away from just tourism, this has led to the clustering and agglomeration of aircraft related industries, increasing innovation. - Their regeneration has been mainly based around the Eden project where within the first 5 years of opening it contributed £700 million to the local economy and overall £1.6 billion - enterprise zones have attracted a variety of industry investments leading to clustering and agglomeration. This has benefitted the local economy through sparking Murdle’s model of cumulative causation.

Answer 23

- increased accessibility and higher population density have led to environmental repercussions such as increased noise and pollution. - It has also aesthetically disrupted areas of previously untouched greenbelt land

Answer 24

- YES: by 2016, over 95% of Cornwall had access to fibre broadband (the first county to have this). Cornwall now has the world’s largest rural fibre network. This encourages businesses, particularly knowledge-economy companies, 2000 jobs created, with an economic impact of around €200 million per year - NO: the aerospace business park did not actually bring in that many new jobs, by 2015 little new investment had come into cornwall’s new aerohub. - YES: More educated and qualified workforce in the area which has increased local tax revenue has led to more social spending and therefore improved quality of services (e.g. healthcare and education) for local residents. - YES: Combined universities in Cornwall was made by the joining of two universities, these offer degree courses and help graduates to set up their own businesses, preventing the brain drain - NO: despite a form of studentification in Cornwall created a thriving night life, it has shifted away from the previous perception of Cornwall as a calm rural environment. For the elderly, it means services are no longer tailored toward their needs. Also students often are quite transient and therefore less engagement in the area. This reduces the sense of community and means that in certain areas the threshold pop may not be met.

Answer 25

- YES: the student economy from the combined university has resulted in a health property rental market, and a thriving evening economy of bars and restaurants - YES: if one was to judge the success through tourism, within the first 5 years of the Eden Project opening it contributed £700 million to the Cornish economy, future plans to build another Eden centre in china 4 times the size, led to the improved QOL of the local community and cumulative causation - YES: by 2007, objective one had backed 580 projects in Cornwall with £230 million. This attracts investment and TNC’s into the area, spurring Murdle’ model of cumulative causation. Until 2005, the Cornish economy grew faster (at 5.8%) than the UK average (5.4%) and had the fastest growth rate of any EU region - NO: in 2014, Cornwall council obtained enterprise zone status for Newquay aerospace business park, to diversify its economy away from the dependence on tourism, this hoped to make 700 high-paid permanent jobs, by the end of 2015 only 450 jobs were made, many of which weren’t actually new - NO: Cornwall’s enterprise status means the region has to compete with other areas to qualify for government assistance. This has led to many compromises and concessions perhaps limiting the scale of success

Answer 26

- YES: Aesthetic appeal of the area also increased as unpleasant brownfield sites were utilised. This has allowed economic multiplier effect which corresponds to Butler’s model of tourism. - NO: the majority of jobs brought by tourism are seasonal, weather-dependant, Newquay airport reflects Cornwall’s biggest economic problem- it lacks a year-round economy. - NO: although the Eden project offered discounted rates for arriving by public transport or car sharing, they found that 97% of visitors actually drove to the site, increasing noise and air pollution, also led to more litter and therefore environmental damage - NO: increased accessibility and a focus on aircraft related industries have led to a proportionate rise in emissions and therefore air pollution in the area. This can have repercussions towards climate change but also respiratory problems.

Answer 27

- Eden project - Job opportunities for the youth - Work experience and apprenticeship opportunities give young people opportunities, lessening the amount of migration - Restructuring of the economy - Newquay aerospace business park - The image has inevitably changed as using Cloke’s index of rurality it has gone from an ‘extreme rural area’ to an ‘intermediate/extreme non-rural area’ - image changed to an aerohub due to clustering and agglomeration of aircraft related industries from a previously primary dominated area

Answer 28

- decrease in crime rate - less homeless - increased tourism - younger population, demographic change - reduction in inequalities

Answer 29

- higher GDP - less on benefits - increased TNC's, investors, higher sectors, agglomeration and clustering

Answer 30

- transformation of derelict brownfield sites, Stratford dredging the river, planting trees, offices - investment from TNC's, transport links (Stratford with olympics, less congestion, less air pollution), invest in services, gentrification (cafe culture) - higher attachment means people will do less vandalism and graffiti, if community are involved in regeneration they feel pride of their area - e.g. starford, 6000 new Boris bikes, 8.6% pollution don

Answer 31

- some would look at formal perceptions (gov), whilst others look at informal perceptions (those living there) - startford, local and national investors vs local community, different things, big business' over competing local businesses, depriving, widening the gap, lack of culture - government looking purely at economic factors vs informal perceptions of the community at QOL, what jobs are available - contrasting priorities, local government focused on economic factors, residents on crime

Answer 32

- Kielder is a very remote village in Northumberland, large coniferous plantation built and a 11km long reservoir built in 1975, suffering from low levels of tourism as few people visit regularly - north east of England faced decline of the primary sector, due to mechanisation meaning jobs that were occupied were now being completed by machinery - Location is near to Sheffield, a previous steel making town meaning the area is very deprived as the industry went into decline - At the beginning of the 2000’s, Kielder’s landlord had in effect put much of the village up for sales and many were advertised at a London auction under the headline ‘woodland villagers losing fight for survival’ - Houses in Kielder forest were being auctioned for guide prices of between £13,000 and £18,000 - Transport was a big problem, car owners had to take a 35 mile round trip for fuel to Bellingham further down the valley

Answer 33

- The government, they gave a £500,000 grant for a four year programme to rebuild the community - Private and business investments made, 200 people are employed in the area - The local Tynedale council helped create a business plan - Volunteers work with the ranger team and other activities - local/national government which are projected to raise £40 million of funding over the next 10 years - Kielder Water and Forest Park Development Trust -> involved with engaging with the local community and updating members on related happenings along with the parks development

Answer 34

- Environmentalists concerned about the protection of the woodland, preserving its biodiversity rather than developing it - Residents not happy due to the increased noise pollution from the man-made lake, also the loss of land and increased congestion - Many local residents find conflict over the scheme with the government. This is primarily due to the compulsory purchase of land and forced relocation of many. - Secretary of State had empathy for the residents affected as they said that the pros and cons of constructing the reservoir had to be investigated further to make sure that putting people through this hardship was necessary

Answer 35

- Reimaging took place as it is one of the largest forests in England meaning many tourists and investors are attracted to the area, increasing demand for services and retail fuelling Murdle’s model of cumulative causation - they received a £500,000 government grant for a four-year programme to rebuild the community. This has benefitted local people through improve services and leisure activities, improving the QOL.

Answer 36

- Constructed a man-made lake to create another site to visit in Kielder (cost of £167 million and was opened by the queen in 1982) - tourism of £706 million to our local economy - turned kielder water and forest park into an 'outdoor nature playground'

Answer 37

- investment has increased in the area to utilise the environment. Biggest hydroelectric plant in England is located here with the total water released set at a maximum of 1.3 million metres cubed per day. This has helped to reduce CO2 emissions and therefore the associated risks with climate change. - spans 250 square miles, is home to the largest forest in England and the largest man-made lake in northern Europe. It was voted the most tranquil place in England by the Campaign to Protect Rural England - observatory for dark skies to attract astrotourism - forest is home to hold of England's red squirrels

Answer 38

NO: it has led to unhappy residents due to the increased noise pollution, perhaps it has had a negative environmental impact due to the disruption of its biodiversity YES: reimaging took place and is now the largest forest in England. This helped to create vast amounts of employment as around 200 people are employed both directly and indirectly through timber harvesting. Shows the vital role the forest plays in the economy YES: improved transport links, the company has spent £25,000 on a eight-seated community bus taxi which will provide links between Scotland and England YES: they received a £500,000 government grant for a four-year programme to rebuild the community. This has benefitted local people through improve services and leisure activities, improving the QOL.

Answer 39

YES: The project has been successful because they expect 300,000 visitors annually, it has won gold to be officially recognised as the best tourism experience in the country, led to localised spending so local businesses around the tourist attractions will benefit. YES: more than nine million people visit the county each year contributing to a staggering £706 million to our local economy YES: hydroelectric power releases a max of 1.3 million meters cubed a day which has increased employment and therefore tax revenue, satisfying the government. YES: hydroelectric power means surrounding areas become reliant on Kielder forest for energy, increasing its influence and the importance of its function.

Answer 40

YES: Wildlife has been a success, since 2009, a total of 42 osprey chicks will have been born in the forest, constituting a success for many environmentalists as it allows species to develop, increasing biodiversity. NO: issues associated with HE power including drought in certain areas and flooding in others whilst blocking aquatic migration routes and destroying certain habitats. This can damage both human and physical features. NO: Increased tourism into the area has increased air pollution emissions and litter, both of which can damage the environment. YES: observatory for dark skies has helped to attract a different subsection of tourism such as those who are interested in astro-tourism YES: investment into HE power is an environmental success as it has helped to convert local energy sources towards cleaner methods. This helped to reduced CO2 emissions and therefore the associated risks with climate change.

Answer 41

- Constructed a man-made lake - More local coffee shops, improving economy - The area has utilised its environment to create a tourist attraction in its own right (largest forest in England). This is an example of large-scale reimaging. - Shifted in status in Cloke’s index of rurality.

Answer 42

- In the late 20th century it was a period of severe economic decline, high unemployment - Carpenter’s road lock needed desperate regeneration as it was extremely polluted and dirty, it was supposed to be one of the areas most creative and striking features - Stratford had no real function - There was a lack of infrastructure and environmental quality was poor, e.g. greenway was littered with rubbish - It had one of the most deprived communities in the country, where unemployment was high and levels of health were poor - in the 2001 census, east London contained some of the UK’s poorest areas. The mayor of London at the time believed that the Olympics could help to build a process of convergence, reducing the gap between the wealthiest and poorest

Answer 43

- Local business tailor their goods and services to facilitate the games, benefit from increased tourism - Regional government- the mayor of London and the elected London assembly were responsible for ensuring that transportation was effective during the games, as well a supporting the expansion of housing and the east London economy after 2012 - Environmental stakeholders were concerned about the amount of dereliction due to the closure of the docklands, the queen Elizabeth Olympic park has cleaned up and re-landscaped the whole area. - Global influences from the Olympic federation as they helped to coordinate the infrastructure built and allowing the event itself to locate here - National government provides the funding for the scheme, they identified Stratford as a region that should host it in order to reap the benefits of such an event

Answer 44

- Local community troubled by the growing amount of tourists visiting Stratford after/during the Olympics, led to increased congestion and air pollution, stopping cultural diffusion due to increased tourism - Gentrification has led to communities having to move out, 4% increase in professional roles and flagship stores that do not suit the threshold population. - Local businesses may shut down due to the increased amount of large scale businesses placing themselves here due to the growing economic opportunities - Increasing prices in this highly desired area have made property extremely expensive. Affordable housing is needed for those on low incomes to rent. - protests by residents of clay lane housing cooperative which was compulsory purchased in 2007 to make way for olympic site developments - few jobs went to local people, whether temporary or permanent

Answer 45

- New university designed to specialise in sport technology increases qualification and job opportunities and greater skilled workers to attract business. (6.2% more of the educated population are qualified), leading to decline in outmigration and so services are sustained - By 2030, more than 10,000 new homes will have been built in the park, around a third of which will be affordable - Residential areas e.g. Chobham manor and sweetwater, which will provide 9000 new homes by 2025

Answer 46

- The development of westfield shopping centre and other businesses has led to the estimation of 20,000 new jobs to be created by 2030, bringing more than £300 million annually, this increases tax revenue for local gov and therefore has benefitted local community as it has increased social spenfing and therefore the quality of services - East London tech hub has attracted unicorn companies such as google, amazon and facebook. Agglomeration and clustering have happened in the area furthering the economic prosperity - From the Olympics, there were a large amount of new leisure centres including the Olympic stadium (now home to west ham football club) which generates a lot of money, the velodrome and lee valley hockey centre

Answer 47

- Development of 6000 boris bikes and the increased transport links allow for a direct train line from Stratford and so it has decreased the amount of air pollution by 8.6% as people avert from cars - The scheme has cleaned areas such as the greenway, improving the informal perception of the area and preventing excessive damage to the environment. - 100 ha of new greenspace was created with 4000 trees, after 600,000 tonnes of soil had been cleared of contaminants like arsenic, bitumen and ammonia. - 3 km of rivers and canals were cleared, and in many cases, replanted.

