Globalisation COPY Flashcards

Question

explain the effect of the shrinking world

Answer 1

the physical distance between places remains unchanged but new technologies reduce the time taken to transport goods/people/communicate information

Answer 2

- telephone and the telegraph - broadband and fibre optics - GIS and GPS - internet - electronic banking

Answer 3

- core technologies for communicating across distance - allowed for better global communication - reduced mobile phone costs expanded usage from an expensive business tool to an essential consumer product

Answer 4

- since the 1990s, enormous flows of data are converted across the ocean floor through the use of fibre optics - fibre optic cables has allowed for instant, global communication

Answer 5

satellites continuously broadcast position and timer data to users throughout the world, it has become an essential feature fo cars and has led to the success of google maps

Answer 6

- connects people and places across the globe - 40% of the world's population have access to it. - social media has led to the rapid spread of news, knowledge and opinions - the development of social media has led to space-time compression were the cost of communicating over distance has fallen rapidly, so people can communicate regardless of distance - social networks have allowed people to communicate instantly and without charge

Answer 7

the ease of transferring money abroad - digital economy is worth $1.5 trillion - investment, links between other countries - in real areas, fishermen and farmer use mobiles to check market parties before selling produce - e banking allows migrants to transmit remittance sos money back to their own home countries

Answer 8

it has the role of lending money and giving grants to the developing world to fund economic development and reduce poverty. - most of the world bank's funds come from the world's financial markets by selling world bank bonds to investors - it has 189 member countries who share ownership, the US has a controlling voting interest - they encourage free trade by removing legal restrictions and capital controls along with adopting structural adjustment programmes to reduce government budget deficits. it involves government spending cuts, privatisation of state-owned firms and opening up to foreign competition - since 1947, they have funded over 12,000 projects - the WB provides low-interest loans, interest-free credit and grants. it focuses on improving education, health and infrastructure - it has helped developing countries develop deeper ties to the global economy but has been criticised for having policies that put economic development before social development.

Answer 9

- aims to maintain a stable international financial system and this promotes frees trade and globalisation - their funds come from quota subscriptions paid by member states and loans. quotas are pooled funds of member nations and the size of a member's quotes depends on its economic and financial importance in the world - it is made up of 189 member countries - since 1945 the IMF has worked to promote global economic and financial stability and encouraging more open economies, and encourage more open economies through trade liberalisation programmes and opening up to FDI - as of January 2012, the largest borrowers from the IMF in order were Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Romania and Ukraine) - the IMF has been criticised for promoting a 'western' model of economic development that works in the interests of developed countries and their TNCS

Answer 10

- an international organisation that works to reduce trade barriers (both tariff and non-tariff) and creating free trade leading to an increased movement of goods and increased interdependency - their funds come from the WTO's regular budget, voluntary contributions from WTO members and cost-sharing either by countries involved in an even tor by international organisations - the WTO has 164 members. in addition to states, the EU and each EU country in its own right, is a member. members that have joined after rate original members were the result of negotiation - a series of global agreements have gradually reduced trade barriers and increased free trade, latest round of talks in 2001 in Doha are seeking to reduce tariff on agricultural products - since the creation of the WTO, the world has experienced a significant increase in trade volumes and both the stock and flows of FDI have expanded considerable at the same time

Answer 11

an amount of stock that is agreed that can be brought into a country in a set time period

Answer 12

high level of quotas, import/export tax, tariffs, protect American trade - is a way for a country to try protect itself from foreign companies investing in their company

Answer 13

when you make more money on the exports that you spend on your imported good

Answer 14

when you make more money on importing than exporting

Answer 15

- composed of 28 members - they aim to a political and economic organisation and it operates a distinct political entity with its own parliament and laws - it is the largest free trade bloc in the world today - holds 500 million people and 20% of global GDP - the issues it faces are: the euro not being used in all countries, migration and open borders, brexit - it guarantees the free movement of goods, capital and people

Answer 16

- its aim is to allow free trade between countries - it is made up of 3 countries: USA, Canada and Mexico - it has allowed for free flow of goods and encourage migration between countries - the issues it faces are that USA is the dominant country which can cause conflict and trump wants a wall

Answer 17

it causes a natural movement if people, which will inevitably lead to a further increase in migration leading to cultural diffusion

Answer 18

when large groups of people from similar backgrounds (e.g. ethnicity, religion, race) locate next to each other

Answer 19

it will lead to cultural diffusion and cultural enrichment as it means that the local council can cater to the needs of the population

Answer 20

the EU | ASEAN

Answer 21

they have contributed to globalisation through the promotion of free trade policies and FDI. these include: the WB, IMF and WTO

Answer 22

- if a foreign firm is located abroad, for exporting you will have to pay tax, as seen by apple when delivering to the UK - the higher the export tax, the less investors - trade blocs aims to remove these barriers between countries involved - the very nature of trade is orchestrated to disadvantage poor countries (frank's dependency theory)

Answer 23

- a free trade area with 10 members with a population of 625 million - association of south East Asian countries - encourages free trade between countries and encourages FDI - china is an affiliated member of this trade bloc, they didn't want to damage their economic power, they negotiated a deal in order to get preferential conditions, benefit rom cheap china exports - ASEAN pledged to remin nucelar weapons free in 1995 - it has allowed the movement of skilled workers - one may question the success as 80% of trade happens outside of ASEAN countries

Answer 24

1) bigger markets (but no extra cost)- uk companies like Tesco have benefitted by expanding into other EU countries and sourcing their good at the best price from within the 28 member states 2) national firms can merge to form TNCS- TNCs can compete globally but they need large domestic markets to generate economies of scale. increased sales leads to lower relative production costs and so higher profits and consequent investment. Vodafone became the world's largest mobile telecommunications company in 2000 by merging with Germany's mannesmann. 3) protection from foreign competitors and political stability- in 2007 the EU blocked £50 million of Chinese-made clothes from entering the UK because the annual quota had already been filled. the idea is to limit the import of cheap goods to protect domestic manufacturers, this brings trade blocs political stability

Answer 25

1) los of sovereignty- a trading bloc is likely to lead to some loss of sovereignty (the ability for Govs to make their own decisions). the EU not only deals with trade but also with human rights, greenhouse gases and consumer protection 2) interdependence- because trading blocs increase trade among participating countries, the countries become increasingly dependant on one another. a disruption of trade within a trading bloc may have severe consequences for thee economies of all participating countries. 3) compromise and concession- countries entering a trade bloc must allow foreign firms to gain domestic market share, sometimes at the expense of the local companies. they do this in the expectation that their co summers will benefit from better products and keener prices, as well as in the hike that their firms will expand abroad. 4) cultural erosion- cheap uniform products across the bloc replace more expensive local variants

Answer 26

- British gov have liberalised their economy leading tp a large increase in FDI - this has led to our dependency on china for a lot of funding that occurs, they have invested a lot in our nation, including in carry wharf - they are making part-shares into UK companies, we are a poor nation - it has led to a lot of leakages happening in the UK - Chinese and Qatar's SWFs own much of Canary Wharf - china has made an £800 million investment in the airport city Manchester airport

Answer 27

it is a group of countries that agree to reduce trade barriers between them. they promote free trade between members, increasing economic globalisation

Answer 28

- it allows economic specialisation where the outcry focusses on production of certain goods/services it can produce most efficiently, lowering production costs - globalisation reduces self-sufficiency and increases interdependence- mutual reliance on inputs from other countries

Answer 29

1) joining trade blocs 2) free market liberalisation 3) privatisation 4) encouraging business start ups

Answer 30

specialisation - countries specialise in goods being produced which have a competitive advantage and trade these products for other members' specialisms - firms producing a country's specialisation become TNCs as they sell outputs through the bloc

Answer 31

- this involves promoting free markets and reduces government intervention in the economy - competition between firms leads to innovation and lowest cost production - It means ending the monopoly provision of some services like telephones, broadband, gas and electricity, so you can choose your supplier based on quality and price. - It has created competition in once restricted markets. - Foreign competition can be encouraged by removing legal restrictions on foreign ownership and removing capital controls, allowing inflows of FDI (and outflows)

Answer 32

- this is where state-owned companies are now privately owned, allowing companies to take over important national services such as railways - Since the 1980s many governments have sold of industries they once owned (so-called 'nationalised industries) - In the UK the steel, car, electricity, gas and water industries were all state-owned but are now privately owned - However, many governments still own big slices of industry, even in big countries like France. - It may increase efficiency as the profit motive minimises loss (government reluctant to sack workers, leading to higher labour costs) - Permitting foreign ownership allows an injection of foreign capital through FDI, introduces new technologies and promotes globalisation.