Answer 48

NO: Olympic village has left a legacy of non-affordable housing that has worked to bring about gentrification in the area (4% increase in professional roles) - NO: 14% of crimes are gang-related, symbolising cultural clash and lack of integration - NO: under half the jobs involved are local people, not utilising the area, perhaps jobs are too skilled for the less educated community, not very accommodating - YES: increase in cultural diversity as there has been a 34-17% loss in white British. - NO: despite increasing housing, only a third of it is affordable due to rising affluence and gentrification. This has increased homelessness. (in newham between 2009 and 2014, it increased from 1.1 to 7.9 per 1000 households) - YES: increased accessibility and transport have led to a vast proportion of workers commuting and therefore a transient population

Answer 49

- YES: the opening of the westfield shopping centre is an example of retail-led regeneration, which as created over 10,000 new jobs, in its first year it had a turnover of £1 billion, which added hugely to the local economy - YES: east London tech hub has led to clustering increasing innovation but also developed improved broadband - YES: East London tech hub has attracted TNCs such as google, amazon and facebook. Agglomeration and clustering have happened in the area furthering the economic prosperity

Answer 50

- YES: the development of 6000 Boris bikes and improved transport links has decreased air pollution by 8.6% as people avert from cars - NO: precious greenbelt land was transformed into a built environment, thus altering naturalised habitats which had seamlessly integrated themselves into the surrounding urban area and acted as a buffer zone for CO2 - NO: the increase in commuters and population in general has to a greater CO2 emission which has obvious drawbacks for the environment - NO: Stratford was a previous industrial site and therefore the ground was shown to be contaminated by a vast amount of toxic radioactivity. Studies show that there wasn’t enough time to build on the site and do a full decontamination process so this stage was skipped and therefore this could have unforeseen environmental issues

Answer 51

- Opening of the Westfield shopping centre - 5000 purpose-built homes, offices, school, public spaces and other facilities which will provide many job opportunities - The image has changed to become one that is centred around sporting activity - The retail and commerce led regeneration has changed the image from a previously dominated residential area to one which is centred around tourism.

Answer 52

Places, usually larger county towns or cities, that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity in the surrounding area.

Answer 53

An urban area with buildings and infrastructure, such as road and railways

Answer 54

The spread of cultural ideas and way of life.

Answer 55

The addition of ideas, actions and meanings that are the result of the arrival of new people to an area.

Answer 56

The process of reducing or removing rules governing economic activity in a country with the aim of encouraging investment.

Answer 57

The movement of a population away from their homeland

Answer 58

Its part of the planning stage all large projects must carry out a study of what the likely impacts will be of the project. A focus is often on the natural environment to ensure that it remains sustainable but can also include the impacts on people. (social and economic environments)

Answer 59

Information about the ethic characteristics of a group of people.

Answer 60

Renewal, renovation or rebuilding of older and deteriorating buildings in order to create more upmarket places for middle class resident to live, often displacing poorer residents.

Answer 61

Used to describe a place that maximises the positives of a living space. It is often used in relation to rural areas with low pollution levels and plenty of green open space, unspoilt natural area, traditional (old fashioned) way of life and jobs.

Answer 62

During a persons lifetime they will have different experiences, depending on their family situation, family culture, education experiences, life cycle and personal interests. The experience can have a profound impact on a person’s perceptions and values, as well as on his or her general outlook and behaviour

Answer 63

An attempt to objectively quantify the life –satisfaction of people living in a particular place.

Answer 64

The economic and perhaps cultural, gap between different parts of a country, with a wealthy core region and a poorer peripheral region.

Answer 65

Council housing estates in Britain that score badly on the Index of multiple deprivation.

Answer 66

Groups of people frequently living close to people of a similar background to feel more comfortable in their daily lives. This may be voluntary, or partly forced by economic factors such as poverty and affordability of housing. Sometimes known as polarisation.

Answer 67

An on-going series of problems in an area, where one problem can lead to others, which in turn reinforces the problem.

Answer 68

space shaped by people's perception over time

Answer 69

this is the gradual merging of city into rural. there is rarely a sharp division between the two.

Answer 70

- GDP increases if industry increases - spatial growth with an increase in industry - de-urbanisation if the industry relocates - urbanisation and population increases if there is more industry - increased SOL and QOL if more people have better paid jobs due to greater industry

Answer 71

primary- SW England secondary- NE England tertiary- SE England quaternary- E England, Cambridge

Answer 72

- Rapidly changing - More part-time - More temporary contracts - More self-employment

Answer 73

- In places of higher employment such as Richmond, Chelsea and Kensington the life expectancy is higher - North-south divide shows inequality - Average for men is 77.2 and for women it is 81.6 - less access to healthcare in poorer areas also have lower LE

Answer 74

gender, income, occupation, lifestyle choices, culture and education

Answer 75

link between health and deprivation of life expectancy

Answer 76

maybury and sheerwater- 76 | horsell and woodham- 84.4

Answer 77

inner cities that lack choices for food (takeaway and cheap processed food so negatively impacts health so lower LE)

Answer 78

- Has both direct and indirect impacts on social factors - If people achieve better education it means that employment will increase as there are more qualified people - If there is higher rate of employment it means that there will be more activity and so there will be greater tax revenue for the government leading to improved healthcare which will lead to an increase in life expectancy.

Answer 79

a number equal or less than 1 = matches proportion of national employment higher than 1 = more industry is located, substantially higher employment compared to the national average, more job opportunities

Answer 80

it may be detrimental to local and national economy as it will lead to de-industrialisaiton, e.g. the steel industry (REDCAR)

Answer 81

- If activity goes up, then higher income and therefore gov have a higher tax revenue which can be invested in services - If activity goes down = less affluent area therefore QOL and SOL will go down as less money can be invested into services

Answer 82

the level of social and economic wellbeing experienced by individuals or communities measured by various indicators including health, happiness, educational achievement, income, leisure and time

Answer 83

- north/south divide clearly shown - high employment in the S England, close to London, commuting location and requires services - former industrialised area, industrial relocation, automated machinery

Answer 84

global- HDI | national- national well-being: life in the UK or IMD

Answer 85

- income - employment - living environment - health deprivation and disability - barriers to housing and services - crime it attempts to quantify deprivation in England. it is a very fine-grained index as it splits England into nearly 33,000 small areas with 1500 people each, disparities within?

Answer 86

employment opportunities social inequality service inequality environmental inequality

Answer 87

woking- 101,200 hackney- 279,700 minehead- 11,980

Answer 88

woking- general health is good, only 3.87% in bad health hackney- roughly 5% of people have bad health minehead- 6..4% of people have bad health

Answer 89

- Woking = 64.7% of people have +5 O levels - Minehead = 36.1% of people have +5 O levels - Hackney = 19.8% of people have +5 O levels

Answer 90

if there is high employment it means there will be a greater tax revenue for the government and so health services will improve due to not only an increase in qualified professionals but also an increase in the investment of hospitals.

Answer 91

if there is a better education system then it means that there will be greater employment as people will be motivated and be qualified enough to access high-paid skilled jobs, strengthening the economy

Answer 92

through increased employment it will lead to higher life expectancy as people will be able to afford good healthcare and through the improved investment into healthcare through greater tax revenue it will furthern the life expectancy

Answer 93

the roles a place plays for its community and surroundings, these can grow and change This could be: retail, industrial, commercial, agriculture or administrative, sports-led in Stratford

Answer 94

- when they go through industrialisation they may change to a different industry and so their function will change, due to physical factors, accessibility or for historical reason, this may lead to a need for large investment in order to reorganise the city to suits its new function - This is changing rapidly because of the internet and broadband services; online shopping and banking is pushing out high streets - In rural settings, pubs may be doubling as community centres, post offices and village shops. The central building becomes the pub in very rural areas. There has been a large rise in small businesses nationally, possibly due to the global shift and industrial relocation. measured through: - changes in demographics - land-use changes, rebranding from industrial to commercial - changes in employment - deprivation

Answer 95

Administrative areas are usually large cities that organise economic activity in surrounding areas. administrative places have council offices, school and other public services like clinics and hospitals.

Answer 96

- Ethnic composition - Gentrification - Studentification - Age structure - Diversity

Answer 97

England and wales: 91.3% white (2001) vs 86% white (2011) | - This shows the impact of immigration and growth of a multi-cultural society

Answer 98

- Approximately 10% of people were employed in trade and managerial or directional occupations in urban areas but this increased to 14% in rural areas. These jobs earn more, combined with the improved technology and communications has enabled more skilled workers to live in rural areas

Answer 99

- Rural areas have a higher elderly population (larger dependency ratio) and lower unemployment rates than in urban areas. The median age in rural areas is 45, and in urban the average age is 37.

Answer 100

physical - proximity to large cities and core economic zones (physical) - attractive environments (accessibility and connectedness) - technology on the rise, vehicles facilitate urban sprawl and counter urbanisation - the global shift - locational needs or source availability change accessibility and connectedness - infrastructure, roads, air, rail - connectivity for businesses to other economies, help competition historical development - postproduction era, primary and secondary industry has ended, e.g. Liverpool's docklands changed to world-class UNESCO site, shift from commercial to tourism - changes in consumer trends: in retailing, corner shops to online shopping - increased affluence led to increased leisure and tourism functions, houses converted into B&Bs local and national planning - national gov policies on restructuring the UK economy - Plan led systems, green belts introduced to relieve population pressure on cities and core regions - Large schemes require an EIA (environmental impact assessment) in order to encourage conversions rather than renewal schemes

Answer 101

original function - easy access to Brookwood cemetery from London via train station new function - commercial industry - economic hub for the county demographics - young professionals - families with kids

Answer 102

original function - fishing town with a small port and agriculture new function - tourism demographics - causes a younger (less) educated population

Answer 103

1) Preserve- natural ecologies and culturalists 2) Mix- create mix-use and mix-income areas 3) Walk- design walkable streets and human scale neighbourhoods 4) Bike- prioritise bikes (most efficient), networks- china has adapted policy to put 6m of bike lanes on every road 5) Connect- increase road density and limit block size 6) Ride- develop high quality transit 7) Focus- match density and mix to transit capacity

Answer 104

Isolates people and doesn’t allow interaction of cities - We need mixed use environments that don’t just benefit a type of person - Common cause brings about change (urban reforms) - The sprawl version of California consumes more land than Delaware and Rhode Island - Reducing sprawl also reduces passenger vehicle pollution (Cali’s biggest problem) by more than half - Saves $1 bill annually by 2035 in respiratory health costs in Cali

Answer 105

isolates people in superblocks and creates smog - 12% of China’s GDP is spent on health problems caused by smog - Each superblock has 5000 units in it, no sidewalks or ground floor shops, sterile environment

Answer 106

- Hinkley C Point in Somerset is a nuclear powerplant that received investment from Chinese sovereign fund (FDI) meaning that the local government can invest more into services as the company has covered Hinkley C. - It provides cheaper electricity to Minehead also attracting more business to the area increasing employment (Murdle’s model of cumulative causation only applies to new industry as PME is triggered) - Butlins holidays centre led to an increase in tourism and more seasonal jobs (PME) yet increased transient population. - Poor location, not near any major cities so less money is invested into the local government so less development of the town

Answer 107

- Due to recession, increased unemployment and poverty means that less people can afford to buy/go on holidays leading to a decline in Minehead’s primary function (NME), peripheral region with little funding - Government is pushing for apprenticeships (Minehead beach hotel took on catering apprenticeships), incentives and financial benefits, increases training, management, hospitality

Answer 108

- Trade between other countries have increased (agreements like EU free trade policies) so cheaper to buy materials from other countries leading to a decreased demand for resources in Minehead causing income in the area to decline (e.g. fishing industry) - Seasonal tourism means that people are more inclined to go to the south of France for better holidays.