Answer 33

- encourages people to set up business by offering financial incentives, especially in areas that are seen to be globally important growth areas such as ICT development, pharmaceuticals or renewable energy. - gov.uk website provides info and guidance - regional grants to economically-disadvantaged areas especially with unemployment - volunteer mentors - tax reliefs - it creates innovation and competition in new production techniques, erodes excess profit of monopolies, lowers prices and increases household PP.

Answer 34

- large amounts of FDI coming in, china have invested lots of money in UK projects and businesses, benefits the economy thus leading to an improvement in services - it may increase efficiency as the profit motive minimises loss - through the sales of industries to foreign countries it has led to the flow of people into the UK, increased cultural diffusion, cultural globalisation, westernisation happening in home country

Answer 35

- lifting restrictions on the way banks and companies operate has led to increased competition in once restricted markets, thus benefitting the economy's FDI - it means ending the monopoly provision of services like telephones, gas and electricity, leading to the ability for customers to choose their suppliers based on quality and price, more reasonable prices - foreign competition can be encourager by removing legal restrictions on foreign ownership and removing capital controls, allowing inflows and outflows of FDI, globalisation - competition between firms leads to innovation and lower cost production, promotes globalisation

Answer 36

- where legal restrictions on foreign ownership and capital controls are also removed, foreign new businesses will be attracted to start-ups, promoting globalisation - the increased amount of businesses through the gov's incentives has led to a boost in the economy, attractive areas are created, improved QOL - it creates innovation and competition in new production technologies, erodes excess profit of monopolies, lowers prices and increases household PP, more spending on local services - through the help and aid given to business start-ups it will attract many people to become entrepreneurs, escape from poverty and therefore aesthetic appeal of areas improved, improved motivation and less reliant on benefit schemes

Answer 37

a financial injection made by a business into another country's economy, either to build new facilities or to acquire or merge with a firm already based there

Answer 38

- increased economic and cultural globalisation - regenerate derelict areas facing counter-urbanisation - increased flow of ideas, cultural diffusion, glocalisation - investments in projected allows for areas like the north to become more accessible (HS2)

Answer 39

horizontal FDI- investments in businesses like those the investing company runs. for example, Starbucks opening a new outlet in a foreign country. vertical FDI- refers to any investments into businesses that fit somewhere in the investing company's value chain, e.g. BMW investing in a parts manfuacturer in Poland conglomerate FDI- investments in business unrelating to the investing company's core business, e.g. a real estate company opening a restaurant chsim

Answer 40

- during the 1950s, 60s and 70s many people were against FDI and saw it as exploitative (paying low prices for resources, low wages to workers, demanding low taxes and polluting the environment.) - by the 1980s, attitudes towards FDI changed, Instead they viewed FDI as positive, creating new jobs, better paying than the existing alternative (e.g. subsistence farming) with reliable wages and better working conditions, which introduced new technology and were reliable tax contributors.

Answer 41

an industrial area, near a coastline where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs. they are focused on a particular industry. these conditions include low tax rates and exemption from tariffs and export duties.

Answer 42

- SEZs leading to the clustering of TNC's leading to agglomeration, this then leads to the trickle down effect, benefitting the area. - SEZs are used by some countries to attract FDI, spreading globalisation to new regions - Successful SEZs need good infrastructure, close proximity to trade routes or emerging markets, minimum bureaucracy and rule of law (contract security, minimal corruption, freedom from crime and violence.) - they are tariff and quota free, allowing manufactured goods to be exported at no cost - Taxes are usually very low, and often there is a tax-free period of up to 10 years, after a business invests.

Answer 43

- it was created in 1978 after the death of Chairman Mao - rural farmers were given land could run it for profit - there was a huge surge of rural to urban migration (300 million people) - exports soared from $2 billion in 1980 to $200 billion in 2000 - SEZs were created and by the 90s, 50% of FDP was created in them - by 2006, China was receiving $60 billion in FDI per year - cheap rural migrant workers created the 'workshop of the world'

Answer 44

- FDI from china and its TNCs is predicted to total US$1.25 trillion between 2015 and 2025 (of this, over $100 billion is for the UK) - china agreed to export 'more rare earths' minerals to other countries in line with a WTO ruling - foreign TNCs are allowed to invest in some sectors of China's domestic markets, including its rail freight and chemical industries