Answer 109

- Increasing affluence in the country (and globally) meant more people went on holiday abroad and less went to British seaside coastal towns like Minehead - Better global transport makes it easier for people to go on more exotic holidays (e.g. Eurostar and planes) so less holidays to British coastal towns. - Trade is much cheaper with other countries for materials (like cotton) so declining trade in Minehead

Answer 110

- Once a trading town of raw materials like cotton and fish - Due to globalisation and changes in employment its function shifted to tourism - Tourism declining but attracts retirees for peaceful life

Answer 111

- 2010 Minehead just outside 20% most deprived, 2015 increased to 50% most deprived - 2008 number of crimes committed was 63,561 but in 2015 the number of crimes committed was 41,719.

Answer 112

- Life for the elderly is good as more and more retirees move to the area for its aesthetics and have a larger disposable income to spend. - Student population has moved away to seek non-seasonal employment for a stable income - There is no uni in Minehead so students who seek higher education move away

Answer 113

- Regeneration schemes caused unemployment (and other statistics) to change leading to a more positive formal perception of Minehead as a wealthier and happier place - Increased seasonal employment caused an increase in the population and also impacts the ethnic community position as of an influx in migrant workers become available - Yet, the elderly population were less welcoming to the regeneration

Answer 114

- Environmental surroundings have become derelict, some areas even hit tipping point (Brookwood cemetery areas) - Located very close to London meaning workers move to Woking as it provides a direct train to Waterloo - Good access to other areas by road or train (M25, M3, M5), easy to get to areas like Brighton and Bristol - It has also become a hub town. Bettering infrastructure due to its increased spending. have just gained a £95 million fund from the central gov to further develop infrastructure - the south east plan recognised woking as a regional hub town due to its economic activity and its transport interchange

Answer 115

- Large increase in migrant workers from all over the world due to the attractive perks of the UK (free healthcare, good education). This leads to cultural diffusion across the country inc London. - More commuters are therefore moving to Woking, this pop growth leads to urban sprawl so an increase in high rise property attracting students and young professionals. - They are given funding by the central government - disagreement on he relaxation of the greenbelt laws, 'the flawed top-down targets of regional planning built resentment, and threatened the green belt in many ways' - they have just been given £95 million funding for developments in infrastructure and housing, address inadequacies of the A320 Guildford road and Victoria arch to reduce congestion, this will unlock additional housing capacity for up to 4,555 homes, 42% to be affordable, the widened Victoria arch would facilitate increased railway lines at the station

Answer 116

- International relations have caused the pounds worth to drop. Different events like Brexit have contributed to this. - New trade regulations have been imposed leading to a decline in trade as a trade agreement organisation (like the EU) is more attractive to companies and countries than a stand-alone country like the UK. - Alike most areas, Woking is also trying to keep up with globalisation meaning they are trying to keep up with technology etc. - Some global influences are that there is better communication links and a cheaper access to goods and lastly there will be more immigration into the countries with the hope to start a new life. - TNC’s are attracted to the area due to its relativity to London and accessibility, e.g. WWF’s headquarters, Mclaren, SABMiller, Ambassador theatre group HQ, giving job opportunities - employers from the IT, FMCG and charity sectors well represented and providing highly skilled jobs

Answer 117

- Was once a town for Brookwood cemetery filled with overflow of dead bodies from London - Became a commuter town and gained investment and now holds a commerce and retail function

Answer 118

- Elderly people are more attached to the area and don’t want it to change. They have better healthcare and service available to rising affluence. - Families relocate here for jobs due to companies moving, e.g. SABMiller attracted SA culture, increased migration and cultural diversity - Students receive high quality education and to a higher level due to the abundance of good schools and surrey university. - There will be more jobs available and a wider range which will attract many migrant workers. - Yet, increased population led to overpriced housing so a need for more areas which are less gentrified. - increase in accessibility through improving transport links, shorter transport times - increase in noise and air pollution due to congestion

Answer 119

- More apartments for commuters are being constructed along with new restaurants to attract a younger, professional population to pay more tax so that more money can be invested into services, things such as the Victoria square skyscraper project were proposed in 2014 to attract a younger population (costing around £250 million) - The Victoria square project is popular because it intends to bring a new large M&S, shopping and retail facilities, a 190-bedroom 4-star hotel with conference facilities, space for a medical centre, 392 residential apartments, a local energy centre and new highway arrangements. - However, this caused some conflict with local residents due to large road closers and an increase in noise pollution. Some smaller businesses have been forced to close down to make space for the more affluent companies. It is also close to 2 airports which makes it a good place for businesses.

Answer 120

- Rapid population increase means that more jobs and accommodation are needed. But this increase causes more noise, air pollution and traffic leading to congestion in the commuter town. - It causes house prices to rise leading to a lower disposable income to be spent on the services and businesses of the town. - Also, an increase in higher quality education leading to more young professions, however some students may go straight into work instead of university due to the job abundance.

Answer 121

- West coast of America - State of LA - Informal perception, sunny

Answer 122

- Rates of employment - Inward migration (cultural enrichment, diffusion, erosion, clash) - Low levels of multiple deprivation - Supply and demand forces house prices up, low wage workers can’t afford

Answer 123

- Ex-navy base - Good train links (created to move gold) - Shops to facilitate navy community, starting Murdle’s model of cumulative causation - Stanford university located here, specialised in engineering/technology, navy employed engineer graduates for military systems and aerospace, establishing a potent connection between Stanford and the military - America spends the most globally on military (40%) leading to inevitable investment in a navy base - Stanford industrial port, post war to regenerate income and utilise the brightest employers and accessibility - Migrant workers to man factories as near Mexican border, these can alternate labour shortages - Became internationally recognised leading to cumulative causation and clustering. This can manifest into a hotspot to attract customers, can lead to collaboration or the stealing of each other’s staff. As subsequent effort can create agglomeration, similar, related industries set up nearby - Footloose industries (Silicon Valley)

Answer 124

- Investment opportunities - Large number of unicorn companies (companies worth over 1 billion dollars on stock market) - Great weather (boost morale of workers, vitamin D and outdoor healthy lifestyle) - Good transport links (boat and air) - Best graduates from Stanford (innovative) - Press writing positive news reports vs the cynical views in New York - Tech ‘ecosystem’, good infrastructure, good connections, e.g. broadband. Workers like marketing/lawyers are specialised in high tech industries - Agglomeration and clustering - High risk innovation sparks new business models (people prepared to invest, attracts start-up companies) - Silicon Valley companies, e.g. apple, Facebook

Answer 125

- Social inequality, e.g. homelessness due to regeneration and gentrification San Francisco ranks first in California for economic inequality (average income of top 1% is 44 times the average income of the bottom 99%) - Environmentally damaging - Affluent people leading to drug use being common, increasing dealers, crime and debt in area - Hostility between different groups created - Most citizens display pride and support for their home industries yet drastic market distortions in the bay have created a simmering underbelly of resentment in the region towards tech industries - Despite economic growth reducing unemployment there is now an affordability crisis (e.g. 64,000 new jobs but in the same year only 5000 new homes built) therefore dream of home ownership is beyond the grasp of majority of today is renters - If causal factors like house unaffordability are not resolved, the social stratification will start to resemble countries like Russia where a small elite control a vast share of total wealth - Housing crisis caused by desirability of bay and limited stock

Answer 126

- Neglects measuring/establishing a higher level of local minimum wage and upgrading the vulnerable low-wage service jobs that employ more than 45% of the region - Chronic and concentrated neighbourhood poverty solving this is the backbone of a truly sustainable and resilient economy - First in California for economic inequality (average income of top 1% is 44 times the average income of the bottom 99%)

Answer 127

they dont rely on raw materials and can easily set up near similar businesses and collaborate

Answer 128

Other countries have placed limits on migration for example despite facing imminent labour shortage due to its ageing population, Japan has done little to open itself up to immigration as this bars the countries farm and factories from employing foreign labour. There are also stringent qualification requirements that can shut out skilled foreign professionals. In Japan there’s a web of complex rules and procedures to discourage entrepreneurs from setting up in the country. Civilians also appear opposed to immigration as shown by the 2008 election.

Answer 129

- IPSOS Mori conducts a monthly poll asking people to name the most important issue facing the UK. Immigration ranks consistently among the top five issues. - The 2013 British social attitudes survey found that 77% of respondents endorsed reducing immigration a ‘lot’ or a ‘little’. However, a survey in 2010 showed that much of the UK public support admitting more doctors and nurses from other countries to cope with increasing health care demands as well as care workers to support the burden of an ageing population.

Answer 130

Trade protectionism - Limits trade between countries through tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas and regulations that disadvantage foreign companies compared to domestic ones. - Protectionists believe there is no need for restrictions on trade in order to protect the economy, the standard of living of domestic workers and the dominant culture - Many say that in order to protect the development of early stage businesses, there must be full rigours of free trade protecting cultural identity - some minority groups seek to retain their cultural identity despite increasing globalisation whilst embracing its economic advantages

Answer 131

- clairton is a town of about 6000 people near Pittsburgh and the US’s largest coke manufacturing facility (coke is processed coal for the steel industry) - Clairton is part of a region known as the rust belt. The term refers to a decline in metal manufacturing (once the world’s biggest heavy metal industrial region) - However, its decline has been continuous since it peaked in the 1950s leading to de-industrialisation - In 1950 its population peaked at 20,000 whilst the USA was supplying war-damaged Europe with steel to help it rebuild - Like many American mining and steel-manufacturing towns and cities, Clairton is part of the rust belt- which is located around the great lakes encompassing states like Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Pennsylvania and New York - The term ‘rust belt’ refers to the decline in metal manufacturing, once the world’s largest heavy metal industrial region, with coal mining in the Appalachian Mountains and steel production using ores from Michigan, it’s faced decline and industrial relocation since the 1950’s. - economic restructuring has triggered a spiral of decline which includes increases levels of social deprivation (education, health, crime, access to services and living environment)

Answer 132

- Overseas competition, e.g. China producing cheaper coal and steel - Mining companies have mechanised to cut costs (unemployment) - £5 spent in the north to every £2595 in central London, clear divide in government spending - Lower wage costs in SE-USA led to industrial relocation of the steel and car industries, 80,000 jobs lost here in Michigan between 1993-2008 while 90,000 were gained in Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia and Texas - Global shift due to cheap labour in SE Asia - US coal industries only survives due to government subsidies which cost the US $2.9 billion (in 2014-15) without this US coal companies could not compete globally leading to mass closure creating a negative multiplier effect (NME) - it has undergone economic restructuring from high-wage primary and secondary employment to low-wage tertiary in retail and local which has caused low levels of income and high unemployment

Answer 133

- Population decline and brain drain as people leave to seek high-end jobs elsewhere (Detroit Michigan net loss of 26.6% from 2000-2012) - High unemployment and crime including drugs - Reduced revenue for local councils as consumer spending falls (due to US policy of local sales tax paid at the till) - Low revenue from sales and property taxes to local council as well as little money available to invest in transport infrastructure for commuting and accessibility. - ¼ of high street shops shut/empty - by 2014, 2/3 of Detroit's residents could not afford basic needs like food and fuel and the poverty rate was 38%

Answer 134

- Beattyville, Kentucky is in ‘coal country’ which is a region in eastern central USA around the Appalachian Mountains (Kentucky up to Pennsylvania) near the declining coal industry which has caused many social problems. - One of USA’s poorest towns with majority of its population of 1270 living mainly in trailer homes or log cabins with lots of poverty and crime - Half of families live below the poverty line - 1/3 of teenagers left high school without graduating - Homelessness forced families to live with 3 or more generations under one roof - Knife drug crime based off re-selling prescription drugs meaning drug overdose accounted for 56% of all accidental deaths in Kentucky - Men’s life expectancy was 8 years below US average (68) - Median income was $12,000 when national was $54,000 - 5% of residents have college degrees

Answer 135

- Undergone deindustrialisation since the 1980’s - Around 20,000 people have left the town since 1990 - In 2008, global recession worsened the decline, mainly small-scale businesses and services were forced to close after large chain stores closed, number of customers decreased. - 2015 closure of 551 steelworks in Redcar caused further decline and present another obstacle to successful regeneration.