Answer 45

- google and facebook have little or no access to china's market (instead, Chinese companies like Youku provide social network services) - china's government sets a strict quota of only 34 foreign films to be screened in the cinema each year - there are strict controls on foreign TNCs in some sectors, China's government blocked Coca-Cola's acquisition of Huiyan Juice in 2008

Answer 46

they are grants given by governments to increase the profitability of key industries

Answer 47

- Govs may provide subsidies to attract FDI, e.g. a subsidy to cover relocation costs, payment per worker, etc. - WTO usually prohibits subsidies to domestic firms as this acts as a trade barrier- the government payment allows a firm to accept a lower market price, undercutting the price of imports - WTO may accept a subsidy for FDI, e.g. in SEZs as this promotes trade - through gov subsidies they can increase globalisation as through the financial injection, firms can work on a more global scale. it increases consumption so the firm can expand, leading to economic and cultural globalisation

Answer 48

- it causes an increase in the amount of consumption and increases output, this in turn results in the business' profits going up through the economic boost - it prevents the long-term decline of industries such as fishing and farming. this sustains the culture these industries bring to areas, the increased competition implements risks to the smaller industries - it can be used in order to reduce unemployment in an area by investing into the creation of new jobs. this in turn will benefit the economy through the reduced amount of sink estates

Answer 49

- it is very expensive, the government would have to raise a significant amount of tax revenue - there is an argument that when a firm receives subsidies, it reduces incentives for firms to cut costs. so it is argued that firms should only be given subsidies if there is a clear social benefit, e.g. developing an environmentally friendly technology - difficult to measure success when they receive subsidies, hard to see whether the subsidies have positively affected to area to make an informed decision about their future implementation

Answer 50

the degree of globalisation can be measured using indicators and indices an indicator is a measure of an individual aspect of globalisation, for example the amount of FDI an indice may be composite indicators, combining several indicators - each component indicator is expressed as a percentage KOF index A.T Kearney index

Answer 51

- produced annually by the Swiss Institute for business cycle research - its a composite index which combines 24 indicators spread across three categories: 1) economic globalisation (FDI figures) 2) social globalisation (tourist flows) 3) political globalisation (trade and agreements) - you use the 24 variables and give it a score out of 100, comparing the new scores with previous scores dating back to 1970 - it shows the economic globalisation has risen faster than political or social globalisation - in 2016, the Netherlands and Ireland topped the list

Answer 52

- trade flows will not include informal economy flows, will understate degree of globalisation in developing and emerging countries - choice and weighting of indicators is value of judgement and may contain cultural bias - fewer missing or estimated data is increasing accuracy and comparability

Answer 53

- produced annually by the AT Kearney management consulting firm - it uses 12 indicators across 4 categories: 1) economic integration (trade and FDI flows) 2) technological connectivity (no. of internet users) 3) political engagement (level of aid, international organisations) 4) personal contact (tourism, remittances) - index value calculated for each inductor based on its relative position on the scale with highest value scoring 1.0 and lowest 0 - FDI, internet usage and international traffic telephone weighted double

Answer 54

- only includes 62 countries, though these include 84% of the world's population and 96% of global GDP - first published in 2008 - heavy weighting given to ICT community, enables the USA to gain a high index score despite low political engagement in terms of treaties signed

Answer 55

the architects of globalisation

Answer 56

by the creation of trade blocs, removing international barriers, changing government policies to encourage economic liberalisation, including removing capital control and legal restrictions and creating SEZs

Answer 57

- there has been a change in social structuring, before there were much less coffee shops and more pubs, they drank more alcohol - Starbucks have shifted social interactions, more of a coffee culture - linguistic globalisation has come from this, they are interacting with American businesses - westernisation has led to greater aspirations, they have adopted a better work ethic, increased profitability of businesses - increased carbon emissions from the flow of goods

Answer 58

china embraces economic globalisation but not social and cultural globalisation as they have a communist approach

Answer 59

- lack of money to invest in infrastructure, cannot have interdependence, can't trade (economic), no telephones or airports (cultural), poor infrastructure and low literacy rates makes it unattractive for offshoring FDI - high level of government debt, can't embrace foreign companies, e.g. Senegal, cannot afford to purchase imported goods - dependency on one industry (natural resource curse, commodity cycle) and so cannot be interdependent, this is when they specialise their industry on one of their natural resources , bananas in windward islands, risky - poorly developed transport and telecommunications infrastructure

Answer 60

- Govs have complete control over the country and do not allow movement into or out of the country (N Korea) they do not want to encourage capitalist views - unstable governments (fight due to different groups) as a consequence of Neo colonialism, e.g. the Sahel region, this is when you give back countries independence partly because we didn't have the money to subsidise, when the UK colonised indigenous tribes they broke up and separated them, this leads to the lack of TNC investment and reliance on NGO's for aid - lack of investment by governments in infrastructure - corruption (Zimbabwe under Mugabe)/ organised crime (drug groups organised by the gov)/ terroism - excluded from trade blocs (North Korea due to human rights, African countries' 'African Union' isn't good) / not allowed to trade fairly/ disadvantaged in trade

Answer 61

- Arid conditions, Sahel region countries have a semi-arid climate and so agricultural exports are reliant on a good rainy season - desertification as getting rid of trees reduces transpiration and evapotranspiration, this reduces the amount of clouds and therefore rain desertification has been due to overpopulation as more grass is eaten, also deforestation, THIS MEANS: there is a reduced amount of available land area for producing agricultural exports - trees give shade (cool area), no infiltration due to baked ground, flooding, no shade for cattle, no building materials - climate change has led to differing weather patterns, more extreme climate, heatwaves, - lack of natural resources (e.g. discovery of coltan) - landlocked countries, difficulty for trade, no airports, travel through other African countries - isolation from markets

Answer 62

- outsourcing - global production market - offshoring - glocalisation - investment in new markets

Answer 63

- this is the process where a firm contracts with another company to obtain goods or services from it - outsourcing is more flexible than offshoring as the TNC can quickly shift supplier if a cheaper source becomes available - apple outsourcing to Foxconn, very poor conditions - outsourcing leads to the production of global production networks and reduces costs for the firm, allowed through economic liberalisation

Answer 64

- this is the process of moving part of a company's own production process to another country, e.g. building a new factory in china, where wage rates are lower especially to SEZs in asian countries - made possible fro economic liberalisation, e.g. china - reduces costs as wage rates as lower, tax rates are lower, less environmental regulation

Answer 65

- this is the process of adapting brands and products to suit the local market conditions, such as taste, laws or culture - some TNCs sell identical 'authentic' products in all countries, e.g. Louis Vuitton handbags

Answer 66

- improvements in transport technology - trade blocs - economic liberalisation

Answer 67

- breaking into the American market, through seeing celebrities used their products, used in series - free market liberalisation - opening new outlets in another country increases revenue for TNCs

Answer 68

1) walmart 2) stat grid corporation of china 3) china national petroleum corporation

Answer 69

- they have been accused of exploiting workers in developing/emerging world by paying them low wages - outsourcing jobs can lead to job losses in the home country - local cultures and traditions can be eroded by TNC brands and western ideas

Answer 70

the relocating of the global economic centre of gravity to Asia from europe and North America , over the last 30 years

Answer 71

- improvements in transport and communication, plus the lowering of trade barriers and economic liberalisation, opening up to FDI - labour-intensive manufacturing was attracted to Asia by the large pool of workers willing to work for low wage rates

Answer 72

- the GDP is growing at a faster rate in the east than in the west - chin has maintained its very high GDP growth rates and Indonesia has seen a very steady growth rate, highlighting the lack of globalisation - the world's GDP growth rate saw a large fall in 2009 due to the housing crisis in America, leading to the global financial crisis

Answer 73

1) service and admin jobs moved mainly to India, such as Bangalore. - close links to the Uk, speaks English - 24 hr service, time zones 2) manufacturing jobs went to China - cheap labour, quicker, transport links, government incentives (SEZ) - no human rights in china, exploit people

Answer 74

benefits - investment in infrastructure - reductions in poverty - increased in urban incomes - better education and training costs - the loss of productive farmland - an increase in unplanned settlements - pollution and health issues - land degradation

Answer 75

China has invested heavily in its infrastructure: • It has the world’s longest highway network • Its rail systems links ALL provinces and cities • Its HRS has doubled in length in 10 years linking its major cities • Shanghai’s Maglev is the fastest commercial train (268mph) taking 8mins from the CBD to the airport • 82 airports have been built since 2000 (now 250 in total). 8 of the world’s top 12 airports by freight tonnage

Answer 76

* 300 million Chinese people are now considered to be middle class (pop of the USA!) * Sales of consumer items have sharply risen – they buy more TVs and Laptops than Americans * Between 1981 and 2010 the number of people living in poverty reduced by 680 million * Extreme poverty has reduced from 84% in 1980 to 10% in 2016 * Remittance payments have decreased rural poverty .