Answer 136

- Local unemployment is double the national average at 13% - In 30% of the towns’ working age households there is nobody in paid employment - The income of local residents has plummeted, removing the ability to change jobs or move out the area - Middlesbrough contains some of the most deprived wards in the UK, 10% in the bottom 11% of deprived English areas - In one area the house prices dropped to £57,000 compared to the UK average of £180,000 - Life expectancy is low as rented property is bought cheap and may not comply with sanitary needs - Whole streets of terraced houses are bordered up - High levels of antisocial behaviour, and fly tipping has been rising by 10%, dumping of waste affects quality of life and creates health and safety problems - Lack of job opportunities has lowered academic motivation and 1/3 of schools ‘require improvement’ according to Ofsted in 2014 - All these changes put people off from moving in

Answer 137

Qualifications: - Park end in Middlesbrough, 55.8% of people have no qualifications - Redcar is similar Health: - Redcar/Kirkletham, 13.8% of people have ‘very good’ health - Typically, more green areas have better health Employment: - In Middlesbrough 43% of people are economically active - In Redcar/Kirkletham 3% of people are economically active In Middlesbrough, highest crime levels come from ‘violence, sexual offences’ and ‘anti-social behaviour’ (29% and 24% respectively)

Answer 138

- Barriers to housing - Unemployment - Income - Crime rate - Living environment - Education, skills and training - Disability/health

Answer 139

- Located on the coast for exports/imports - On the river Tees, currently the third largest port in the UK, and amongst the 10 largest in western Europe. This port handles over 56 million tonnes of goods per annum which are mainly associated with the local petrochemical, chemical and steel processing industries.

Answer 140

- Terraced housing for workers in the 1960s - Tourist destination due to coastline, diverse industry - Lots of vacant businesses which don’t have investors. This reduces employment and localised spending. with the depopulation of workers it leads to an increase in abandoned property, increasing crime and graffiti - Local services decline as less taxes paid to government. This reduces quality of education and hence qualifications of future generations - People become sad and so take more prescriptions from healthcare making them life-long reliance on services - Over 2000 people lost their jobs due to steel working getting shut down, industrial relocation (global shift) - Contaminated ground has been there for so long. This will cost billions and time to take apart. - Boost to the economy through tourism and new seafront

Answer 141

- 2008 council says Redcar should focus on tourism - £75 million budget from European Development Grant - In 2013 the vertical pier was built, poor decision

Answer 142

- Loss of industry increases unemployment. This can create psychological repercussions within society as people lose morale and family legacy that had been in that industry. - Subsequently, due to a decline in ambition and motivation, people are likely to turn to depression increasing their reliance on medical prescriptions. This drains healthcare funds in the local region, contributing to deprivation. - Moreover, loss of industry increases unemployment can decrease the tax revenue generated from earners in the local area. As a result, this can reduce the money available to invest into services. - Furthermore, loss of industry which increases unemployment can lead to depopulation of workers. This can reduce future investment in the area due to a lack of labour but may also lead to the closing of industry as due to decreased spending they are no longer economically viable. - Alternatively, depopulation of workers can increase immigration to the area, perhaps spurring cultural clashes and social conflict.

Answer 143

- gloomy - dull - boring - derelict - hopeless

Answer 144

access to services: 2007 = 13% 2010= 13% 2015= 10% education: 4.3% have no qualifications, school absence is 7.1% (compared to avg of 5.5% in England), 33.74% have +5 GCSE’s health: 42.9% people say they have very good health, life expectancy is 10 years below average for men crime: 8,666 crimes reported in Aug 2019 and 6,346 in Dec 2010 overall deprivation: 2010: 8th out of 326 most deprived wards 2015: 6th out of 326 most deprived wards

Answer 145

- Areas of a country that specialise in a type of work leading to agglomeration and clustering, e.g. petrochemical industry in the Pearl delta 1) Cheaper land/employment 2) Dump waste in the river Steelworkers to low skills to aspirations are low to poor education to bad health to poor services and to lack of investment

Answer 146

- Terraced housing - Tourism at the local beach - Diverse industry, tourism, coal, petroleum, ship manufacturing

Answer 147

- Large unemployment - No large chain businesses - Small businesses cannot keep up with few customers - No services - Few students - People move away - Increased depression

Answer 148

- 2000 steelworker jobs lost - 3.5 million tonnes of steel per year at peak - Unemployment up - Will cost billions and years to clean up the area (contamination) - £100,000 a week to keep old site safe - ‘Ghost town’

Answer 149

wealthy residential areas that are fenced off and have security entrance systems.

Answer 150

council housing estates that are least desirable to live in and have the shortest waiting list for housing. They are characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation as well as crime, tending to house the lowest income residents e.g. Broadwater farm in north London

Answer 151

The juxtaposition of these two areas exacerbates the inequality between the rich and the poor. Therefore, this may become a priority for regeneration in order to recreate the social stratification of an area whereby high QOL is widespread rather than concentrated with a small few. In rural areas, successful prosperous commuter villages may only be a few miles away from less attractive rural villages, suffering population decline and service deprivation.

Answer 152

Commuter villages tend to have the residential occupations of higher sector workers who earn more and can afford to commute. Despite leading to an unavoidable aspect of gentrification, it can lead to a lack of spending during the day, creating a somewhat ‘ghost town’, depriving local workers of business once more, middle class people tend to live in these areas, driving house prices up often leading to an affordability crisis. In some cases, this can force people into cheaper rural settlements. Therefore, regeneration may happen in order to avoid such a process.

Answer 153

pros: - Bring money into an areas as house prices increases due to a gentrified population searching for privacy, PME - Help prevent house prices from depreciating cons: - Can fracture communities and breed resentment - Increases economic disparity between population so money should be spent somewhere else - Highly competitive property marker due to limited space for new properties

Answer 154

pros: - Typically, large levels of crime - Poor sanitation and so investing will improve sanitation and so there will be less health problems cons: - High levels of economic and social deprivation, investment will have minimal effect - Cheaper property enables less economically wealthy people to be able to afford accommodation, reduces homelessness - Poor informal perception, bad for politics - Limited aspirations so investment may be wasted - Increased living prices may not be sustainable due to the previous inhabitants - Taxpayers may not want their money to be spent on the unemployed

Answer 155

pros: - Cheaper than living in the CBD - By investing it will create jobs and build its own infrastructure and services - Large chances for economic growth - May need fewer services as commuters may not demand as many shops cons: - Often causes gentrified areas with property prices in suburbs - Bad for some small businesses as money may be spent in the city (can be a ghost town in the day) - Restrictions on urban sprawl by environmental legislations, e.g. Green belt land - Less sense of social community as people aren’t there - More pollution through increased amount of commuters

Answer 156

pros: - It will improve the QOL for the local population - Provide employment opportunities - Increases two-way flow and interdependence - Tourism opportunities - Population decline leads to a lack of tax paid to the council - Large amount of abandoned property leading to crime cons: - Quantity of people it benefits is limited in comparison to urban areas. Also, if there is no industry it may be wasted. - Large unemployment due to competitive market dominated by cheaper places (States and Asia)

Answer 157

1) Sink estates 2) Declining rural settlements 3) Commuter villages 4) Gated communities

Answer 158

Gated communities can be the worse to regenerate as it exacerbates the gap between the rich and the poor leading to clear disparities within a region. This can also create a focal point for crime as it is evidently a wealthy area and therefore resentment from poorer communities can lead to it being forgotten.

Answer 159

- mechanisation has led to a loss of farm employment, reduced employment - limited opportunities for employment in rural areas - a downward spiral of services in rural areas as threshold populations could not be met - bright light syndrome

Answer 160

- better employment opportunities in cities - lack of education often which costs leading to selective educating of children (often boys) - natural hazards - lack of healthcare - political influences like corruption

Answer 161

it is the bond between an individual or community and a location, It might be thought of as how much people care for a place. how positive someone feels about a place. this will be determined by their lived experience of it.

Answer 162

how much people participate in their community (at different scales, local to national). this will be affected by their lived experience. the main way of measuring this is through election turnout and support for local community groups (running local allotments, village shops, fund-raising for the local community - election turnout is the lowest in deprived inner cities and higher in wealthy suburbs and commuter belt rural areas, in the UK only 55% of ethnic minorities groups chose to vote - in local elections turnout is much lower, only 36% in the UK 2014 elections

Answer 163

- Volunteering - Voting (national and local) - Participation in protests / voicing their opinions on local matters

Answer 164

- Volunteer rates - Voter turnout - Participation in protests/voicing their opinions on local matters (petitions)

Answer 165

The turnout from general elections is normally higher than local elections. Turnout also varies geographically where it tends to be higher in rural than urban areas. Political engagement reduces as people become more removed from the centre of power- producing voter apathy.

Answer 166

1) age 2) gender 3) ethnicity and length of residence 4) levels of deprivation

Answer 167

Because an older population will have more time to consider and get involved in activities or devote to decisions on elections - 18.7% of Cornwall’s population is aged 65-84, compared to 14.2% nationally so there are more people with time to devote to community activities. Those aged over 60 are also more likely to vote in elections. - Engagement often peaks at middle aged groups of 35-44 (volunteering) This is often because they have children and therefore there is a desire to make it safe and secure. They also have a desire to appear as a well-rounded citizen to act as a role model to their children. - It finds its lowest scale in 20-24 This may be because of a lack of dependence making them more self-centred and selfish. Many are also in Uni during this period making them a transient population. This reduces attachment as they aren’t settled. At this age, naivety often turns to cynicality. - young people may feel less attached due to the use of social media

Answer 168

- more women get involved in community projects than men - more women work part time or not at all - stay at home parent may be more active in the local community

Answer 169

Because people may not feel as much belonging so this will affect engagement, although some ethnic communities have higher engagement in voting if faced by prejudice or exploitation - in the 2011 census, Cornwall had 400 ‘short-term residents’ which meant that engagement with communities is unlikely to develop in such a short time period. - new migrants and students may have a weaker attachment to longstanding locals

Answer 170

Because poorer areas are politically excluded possible due to the lack of education or feelings of helplessness or apathy. - poorer people are more likely to vote as where they have faced prejudice, or exploitation at work - the higher the level, the greater the feelings of marginalisation and the greater the likelihood of disengagement. - those in temporary accommodation or rented housing may feel less attachment than owner-occupiers

Answer 171

- Steep Terrain (460ft at its highest point) - Traditional farming methods (by hand) - Crops such as wheat has died due to drought – hardy crops such as Olives have even suffered. - 35% of the population work in farming - Unemployment in the village is 24% - ¼ of the population has left since 1960 mainly young people leading to a falling birthrate and an aging population. - Village close to plate boundary - 100 of the houses in the village lack basic amenities such as electricity, hot water or indoor toilets. - Poor transport links have prevented development, the roads are steep and in a poor condition. - Aliano is 60km from the nearest large town (Matera) but the roads are so poor that the journey takes 2 hours.

Answer 172

- Little economic activity, mainly since its size is a very sparsely populated town of 1,151 people and most of them being in retirement. - Size of the town is a mere 96 km squared resulting in it not being a very high percentage of Italy and not really a destination targeted by tourists, but more of a family village.