Answer 77

* Education is free and compulsory in China * 94% of Chinese over 15 are literate compared to 20% in 1950 * In 2014 7.2 million Chinese graduated from university – 15 times higher than in 2000. * THIS WAS A PLAN BY THE GOVERNMENT – CREATE AN EDUCATED AND INNOVATIVE WORKFORCE! * Spending still varies between rural areas (£2200 to £300)

Answer 78

* A 2015 survey carried out by the WWF found that China’s vertebrates had declined by 50%. * The UN has identified the Yellow Sea and South China sea as the most degraded marine areas on earth. * 36% of forests are facing pressure from urban expansion

Answer 79

* Economic growth and slow population growth has led to urban incomes rising as pay has increased. * Urban incomes have increased by 10% a year since 2005. * In 2014 the average urban income had risen to $9000 a year. * The urban workers also receive good terms and conditions – 40hour working week, overtime payments and paid holidays * There is a big and growing urban / rural divide.

Answer 80

• Rapid industrialisation and then urbanisation has created a need for more housing resulting in an increase in informal homes. • An increase in land process has made affordable housing hard to find. As a result two types of illegal housing are now common: o Expanded housing in villages close to the edge of cities. Villagers add an extra storey to their house and rent it to migrant workers o Farmland is privately developed for housing without permission

Answer 81

* Over 40% of China’s farmland is now suffering from degradation. * Industrial emissions are creating acidic soils in the south. * Land clearance for industry has led to deforestation. * Over-intensive grazing has created degradation and then desertification

Answer 82

• China has coal, oil and metals such as iron ore but not enough. • Supply cannot keep up with demand so the Chinese government are having to seek additional resources o Amazon rainforest cleared for soy production o Venezuela is being exploited for oil o Coltan mining in Congo • This search for additional resources is creating widespread environmental degradation

Answer 83

* China’s air pollution caused mainly by coal power stations is so bad that many cities have regular pollution alerts * 70% of China’s rivers and lakes are now polluted. 207 tributaries from the Yangtze are so polluted they cannot be used for irrigation let alone to drink. * 100 cities suffer from extreme water shortages and 360 million people don’t have access to clean water. Tap water in some areas has 80 out of the 101 forbidden toxins under Chinese law. * A third of the Chinese population breathes in air that would be considered unhealthy by US or European standards, the outdoor air pollution that china is exposed to has led to just under 300,000 deaths, 20 million cases of respiratory illness and therefore a health cost of around 3% of GDP annually

Answer 84

* China’s rapid industrialisation has led to an increasing loss of farmland * Most farmland is lost due to pollution. 3 million hectares (the size of Belgium) has been polluted by heavy metal. * Farmland close to rivers has been taken out of action due to the risk of pollution from fertilisers and pesticides * Rapid urbanisation has created a loss of farm workers which has decreased production * Overproduction in some areas (Loess plateau) has created desertification and a further loss of productive land. * Rural farmers are 40% more likely to suffer from liver cancer due to their exposure to heavily polluted land and water.

Answer 85

* China is expected to spend another $19bn USD on the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau brindle which is already 19 miles long, it follows and crosses the Pearl River Estuary, with two artificial islands and submarine tunnels to allow travel underneath the busy shipping route * China spends more on economic infrastructure annually than North America and Western Europe combined, with an infrastructure spending of $28tn USD predicted for 2040 they show no sign of slowing down * Studies show that this investment is not wise however and is generating more problems than it is trying to solve, on average there has been a 31% overspend on these infrastructure projects (Saïd Business School) * Many of the projects have been in vain as there have been major traffic shortfalls after completion, of up to 40%

Answer 86

* 60% of biodiversity in China has been lost since 1972 * Socioeconomic development in China has led to an uncontrollable urban sprawl which is eating through china’s dive rest forests, especially on the East coast * In 2011 alone 2140 of species listed in the CITES index were in danger of extinction * 90% of china’s grasslands and 40% of its wetlands have sustained significant deterioration and the area of undisturbed primary forest has decreased by 50,000km sq. annually * Estimated economic losses caused by environmental damage range between 4.5-18% of GDP

Answer 87

* The pollution occurring in China has had detrimental effects on child development, including reduced foetal and child growth and developmental impairment. A study by the health effects institute found that unhealthy levels of pollution led to roughly 852,000 premature deaths in China in 2017. * One of the positive action’s china has undertaken in fight against the pollution and health problems is through the banning the selling of leaded gasoline in 2000. Since then, studies are shown that children’s blood levels have decreased significantly, especially in younger children who have had less exposure to atmospheric lead. * The government only spend 5.5% of their GDP (as of 2014) on health, thus limiting the progression in improving the effectiveness of their aims to improve health * Much of China’s growth has been powered by coal due to the very low cost however it is highly polluting, with coal still accounting for 59% of china’s energy consumption in 2017 * Beijing’s air pollution is often exacerbated due to weather patterns, topography and the proximity to polluting industries. To the south and east of Beijing is a large concentration of coal-burning industries. Pollutants from factories in these areas are often carried by winds into Beijing and trapped there by mountains in the city’s north and west. * According to a 2015 report by RAND, health problems and lost labour productivity due to air pollution reached 6.5% of China’s GDP per year between 2000 and 2010. * A 2018 study from the Chinese university of Hong Kong estimates that the equivalent of $38 billion of revenue is lost yearly due to early deaths and lost food production as a result of air pollution.

Answer 88

* Over the past 40 years the number of people in China living below the international poverty line has dropped by more than 850 million * China created employment opportunities for 2.59 million people in china and established more than 30,000 poverty alleviation workshops, helping 770,000 registered impoverished people get employed in areas close to their home. * China plans to eliminate absolute poverty by 2020. * China has contributed to over 70% of the poverty reduced across the world, making itself a country with the most people lifted out of poverty in the world.

Answer 89

* From 2000 to 2018, disposable income per capita in China increased by around 600% for urban and rural households alike * In 2018, the annual per capita disposable income of rural households in china was around a third of the income of urban households * Wage growth for high-skilled workers has slowed from a peak of 20.3% in 2007 to 8.6% in 2014 * China now has more billionaires than in the US, producing 568 compared to the US’ 535 * The number of high net-worth individuals has also risen, doubling between 2010 and 2014, according to a report from Bain and Company

Answer 90

* The environmental protection ministry has estimated that 12 million tonnes of grain are polluted by heavy metals every year * The loss of productive farmland is causing concern as to the future of china’s food security, with the prediction that 300 million to 400 million people will move to the city within the next 30 years. The predicted share of urban residents in china’s population from 47% to 75% would require the clearance of land for residences, roads and other infrastructure * The main causes for the deterioration of productive farmland is due to inappropriate farming techniques and industrial pollution * The loss of productive farmland resulting in the reliance on foreign mega-farms is unwanted because a plot of land is a form of social security for the 850 million registered rural residents * Only 7% of farmland is arable land. This is emphasized through the overuse of fertilizer, intensive grazing and the reliance on biomass for rural energy. * China is eating more and more meat due to the growing wealth of its population, leading to increased farmland being used for cattle. This is a less productive way of using farmland. 70% of China’s corn is used to feed livestock rather than the population.

Answer 91

* Due to the loss of farmland for those living in rural areas, China has seen a large amount of rural-urban migration occurring however due to the lack of housing (more so affordable housing), they are forced into illegal settlements * Through the prediction of 300 to 400 million people scheduled to move to the city in the next 30 years it puts an intense strain on the availability of housing for the migrants. Due to the fact that they have lower incomes than in urban areas they may be unsuccessful in adapting to the higher-valued accommodation, leading to the increase in informal/illegal settlements

Answer 92

* The costs of actions to address land degradation in China due to land use and cover change is equal to about $24.5 billion. * More than 50% of the total cultivated land has experienced land degradation * The costs of cropland degradation for the three crops: wheat, maize and rice is estimated to be about $12 billion annually. * With just 7.2% of the world’s cultivated land area, China needs to feed 22% of the world’s population and so the land degradation that is present within China is one that causes a large risk to the future of food security of China. * Rapid urbanisation and population growth along with unreasonable human utilization of natural factors has caused degradation of 5.392 million km squared of land, accounting for about 56.2% of the total national area. * According to the national forest resources survey, the ripe forests decreased by 49% during 1981-1988.