Answer 173

- Function has mainly been farming throughout the years, this hasn’t changed yet the type of farming has due to quality of land in Aliano being awful and so farming of foods, e.g. olives has become increasingly difficult. - Drought hit Aliano meaning traditional crop of olives was completely wiped out. Due to the ageing population, it would be extremely difficult for the elderly population to commit themselves to hard manual labour and re-plant by hand all the destroyed olives of that area - Focus of farming has shifted to Guinea pigs instead as they’re not affected by the climate and aren’t difficult to farm in comparison to olives. - Higher percentage of young people from the south complete a university education than their peers in the north due to the unemployment situation - Professional jobs are few in southern cities thus numerous of the village’s most promising young people move to northern industrial cities like Milan and Bologna

Answer 174

St Ives, Cambridge | - 65 miles north of London with regular train access to cities like London and Cambridge, lies on A14

Answer 175

What has attracted people here? - Affordable housing - Quick journey times - Electrified rail - High car ownership - Clean environment with more green areas so QOL increases - M4 corridor, tech Evidence of change - Population structure has changed from once ageing to more young people - Large proportion are commuters, 25% commute to London - A large proportion of the people are working outside of the town

Answer 176

- New housing developments, e.g. the spires - New exclusive apartments on the River Ouse - Higher income compared to the rest of the UK, can afford to commute increasing demand for riverside apartments - Increasing demand for riverside apartments as a large amount of people want to retire here - More people can afford the rising cost of property - Resistance to building more homes from local residents - Increased of council housing construction - Many do farm building conversions, more luxury conversions - Large number of people want to retire to St Ives - Property value has doubled - The increased use of St Ives railway station

Answer 177

Locally - In 2008, Grampound’s Parish council sought residents’ view about a proposal to build 69 new homes in the village, which was overwhelmingly supported. A third of housing was classes as ‘affordable’ and residents felt that the extra population would help to maintain the village’s services. The developers worked with the parish council on the design and held public meetings to gauge support. Regionally - Plans for a waste incinerator as part of local economic expansion at St Dennis in central Cornwall caused protests (yet was still built). - It was built in Cornwall’s poorest area but created only 7 jobs - People fear its toxic emissions and the loom chimney is considered an eyesore. Nationally - Cornwall council has supported renewable energy. - Wind turbines often cause protests for those who claim they spoil the countryside.

Answer 178

- Government get a lump sum of money - Relieved of time having to be invested to manage it - Leakage as money is now not going to the economy so drains funds - However, private companies will have a large stake in a country’s infrastructure, money also ‘leaks’ to foreign companies. The British government has to get investment in order to regenerate an area because they have sold the majority of their industry - Companies run for profit so quality of overall service may be reduced

Answer 179

- This will improve standards for workers and will mean the gov will have to spend less North: brain drain, inaccessibility, lack of connectivity, poor infrastructure, deprivation - Industry will set up in areas that have a strong infrastructure. Therefore, the government want to make the north more attractive to investment so that it will ‘regenerate itself’. The north is unattractive because it has a poor infrastructure and is a periphery region which makes it hard to access to and connect to, leading to the brain drain effect.

Answer 180

- More spending in the south Infrastructure spending is £2595 per person in London but only £5 per person in the NE - Better social prospects like LE in the south - In the south, there are major arteries outside of London, industries locate here due to close proximity to London (accessibility) yet cheaper land than in central London, M3 and M4 corridor - Widely perceived evident gap between north and south. South is often dominated with metropolitan areas (London). Lack of investment in NE has led to inequalities and lack of labour mobility. - Overcrowding is starting to happen in the south - Cumulative causation - UK gov trying to address this through developing a 'northern powerhouse' which will connect major industrial town and cities in NE and NW - greater economic opportunities in the south and so they invest the most there

Answer 181

- One role local council have in urban regeneration is consulting local residents in order to satisfy the needs and aspirations of them - Another role local councils have is analysing local demographics. This is because by looking at quantitative statists it can often provide an insight to the aspects which most clearly need regeneration. E.g. Sheerwater only 44.3% of students achieve +5 GCSE results graded A-C. Therefore, education may become integral to regeneration. - Looking at what wards are most deprived and in need of regeneration. E.g. Woking is a relatively well-established nice areas so regenerating areas like Sheerwater will benefit it

Answer 182

% working age on benefits Sheerwater: 16% Woking: 8% % students achieving 5+ A-C GCSE's Sheerwater: 45% Woking: 64% % living in rented accommodation Sheerwater: 23% Woking: 8% % population unemployed Sheerwater: 6% Woking: 3%

Answer 183

Decision makers will access data from both qualitative and quantitative sources during a research phase before devising plans for regeneration. Local community groups will provide opinions and lived experiences (qualitative), while government sources such as the national census or IMD will provide measured facts (quantitative).

Answer 184

Qualitative sources explore and develop an appreciation and understanding of the views of different stakeholders on the priorities for regeneration. Different newspapers write from contrasting political slants and they will tend to showcase one particular set of views and ideas. - national vs local newspapers -

Answer 185

Different players have different motivations and act differently when faced with an opportunity for redevelopment. - Smaller-scale stakeholders are often more community-based and cultivate a perception of more ethical activity. - Large stakeholders have to reconcile competing viewpoints with the need to maintain profit margins. - In many aspects of geography, decision-making has to consider different viewpoints, including coastal defences, location of TNCs, use of ‘greenfield sites’ for house building, immigration quotas and mitigation of climate change effects.

Answer 186

- Benefit schemes are almost double for this area compared to Woking (3% vs 1.5%). This means draining local (% working age claiming is 16% vs 8%) economy and hence wants to regenerate. - Most 20% deprived areas in whole country (6000/32,000) - Sheerwater is 61st out of 32,000 most deprived in whole country. - shows that the situation is even more stark in particular neighbourhoods. - A shocking 46% of children are estimated to be living in poverty in an area in Sheerwater

Answer 187

- Maybury’s Asian families ‘living in fear’ of burglaries and ‘drug gangs’ says councillors after firearm incident - Fear of crime blighted the area - Burglaries are commonplace - Woking council was urging people to be more vigilant and look out for suspects - This suggests regeneration is needed to improve QOL 'Boy's electric scooter stolen in Sheerwater Park by balaclava-wearing thugs' - 'systematically left to decline'

Answer 188

- Sheerwater village have positive informal perceptions due to community engagement being part of Facebook group, e.g. a small close-knit environment that holds natural beauty, support and safety - Local people also say they’re again regeneration as people feel force relocation isn’t fair and disrupts the community, they’ve built - Local people deem Sheerwater a haven for activity which houses everything they need from doctors, to schools to proximity to transport like train stations and open greenbelt spaces. They therefore don’t think regeneration is necessary as small improvements have continually happened meaning significant changes are less necessary.

Answer 189

- Apparently least antisocial place in Woking so regeneration not needed due to social connections - Regeneration would remove open green land, and this can affect wildlife patterns - Political impacts, trying to make a traditionally social area/ labour, conservative - Residents there say that Sheerwater is a nice place with all the services needed, they like the green space and accessibility, causing the relocation of residents that have been there for over 25 years

Answer 190

a high-speed railways service that is to go through 18 major cities such as Leeds and Birmingham. It aims to link London and the southeast with the 'northern powerhouse' allowing for greater connectivity. it aims to reduce the north-south divide as the north is somewhat isolated from the economic hub and capital of london.

Answer 191

- (SSSI is environmentally sensitive) - Home to rare breeds of flowers and animals - Chalk rock difficult to build on - Environmentalists will be anti-hydrogen - Compulsory purchase order are mandatory. This means forced relocation for many. People protest due to attachment to them. Neighbours have a sense of helplessness as HS2 now goes past their house, they can’t sell the house now so are stuck.

Answer 192

- Links 18 cities, often halving commuting times - 2/3 of population less than 2 hours from London - People can now commute to London - Destroys peace and tranquillity in urban areas - Disrupts social factors like concentration in schools and peace in local graveyards - In 2011, national consultation over 90% opposed hS2 - Costs between £60-100 billion - Easier to do business on a national scale, attracting both talent and clients from all over the country - Northern cities feel as though they are going through their own unique renaissance and development. They would rather tax breaks to give incentive to companies to relocate there. They know best not those in London.

Answer 193

- Northern cities feel as though the HS2 will make it easier to do business on a national scale. This will help to attract talent from all over the country making businesses more competitive but also clients who may have otherwise been concentrated in the capital, perhaps boosting productivity - Creates over 16,000 jobs for employment. This can boost local income but also national income through increased tax revenue - In the long term, it will establish good connectivity (e.g. 2/3 of population could get to London in less than 2 hours) - This should encourage more investment and regeneration in the ‘powerhouse’ and play some part in reducing the North-South divide.

Answer 194

- Goes through areas which are protected (SSSI). These are home to endangered species of flora and fauna and therefore environmentalists which thrive to protect these areas will anti it. - The Chilterns is also made of chalk rock, so the underlying geology is difficult to build on. This can pose economic issues as it becomes harder and more specialised to build on. - Drawbacks for individuals as the railways will inevitably go through previously established land. In terms of settlements, government can ‘compulsory purchase order’ land which results in forced relocation for many. People may start to protest due to varying levels of attachment and lived experiences to the area. Yet also people may protest due to the long-term implications it has as neighbours who haven’t been relocated now need to live in such close proximity to the railway, potentially diminishing the value of their house and therefore their ability to move. - Disrupts tranquillity of environmental areas and can be an eyesore. - This is likely to be hindered by distinct local identities built up over by decades of industrial growth and decline, demonstrated by rivalries of football clubs like Manchester and Liverpool, and their fans.

Answer 195

- planning laws - permission for fracking - affordable housing - house building targets

Answer 196

- Development plans can have a significant impact on environmental and people’s lives, but decision may be of national interest - the UK gov can affect rate and type of development and can limit the negative impact of development and regeneration of social, economic and natural environment. - fewer regulations are integral to start up businesses and therefore this can help lead to Murdle’s model of cumulative causation and the positive repercussions associated with this as a result - if planning laws are strict it can reduce the ability of an area to regenerate as it is harder to attract workers and industry - conservation areas like national parks have strict planning regulations that limit the development of all but small-scale residential and commercial schemes - In recent years, the government has been attracted by the perceived benefits of fracking, developments the are 'in the national interest' which could add to the UK’s home-produced natural gas supplies and reduce the need for imported gas

Answer 197

UK forced to import 70% of its gas by 2020 so government are loosening regulations for local councils to green light fracking. This would allow the UK to improve their energy security. - . If in a rural area this can influence urban dependency and two-way flow reducing disparities between regions. It can also generate a huge amount of jobs thus helping to create a larger tax revenue in the local area. - . It can also generate a huge amount of jobs thus helping to create a larger tax revenue in the local area. This means the government has more money to invest into further regeneration methods such as house building.

Answer 198

- Getting shale gas can double the amount of energy available to the world - Provides jobs, since 2008, Marcellus Shale has provided tens of thousands of jobs due to fracking - Reduce their dependence on ‘foreign’ energy imports - Fracking allows drilling firms to access difficult to reach resources of oil and gas - Can only happen in certain counties so not all are able to switch to cleaner fossil fuel - Shale gas is less polluting compared to other fossil fuels

Answer 199

- Creates serious leaks of methane that can damage the environment - Uses large amounts of water that is wasted once the process is over - Can cause small earthquakes - Can lead to further drilling into oil wells that only continues the use of more polluting fossil fuels - Large amounts of chemicals used can leak into the drinking water, poisoning local people

Answer 200

- Rapidly rising population means more houses are needed - More engagement with community - Attractive to investment - More housing that is affordable means longer residency - Economic regeneration

Answer 201

- In 2015 the housing minister claimed that 1 million new homes would be needed by 2020. - Lots of housing proposed means industry set up - a clear way of stimulating economic regeneration as it can help to gentrify an area attracting a more affluent population and ensure the threshold population is met in previously rurally isolated areas and therefore that services will stay open. - It can also lead to increased funding and local spending further contributing to a positive multiplier effect. - Inevitably, the building of new houses also fuels the construction industry leading to more jobs and therefore a greater tax revenue in the area to lead to further regeneration - Industry set up to access workers living in these houses - Increased tax payed to local area

Answer 202

- The only hub airport, need to enhance the economic benefits - Connections and convenience are vital to UK’s attractiveness as an inward investment destination, near to where over half of all European companies’ headquarters, along M4 corridor - Create more jobs, 76500 workers there already, positive multiplier effect - Create £7 billion each year to the economy - Lack of expansion would affect London’s position as a trading capital of the world, lose out in business competition and tourism

Answer 203

- Already very successful, money should be spent elsewhere (only smaller airports) - If expanded, fewer people would be going to the smaller airports, wealth becomes more dominated in the south of England near London - Would enhance the brain drain, more jobs, don’t look very far out, economy concentrated around SE of the UK - Increased air and noise pollution, reduces quality of life in the area, economic intensive area - Difficult to achieve zero net emissions target by 2050, 700 more planes would be in the plane each day, Heathrow already generates 50% of UK aviation emissions

Answer 204

- Expansion will create many more jobs as there will be more passengers and so this will significantly contribute in economic value to the surrounding area - the arrival of private jets into airports like Luton (29,000 business het movements per year) supports well paid technical jobs as many services can be provided for a price and this in turn boosts the local economy, expansion will only increase the benefits as there will be more business flights - Increase accessibility of the north as means FDI and industry can locate here and do business from here more easily as it is more accessible. This can spark Murdle’s model of cumulative causation releasing an abundance of positive multiplier effects.

Answer 205

- The airports face too much competition from big airports in London and struggle to attract passenger business so expansion will not prove as beneficial and profitable - There are many more profitable uses for the land that the airports have access to, for example housing or industrial development - Many regional airports are popular because they are smaller, it is less busy, security is faster and the whole flight process is quicker. The expansion of regional airports could disrupt this, this will only work if people from the region can still experience the benefits of a small airport as this is what they love.

Answer 206

- Made it easier for companies to locate to the UK and for foreigners to invest (e.g. Hinkley point by Chinese SVF) - Gives companies rights and information to set similar establishments up in domestic countries - It encourages an open door policy and the free movement of people into the UK which leads to a larger workforce to alternate labour shortages but also a potentially higher skilled workforce as with new culture comes new innovation and ideas

Answer 207

- ATM, financial regulation has been made tighter, banks can no longer do as much risky business, some banks like HSBC therefore threatened to move to Asia. The UK gov therefore decided in 2015 to halve a proposed banking levy. - TNC’s are good to a point. As they’re footloose they can locate anywhere and so can begin to manipulate the government to prevent them from moving abroad. This limits and influences UK regulations. - Yet FDI can lead to leakages as profits go abroad. It also drives prices up reducing ability to invest from UK companies - allowed for foreign people to buy property, in 2016, the guardian estimated that 40,000 London properties were owned by offshore tax havens, these properties may not be lived in or even rented, housing shortages

Answer 208

(want to get the best migrants only) - Establish immigration controls and freedom of movement after Brexit - Introduce an Australian style points-based system which treats all migrants equally regardless of their origin - EU citizens to wait five years before accessing benefits and to pay an NHS surcharge - Introduce ‘start up visas’ to attract entrepreneurs as well as an ‘NHS visa’ that would make it easier for doctors and nurses from around the world to work in the UK Effect on regeneration: - Regulations to make it easier for specialised workers to migrate to the UK more effectively. This would reduce the need for regeneration to attract workers. - Reducing freedom of movement would likely reduce overpopulation and driving house prices up reducing need for regeneration. - Yet, it may lead to a shortage of workers meaning the threshold population isn’t met in certain areas - Doesn’t provide migrants to fill low-skilled jobs therefore less tax payed

Answer 209

(they adopt an open-door policy) - Protect the right of 3 million EU citizens in the UK - No fixed cap on not migration - An immigration system based on the needs of the economy and communities and a flexible work visa system - Compensation for victims of the Windrush immigration scandal Effect on regeneration: - Yet high levels of workers may attract FDI as reliable workforce to man factories, reducing need for government led regeneration - Migration based on the needs of the country so flexible to attract investment - Maintain high domestic population may lead to shortage of housing and services, increasing the need for regeneration - No fixed cap could cause unemployment due to over competition leading to deprivation

Answer 210

(want to keep immigration but be more controlling) - Create a new two-year visa for students to work after graduation - Remove the minimum income requirements for spouse and partner visas - End indefinite immigration detention by limiting a 28-day limit - Resettle 10,000 unaccompanied refugee children in the UK over the next 10 years and expand family reunion rights Effect on regeneration: - Attracts highly educated professionals who can trigger high-risk innovation. This gives confidence to investors reducing need for regeneration. - Regulations on spouse and partner visas encourages more couples to move rather than individual immigrants. This can reduce number of singular properties needed, reducing need for housing schemes - Ideas to resettle refugees’ places strain on services and housing, increasing the need for regeneration - Asylum seekers remain unemployed for 3 months increasing unemployment and therefore deprivation

Answer 211

- The open-door policy led to migration of workers into the UK (poles are 2nd largest ethnic group after Indians) - Many Indians as it was a former British colony establishing a strong connection - Some poles returned home (1.2 million stayed and gave birth to 21,000 children in 2012 alone) - In 2004 eight European countries joined the EU, this was to boost the economy - In 2007 two more countries joined - Slough and Corby are the fastest growing in the UK

Answer 212

- Australia and japan are examples - Limit migration of workers - No free movement of people - lack of trade through the restricted borders

Answer 213

- Good infrastructure - Connectedness - Low corporation tax - Skilled workforce (tertiary/quaternary/quinary industry) - Good broadband

Answer 214

1. Enterprise zones 2. science Cambridge park 3. The golden triangle 4. investment in infrastructure, good broadband, increased connectivity and transport links, e.g. regional airports

Answer 215

- Large geographical areas - Provide tax breaks - Low start-up tax - Attracts FDI - Causes local gov to invest in specific resources for particular industries leading to clustering and agglomeration - Causes local gov to build housing for new workers - Industrial estates encourage secondary industry - These offer a range of incentives such as decreased taxes in the area, superfast broadband and good infrastructure. Because of this, businesses have a greater attraction to the area and therefore are more likely to locate there.

Answer 216

- Up to 100% business rate discount worth up to £275,000 per business over a 5-year period - Simplified local authority planning, for example through local development orders that grant automatic planning permission for certain development within specified areas (e.g. new industrial buildings or changing how existing buildings are used) - Government support to ensure that superfast broadband is rolled out throughout the zone and if necessary public funding - 100% enhanced capital allowance (tax relief) to business making large investment in plant and machinery on 8 zones in assisted areas - As they are often around former industrial areas, there is plenty of opportunity for investors, both domestic and foreign investors

Answer 217

- Often driving force of local economies as they unlock development sites, consolidate infrastructure, attract business and create jobs (19,000 jobs to sites across the country) - More than 2000 trainees and apprentices are benefiting from zones, tackling local skills gap - A business rates growth generated by the enterprise zone is kept by the local enterprise partnership and local authorities in the areas for 25 years to reinvest in local economic growth - National government actively unblock any barriers to delivery in each area, such as department for transport support on transport infrastructure. Defra support on addressing environmental issues and UKTI (trade and investment) advise on marketing zones to international investors - This therefore leads to cumulative causation

Answer 218

- Help to attract more FDI into the country and are bringing jobs and business across England - The 24 zones report that they have now attracted £2.2 billion of private investment and more than 500 new businesses - Businesses are clustering around centres of excellence in key sectors such as financial services, biosciences, digital and creative industries, advanced engineering, automotive and renewable energy

Answer 219

Founded by Trinity College in 1970 making it the oldest science park in the UK. It is a concentration of science and technology-related businesses.

Answer 220

- Has strong links with the nearby university of Cambridge, providing a highly educated workforce to attract investment and to facilitate the type of industry located here - People living and working in Cambridge are amongst the most highly qualified in the country with 46% of Cambridge residents educated to degree level, compared to 26% nationally. - Cambridge is a city internationally renowned for its world leading university, high-tech cluster and its ability to foster and develop a culture of learning and innovation. - Situated less than an hour from London by rain, 25 mins from Stansted airport, the home of Cambridge airport and on the A14 and M11, Cambridge is easily accessible by road, rail or air

Answer 221

- In 2005, the Cambridge Science Park innovation centre opened and allowed early-stage companies to grow and flourish according to their particular circumstances. New buildings/offices have also been built attracting further investment. - UK universities were encouraged to expand their contact with industry with the objective of technology transfer and to increase the payback from investment in basic research and an expansion in higher education in the form of new technologies. Therefore, due to Trinity’s long tradition of scientific research and innovation the idea sparked. - In the 1970’s, many located here to be close to the Uni but as UK subsidiaries of multinational companies started to locate companies grew in numbers - This led to the clustering of technologies and hi-tech companies (e.g. Philips). By 1999, there were 64 companies employing some 4000 people. - Usually have links with gentrification of counter urbanisation.

Answer 222

- Provides specialist facilities and technology transfer expertise to R&D companies across a range of sectors - Support R&D companies from start-up to floatation (placing company shares on the open market) - Encourage the clustering of high-tech R&D - By creating a central hotspot for certain industries like high tech it can lead to a variety of processes like clustering and agglomeration. - There are attractive in improving the efficiency of a business in that area and therefore this will often increase investment, both domestic and foreign

Answer 223

- Jagex (videogaming) - Huawei (phones) - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) - Toshiba Research Europe (computers)

Answer 224

similarities: - result in regeneration - attract FDI - agglomeration and clustering - good infrastructure - attract inward investment - local gov are involved differences: - enterprise zones are bigger - science parks are for niche industry - enterprise zones are more influenced by central government

Answer 225

- Local governments compete, over competition means too many incentives are provided meaning it isn’t lost effective to facilitate a business or industry, e.g. tax is so low that there is next to no profit - If local authorities offer too many incentives, economy benefits less - Manufacturing employs greater quantity of people but better sector employment which pays more tax in science parks - If TNC’s are footloose they can start to manipulate the economy choosing enterprise zones which offer the best incentives

Answer 226

The Golden Triangle is a term that was initially used to describe the grouping of elite, highly-funded universities located in the southern English cities of Oxford, Cambridge, and London - Life science is the 3rd largest growth sector economically - One of the world’s leading concentrations of biotechnology and life sciences - The institutions within receive some of the highest research incomes, funding and grants from the UK government - Increases business growth

Answer 227

are any association of individuals or organisations, usually formally organised with shared concerns that attempt to influence public policy in its favour (e.g. Woking against skyscrapers), Sheerwater residents association, Minehead development trust

Answer 228

protection of workers (e.g. NUT), teachers, train workers etc. If areas are destroyed through investment (e.g. HS2) trade unions will oppose this. They may also be concerned with the type of employment coming to an area, must satisfy their regulations - This can lead to conflict as they all have different priorities. E.g. no change vs change. Residents feel they lack control over situation so wants to have a say - Trade unions want to make sure employment to an area is appropriate and doesn’t lead to the forced relocation/unemployment of local workers

Answer 229

1) A lack of political engagement and representation - local councils have less attachment to the area and tend to care more about economic gain, may not acknowledge individual needs 2) Ethnic tensions - they have different priorities 3) Inequality 4) A lack of economic opportunity

Answer 230

as a result of inequality in income. This can affect peoples access to the housing market and this means that new housing developments can result in conflict. through gentrification it will lead to increased housing prices, not pleasing all residents - inequalities that exist already mean there might be resentment if the regeneration does not directly benefit local people e. g. King's Barton urban fringe (Winchester) redevelopment caused conflict as the scheme to build affordable housing was contested by affluent members of the city as they were building on Greenfield sites

Answer 231

For example, the regeneration in Haringhey, London plans to build 10,000 new homes around Tottenham FC. This could lead to a loss of religious diversity if the churches created by the African Caribbean community are lost. This is because many of the population of this ethnic group will have to move out when as they cannot afford the new homes.

Answer 232

Urban 1) retail (liverpool one) 2) heritage tourism 3) sport and leisure (Olympic park) 4) arts and culture (landmark cultural buildings) rural - use of infrastructure to drive economic growth (HS2) - use of technology-led enterprise to attract new investment and economic opportunities (Cambridge science park) 3) farm diversification 4) sustainable rural livelihoods (kielder forest)

Answer 233

- Personal investment, people deciding to move to the area to live or study - Business investment, companies deciding to set up there, both of these, in turn attract visitors and more investment, think MMCC - In an increasingly competitive market, you need to make your area stand out. To do this you need to rebrand both image and perception (formal and informal) - to make an area more attractive for potential investors

Answer 234

The media used in reimaging has to suit the cohort of people you’re trying to attract, e.g. social media for young people, leaflets for elderly - positive news stories and public relations during regeneration not get an area known - advertising in newspapers and online - the use of logos and slogans to project an image to the outside world, this has become especially important in our media-obsessed world What media is used to reimage? - The internet - TV - Magazines - Social media and the rise of the celebrity (Instagram) - Twitter - leaflets

Answer 235

- gentrification may occur if it is due to the introduction of TNCs , meaning that house prices will rise and residents will be unable to afford accommodation, local residents will therefore be pushed out of the area, reducing the close-knit community - an increase in unemployment, leading to increased deprivation, more benefit schemes costing the gov, lower localised sounding due to lower disposable income and so local businesses will suffer

Answer 236

- leads o the brain drain effect as people move for higher sector jobs, prevents investment due to the lack of qualified workers available, increased amount of poverty leading to it becoming a declining region - it is normally their main source of income and so it will e solely structured for this industry, lots of investment needed to relive the area, likely to have poor infrastructure, so there will be lower gov revenue and so less investment in services so reducing QOL

Answer 237

- studentification - General ageing of population through the increased life expectancy achieved through improvements to healthcare - Arrival of immigrant groups - New employment opportunities encouraging internal migration

Answer 238

- deindustrialisation - conversion of villages into commuter dormitories - decentralisation of services from CBDs

Answer 239

- part-time/full-time - temporary/permanent - employed/self-employed

Answer 240

- Informal settlements - High incidence of crime, particularly burglary and robbery - Conflicts between residents, social segregation

Answer 241

- It uses relevant and reliable data, mainly derived from the national census. Data are available for very small areas and therefore it is possible to detect small pockets of deprivation. - it is based on several indicators which means that it is a good representation of the poverty in the areas as it incorporates seven different domains: income, employment, education, health, crime, accessibility to housing and services and the living environment - it includes both indoor and outdoor environmental quality as part of the living environment deprivation domain

Answer 242

It is a device for capturing, storing, checking and displaying spatial data by computer. Because it is geospatial, it can show layers of data on one map and by so doing helps in the analysis and understanding of distributions and relationships. Maps can be superimposed to show how a place has changed over time.

Answer 243

- Increased segregation - Widening differences in the life expectancies of rich and poor - Lack of engagement - Increasing inequality of access to education and healthcare

Answer 244

- The term was first coined in the 1980s in the USA. It referred to the once powerful manufacturing belt running from the Great Lakes to the Midwest. - It was a major centre for steel production and vehicle making. It fell into catastrophic decline, largely as a result of the global shift, automation and free trade. - Today the term is used when referring to an area that is experiencing all the problems associated with large-scale deindustrialisation.

Answer 245

- Through regeneration it will lead to not only an improved quality of housing and opportunities (commercial and social services) for the area but will also increase environmental quality through the removal of graffiti and abandoned properties. - They also have a high incidence of crime and addiction to drugs and alcohol. - There has been unwillingness to invest and upgrade

Answer 246

replicators tend to maintain a reputation for low-skills employment. they have failed to transition into prospering industries after deindustrialisation and so face more job decline than job growth, e.g. burnley

Answer 247

they are areas that have managed to move away from low-skills employment and gain a larger share of knowledge-intensive jobs after de-industrialisation. e.g. London

Answer 248

Racial discrimination (ethnicity) Regeneration (change) Political influence Social and economic inequalities

Answer 249

what people feel when ‘pushed’ by the dominant core culture

Answer 250

an extreme form of marginalisation when people’s access to services and opportunities is severely restricted

Answer 251

the process of physical segregation based on income inequality

Answer 252

unemployment good health levels education

Answer 253

- Government ‘colour’: there may be differences in policy between Tories and Labour in terms of willingness to invest - Global economic climate: chances of attracting external investment - National priorities: national infrastructure or employment vs local issues

Answer 254

- placing limits on building on Greenfield sites - limiting the amount of skyscrapers in a set area - Housing is an important component in many regeneration projects. - Planning laws and permission for fracking are another critical development today. Fracking could help regenerate some areas. - Laws can be used to control the location and scale of development- place marketing.

Answer 255

The regeneration of London as a global financial hub. Foreign banks were encouraged to set up bases there.

Answer 256

- areas that have experienced regeneration and an addition of well-paid jobs will experience large amounts of immigration - Young adults and their families help to counteract the UK’s ageing population structure. They provide labour that matches well the skills required by the UK. - Through their employment they swell taxes. Their concentrated presence in towns and cities can also trigger regeneration. - an improvement in services such as healthcare and education would attract immigration from poorer countries seeking abetter QOL for their children

Answer 257

To attract inward investment to provide much of the funding for regeneration. To provide a solution to a local issue of problem.

Answer 258

- a lack of engagement would lead to some opinions not being considered, won't be inclusive - The lack of consensus about the nature of the proposed regeneration. - Investment returns are deemed to be inadequate- deters investment.

Answer 259

Chambers of commerce (represent local businesses) - they persuade local and national governments to invest in infrastructure and skills training Trade unions - to represent workers in particular industries over issues like pay and conditions - Trade unions may be concerned about the type of employment coming to an area, it must satisfy their regulations, they want to be sure that employment in an area is appropriate and doesn’t lead to the forced relocation/unemployment of local workers Heritage and conservation societies (horsell common preservation society) - responsible for lobbying to protect environmental areas so they will counter regeneration if it disrupts the natural environment, e.g. congestion, destruction of previous greenbelt land Local government Residents associations- try to protect their area as they feel regeneration may disrupt the existing social stratification as rising house prices may lead to the forced relocation of many. the residents often feel they have a lack of control over their situation so want to have a say in regeneration to improve this Local political parties

Answer 260

- They could be divided on the basis of whether regeneration is necessary- division between those who claim that the existing situation should be left as it is and those in favour of some form of intervention. - Tensions over the exact form of intervention. - opposed on views of large developments, those focused on economic gain (local gov) vs those who want a peaceful life with limited congestion (local community) - preserve environment vs seek change - protests by residents of clay lane housing cooperative which was compulsory purchased in 2007 to make way for olympic site developments - few jobs went to local people, whether temporary or permanent

Answer 261

``` Retail-led= Liverpool Sport-led= Olympic Park, Stratford Technology-led= Cambridge science park Heritage-led= Bronte country Rural diversification = Cornwall Tourism = Cornwall ```

Answer 262

Tourism can thrive on several resources such as fine scenery, the coast and heritage. The remoteness of the area gives it character, it can be seen as a positive thing. However, it is not appropriate for all rural areas, for example inland areas of high agricultural productivity.

Answer 263

The media can contribute largely to making sure the public is well informed about a specific regeneration project. They can do lots of campaigning for or against a project. They can also purvey the new hoped-for image.

Answer 264

In urban areas the image is easily changed by rebuilding and new layouts. It is normally easier to find funding for urban projects as they possible return a higher return. the rural areas are less connected and accessible with sometimes limited infrastructure.

Answer 265

No two regenerations are exactly the same, even though they may be led in the same way. Time is an important factor. It is unlikely that the projects were undertaken at the same time therefore comparison is of limited value if different lengths of time have elapsed since completion.

Answer 266

This relates to how individuals or groups of people improve and sustain the quality of their lives. It might also involve a rising of relative status within a given society.

Answer 267

1) to reduce air pollution levels, this in turn improves people's health 2) Housing amenities (water supply, sanitation) 3) Accessible social services (education, healthcare) 4) to create spaces for people to walk, play and practise sport, which in turn could lead to healthier, more active lifestyles a good example of environmental improvement is seen in the regeneration of Stratford, where contaminated groundwater as removed, rivers and canals were cleared and green space was created - they also created new homes for 2800 people from the accommodation for athletes

Answer 268

quality of life is usually measured using a composite index. the uSwitch Index combines housing affordability, energy costs, broadband availability, average incomes, crime rates and other measures to rank UK regions

Answer 269

it refers to people's feelings and perceptions, and their shared beliefs, traditions and ways of life. it can create sense of community and feeling part of a wider group of similar people

Answer 270

- High rates of employment - Inward migration (internal and international) - Low levels of deprivation however economically successful regions are not free of problems (overpriced property prICES, congestion of roads, skills shortages)

Answer 271

it is a hard-to-stop loss of jobs, people and tax revenues that leads to further losses and greater decline.

Answer 272

- Segregation of different socio-economic groups, property damage and violent crime - Health issues: either because of lack of wealth, access to care or more deliberate lifestyle choices - Higher infant mortality and shorter longevity - Status competition, which drives less-affluent people into debt to keep up with a peer group practising a higher level of consumerism

Answer 273

- Language barriers, especially among recently arrived immigrants - Lack of trust in politicians, strongest among the young and some ethnic minority groups - Feeling that one has no influence, strongest among minorities - Lack of belonging to a community giving a feeling of isolation.

Answer 274

- leads to demographics mainly around young people, services adapt to them, they are a transient population, leads to large fall in in pop in seasonal periods - Affects larger urban places, like Leeds, Nottingham and Southampton. - Concentrations of transient, exuberant youthful groups who may have little regard for surrounding long-term residents have forced some local authorities to try and restrict the number of houses of multiple occupation. - 50% of homes around St Marys uni are student homes

Answer 275

- The government are under pressure to build more homes due to national house-building targets and in 2015 the housing minister claimed that 1 million new homes would be needed by 2020 - the UK has a shortage of homes and very high house prices, average house in London is more than £450,000 - the housing shortage in the UK meant there was a shortage of about 500,000 new homes by 2016 - however planning laws like greenbelt policy have made it very hard to achieving the house building targets - Lack of ability to build new housing can prevent economic development and regeneration by limiting the opportunities for new people to move into an area.

Answer 276

immigration - large scale immigration from the EU especially since 2004 contributed to an increasing pop from 59 million in 2001 to 63 million in 20011 - open-door immigration may have economic benefits but it also creates demand for new houses second homes and holiday homes - there are few restrictions in the UK on people buying houses to rent out - in some rural areas a large percentage of houses may not be available to the local people

Answer 277

Councils draw up plans, called Unitary Development Plans, which identify: - areas for new housing - new roads and other major infrastructure - areas for commercial development, i.e. factories, offices and retail Such plans aim to create environments that are attractive to both people and businesses (UK-based or foreign investors) and therefore create a successful place. This means planning has to provide a range of spaces such as: - retail parks and shopping centres - business parks for office functions, and industrial parks for manufacturing and distribution

Answer 278

Liverpool - in 2014 liverpool was the sixth most visited UK city by international visitors, showing that the Beatles' heritage in particular has an international dimension heritage - Regenerated the 60-hectare historic dockland site (Albert docks) into a maritime museum, shops and apartments, in 2004 the waterfront became a UNESCO site - - By utilising the industrial heritage it means that they keep their old and traditional features, maintains the history of the area whilst regenerating it in order to attract investment from TNC’s - through the historical areas being renovated in order to make them safer and more accessible, it allows for the history of the area to be sustained. culture - in 2008 they were the european capital of culture, leading to an investment of about £4 billion in arts and infrastructure - Reimaging changed the image of the area to a hub for music and visual arts, a tribute to Beatles through the renaming of their airport to John Lennon airport, attracting more tourists retail - A new commercial heart created, office blocks, income coming in - Created 160 new stores, city regenerated as Liverpool ONE, a £900 million shopping and leisure hub living - Liverpool was made into a more inclusive social environment in contrast to the 1981 race riots.

Answer 279

this refers to rural areas that no longer make most of their income from food production and other primary sector employment like forestry, fishing and quarrying - these areas are harder to rebrand due to their (relatively) isolated locations, it is hard to attract visitors here - this means they often focus on quite a narrow 'brand' to attract a particular type of visitor rebranding them can be done through: 1) farm diversification/specialised products (Cornwall) - This is the finding of alternative sources of income instead of farming, for example barn conversions, farm shops, leisure activities and tea rooms - This allows for an area to have a more sustainable amount of income, not relying on the weather-dependant crops or the reliance of buyers - This allows a farmer to use their natural environment in order to diversify and bring in more money and visitors - many farm shops now sell Cornish products such as pasties, Cornish cheeses and handmade ice cream - lobb's farm shop turns in £700,000 a year - increases sources of income for the area, not dependant on the weather dependant agriculture 2) literary associations (Bronte country) 3) heritage 4) outdoor pursuits and adventures (Kielder, observatory for dark skies, walking, fishing, 350,000 visitors annually) - utilisation of the natural environment - Kielder water and forest park has been rebranded as the largest forest in the UK - Kielder is a very remote village in Northumberland, large coniferous plantation built and a 11km reservoir - It attracts 350,000 visitors annually through walking, fishing, birdwatchers, stargazing and mini golf

Answer 280

- the area inspired books like withering heights and Jane Eyre - in 2002, a £2 million project started to update the identity of the area and attract many tourists, led by the Bronte country partnership - Village of Haworth, the Bronte’s birthplace has become a hotspot for tourists as preserved 19th century textile stone houses and cobble streets remain. The village of Saltaire is now a UNESCO world heritage site.

Answer 281

population change - demographic growth indicates that areas are popular and people are moving in - between 1961 and 2001 Liverpool's pop decline by over 200k people but in the 2011 census it showed an increase , the first growth in 50 years - after the city was european capital of culture in 2008, 85% of residents felt the city was a better place to live in economic regeneration can also be measured through income, poverty and employment - liverpool ONE created many jobs - as much as child poverty fell from 34.7% of children in 2006 to 32.5% in 2011, the England average was 20.1%

Answer 282

successful - High employment in highly-skilled jobs - Good access to service and leisure activities - Low levels of deprivation - Lots of investment from TNC’s - Good governance unsuccessful - High unemployment - High levels of deprivation, presence of sink estates - Poor environmental quality (litter, graffiti) - Lack of accessibility - Outmigration

Answer 283

- it is often tailored to accentuate their perception and suit their target audience. For example, media in the news may be negatively manipulated to provide a more interesting story for the reader in a hope to sell more copies as the business is run for profit. Subsequently, this may focus excessively on crime levels in the area providing a disproportionate image of how dangerous it actually is. - Alternatively, due to low levels of attachment people may base views purely off local demographics rather than positive biases. Therefore, due to its stark contrast to the surrounding area it implies regeneration is needed. - Yet, residents are likely to have a positive view of the area not advocating regeneration as they will have often had a positive lived experience and therefore high levels of attachment. This may also be fuelled by a fear of forced relocation and a disrupt of the existing social stratification encouraging a positive perception to deter regeneration. (e.g. Sheerwater Facebook group presents a great sense of community spirit. - national vs local newspapers - the author who writes it, political ideologies and views

Answer 284

- The UK plays a central role in investing into infrastructure as it is responsible for national funds and therefore can decide which areas are most worthy of funding. E.g. investing into projects such as HS2 to try and connect the north and south, where to allocate funding - Central government also influences investment into infrastructure such as airports, on both a wider but also regional scale. - On a more localised scale, government is responsible for defining house building targets and therefore investment into infrastructure on an individual scale

Answer 285

- It maintains growth as it can help to spur overseas investment (e.g. through the deregulation of capital markets there is a range of incentives open to investors) - Policy on immigration can also help to maintain growth as it can attract a skilled workforce to alternate labours shortages meaning industry works more effectively - Gov policy had a proportionate influence over accessibility. For example, HS2 and regional airports makes the north an easier place to locate in. this can spur growth through attracting investment.

Answer 286

1) local government, in conrwall they invested £550,000 on investigations into the A391 to improve links and encourage the establishment of a new centre of community, this led to the area being more easily accessible and so aided the future investors coming into the area, Eden project However: often the local government base success around economic gain, they have different perceptions of the area and so this can come to the detriment to the local community, the large number of people they have allowed to enter into the area for the eden project, aerohub and university has led to lots of congestion 2) environmental stakeholders- the kielder water and forest part development trust are committed to local engagement with local communities and people who are keen to see the forest’s development, they developed the largest man-made lake in northern Europe, resulting in them being voted the most tranquil place in England, tourism industry of £706 million to the local community However: the development of the woodland has led to environmental repercussions, increase in congestion and little leading to greater pollution which can damage the environment 3) stakeholders in people- education, e.g. the combined universities project has led to a decrease in the level of brain drain taking place, students are staying in the area, studentification has taken place, services suited to them, improving the local economy through their spending and the qualified students that are generated from the education services However: this has led to a change in perceptions in the area, the elderly are feeling excluded, services no longer adapted for them, shifted perception of cornwall as a calm rural environment, loss of sense of community due to lower engagement of the students

Answer 287

1) deindustrialisation- liverpool - closure of industry, contaminated land, no real function - spiral of decline - in 1980s they were badly affected by industrial decline with high levels of crime and vandalism and led to high levels of deprivation - lack of retail and commercial industry, increasing competition from other areas - when the docklands went out of their function and land became derelict as tech continued to improve and so Liverpool declined rapidly - In the 1960’s Liverpool was the third most visiting shopping centre in the UK and by 2002 it had dropped to 17th however: this affects both urban and rural areas 2) social factors- stratford - high levels of deprivation, one of the most deprived communities in the UK, high crime levels, low motivation, low aspirations, poor health, sub-standard standards of living - high levels on benefits, low tax revenue, fewer job opportunities - in the 2001 census, east London contained some of the UK’s poorest areas - poor health levels However: smaller scale, environmental spans across the whole region 3) physical context, isolation- cornwall - they had very poor transport links, felt very disconnected from the capital, no investors due to poor location - 5 hour drive to London, not ideal for operating national or international businesses, far from the UK’s core economic area, 20% of cornwall’s working age pop earns less than minimum wage However: this is only applicable for rural areas, in regenerating an area of physical isolation it is very difficult to regenerate the area without arising conflict with the local community, changing services leading to changes in perceptions

Answer 288

1) allocating funds successfully to certain regions - using both qualitative and quantitative data in order to identify areas that are most in need for regeneration - identify areas of decline and opportuntity - e.g. cornwall- EU provided £50 million for regeneration However: this is also heavily reliant on how areas use this money, redcar’s vertical pier was unsuccessful 2) privatisation - the UK doesn’t have sufficient money to invest and so by allowing private companies to control these industries it would allow for FDI to keep these industries afloat, e.g. Hinkley point nuclear power large investments from china However: leakage as money is now not going to the economy so drains funds, not all will be invested into the area 3) they want to make areas appealing to attract FDI - investing in infrastructure, greater connectivity and accessibility - attracting TNCs to the area - HS2 project to connect the north to the south, reduce inequalities between the areas, make them attractive for investment - airports However: relocation of communities, clashes, not sustainable, invest in their new areas

Answer 289

1) tourism attractions through diversifying economy, bronte country, their use of heritage and culture, kielder forest man made lake, however impact on environment negative 2) investment in services, education and apprenticeship opportunities in aircraft related industries, cornwall’s aerohub, educated workforce, good labour, sympathetic business environments 3) science parks, cornwall science park, 750 jobs, agglomeration and clustering attracting footloose companies, however this doesn’t address the root problems, they need to have qualified people to take these jobs - the relaxation of planning laws, national house building targets

Answer 290

Stratford 1) westfield shopping centre provided over 2000 jobs for the area, take out of spiral decline, fewer on benefits, rise in tax revenue and therefore reinvested into the community, positive multiplier effect However: many jobs were taken by people out of the area, didn’t necessarily benefit the local area, didn’t achieve its aim, under half the jobs involved are local people 2) east London tech hub, unicorn companies installing in the area leading to agglomeration and clustering of tech companies, increase in revenue, high managerial jobs, higher disposable income spending in the area However: housing deprivation, gentrification has led to an increase in unaffordable housing, forcing people out of the area, reductions in terms of economic deprivation but increasing in housing deprivation 3) the increase in leisure facilities, Olympic stadium homing west ham football club, the velodrome and lee valley hockey club, generates lots of money, opportunities for reductions in social deprivation, greater engagement, local participation However: environmental deprivation, increase in population and commuters has increased co2 emissions

Answer 291

1) stakeholders in the local community - in Stratford the venues were sited on a former industrial estate, where 207 companies employed 5000 people- all of whom were compensated to move 2) environmental stakeholders - concerned about the amount of dereliction due to the closure of the docklands, the queen Elizabeth Olympic park has cleaned up and re-landscaped the whole area. - new wetlands now form part of the park and breeding boxes and nesting sites have ensured rising numbers of species such as bats and birds 3) stakeholders in people- education, New university designed to specialise in sport technology increases qualification and job opportunities and greater skilled workers to attract business. (6.2% more of the educated population are qualified), leading to decline in outmigration and so services are sustained

Answer 292

1) stakeholders in the local economy- developers such as urban splash and Liverpool vision have worked within the ropewalks partnership to refurbish historical buildings as luxury settlements and establishing an active residential community 2) UNESCO- through naming the waterfront a world heritage site due to its historical importance, it now has 4 million visitors a year due to city of culture and world heritage site, large role in its success 3) stakeholders in people- education, Liverpool uni has created ample opportunity for younger generations and has created an educated and innovative population to perhaps facilitate growing job opportunities, however services now benefitted to younger pop

Answer 293

- it can be difficult to create a successful masterplan that satisfies all of their varying priorities, this can lead to indecisiveness in finalising a plan - if an area int united in its desires it may also reduce the funding invested into the areas as it si likely to be used less effectively - can lead to overall reduction in the quality of the regeneration scheme as instead fo planning one v successful method , actions may be placed to lessen some areas in order to gasify others

Answer 294

improvement in the living environment - levels of pollution reduced - reduction in abandoned and derelict land

Answer 295

- Social media allows you to suit the cohort of people you’re trying to attract, through this it will make the area appear to be one with engagement through the organising of local events through social media - Leaflets and posters in the area make the area appear to be engaging and open to change, through the engagement this shows, it will attract investors as it implies that through investment they will utilise the new services and bring back to the economy

Answer 296

- It gives them a reason to stop by, business visitors who may be attending a conference or sales trip - Outdoor pursuits attracts visitors who are wanting an outdoor adventure, perhaps Londoners wanting a trip to the countryside, through the presence of outdoor pursuits and the status as the UK’s largest forest it means that international visitors will come here in order to see what it has on offer

Answer 297

- The presence of higher sector jobs, reduced primary sector - Increased tourism - Higher amount of TNC’s - Congestion levels, noise and air pollution - Sustained costs of housing

Answer 298

- the meaning and the live experience of a rural place | - the impact of change on both the reality and image of that place

Answer 299

``` business visitors regeneration: - make the area accessible with high quality infrastructure, offering convenience facilities (woking) reimaging: national awards, TV promotion ``` ``` young people regeneration: - retail and leisure/ shirts facilities (pubs and restaurants) reimaging: - social media and university aid ``` ``` new high-tech industry: regeneration: - tech ecosystem, good broadband, good infrastructure which is highly accessible, clustering and agglomeration can easily take place, science park reimaging: - national awards ``` ``` international travel companies regeneration: - high quality infrastructure that is extremely accessible, e.g. airports with rail links reimaging: - national awards/International awards ```

Answer 300

(BIGGEST REIMAGING FOCUS) stratford: the host of the 2012 olympic games liverpool: UNESCO world heritage site, capital of culture cornwall: aerohub kielder: the most tranquil place in England, won gold to be officially recognised as the best tourism experience in the country