Answer 93

* HOWEVER, to ease environmental strain, China has adopted measures including massive tree-planting and coral restoration campaigns, reducing the amount of illegal wastewater discharge and treating polluted rivers * China is perhaps the largest source of overfishing and illegal fishing globally with only 9% of the 4.1 million tonnes of fish that is caught off the coasts of other countries being reported for * China has become both the largest import of timber and the largest importer of stolen wood. An estimate says that as much as 20% of Chinese imported wood is illegally sourced. * In Myanmar, a very active Chinese logging area, they have seen forest coverage drop from 60 percent in the 1970s to only 20. Percent in 2013 * China represents a third of the world’s total usage of minerals, fossil fuels and other primary materials * It consumers 4 times as much resources as the US, the second-biggest user * The amount of resource consumption per capita rose form 31 percent of the world average in 1970 to 1.62 times the world average in 2008, with the sharpest rise happening after 2000.

Answer 94

* Through the increased number of migrants arriving in the cities, there are fears that government spending on schools in rural areas will be neglected, leading to them not being properly prepared for higher education * Investment in education accounts for about 4% of total GDP in China, in 2009 the Chinese government passed a compulsory education law, making nine years of education mandatory for all Chinese children. The ministry of education estimates that over 99% of the school-age children have received universal nine-year basic education * China has the largest education system in the world. Over the past few years, the number of international students who study abroad in china has significantly increased. * “rural migrants skills development and employment project”, supported by the World Bank has been implemented in three provinces in China. This project is focused on furthering vocational training to help rural migrants find better jobs, increase incomes and improve working conditions.

Answer 95

- unemployment, double the national average at 13% - depopulation leading to lack of engagement - increased gov spending from the security needed to supervise the area, £100,000 a week for security, lack of money for community - cost billions to clean up, strain on gov, can't build houses, 10 metres down to get to good soil, all contaminated - low skill-set, skills focused on steel industry, can't find new employment - Local services decline as less taxes paid to government. This reduces quality of education and hence qualifications of future generations - £80 million to help those in unemployment become re-skilled to get jobs

Answer 96

- derelict land which is highly contaminated - vandalism, burglary, travel communities - to decommission and decontaminate the area it could cost more than £1bn, decommission means to take it out of service to then decontaminate, this takes a long time - derelict land that is highly contaminated leading to leakages in the soil that corrupts food chains - due to the commission of the site, many compounds have decomposed into the air where offshore winds blow the pollutants towards Redcar town - decontaminating the area could not take place until Thai bank investors were repaid £350 million

Answer 97

in the north east there are often high reoffending levels when coming out of prison due to the lack of job opportunities and it is harder to gain financial security. the added issue that you have a criminal record makes it even harder to secure a job

Answer 98

- in 2018, 23.8% of households were unemployed in Redcar and Cleveland with 19,900 people not actively looking for employment - in 2011, more than 35% of the population were economically inactive - in central Redcar, 26.8% have more than 5 O-levels (GCSE equivalent) - between Feb 2019 and Jan 2020, 2437 incidents of antisocial behaviour were reported, accounting for 33.48% of all crime there

Answer 99

- between Jan 2018 and Dec 2018 a total of 9117 crimes were reported, 1577 of these were in Woking town centre of which 390 were antisocial behaviour - from October 2018 until september 2019, 2.1% of people were unemployed and 16.5% were self-employed - in 2013, 24.67% of people were economically inactive

Answer 100

the poorer agricultural nations are reliant on the richer nations buying commodities

Answer 101

``` human - unemployment - lack of safety - lack of services - poverty - war, cvil unrest physical - crop failure - drought - hazards ```

Answer 102

``` human - potential for employment - a safer atmosphere - better service provision - greater wealth - political security - friends and family physical - fertile land - good food supplies - less risk of natural hazards ```

Answer 103

natural increase is higher in urban areas, many migrants are of childbearing age, half the world's urban pop today is below the age of 25. Asia's urban population to grow from 1.4 billion to 2.6 billion in 2030

Answer 104

- loss of farmland due to development, pollution, land grabs or conflict accelerate this process - the growth of mass transportation and improved communication means there are fewer obstacles to movement - the bigger the perceived contrat in life chances between rural and urban areas, the greater will be the rate of migration - in 2008, over half of the population lived in urban areas of over 10,000 people. by 2050, an extra 3 billion people are expected to live in urban areas - china's rural population peaked at around 1995 and since then has been falling

Answer 105

active population- 16-65 | dependant population- more than 65 or less than 16

Answer 106

- the emerging nations are seeing a larger growth in population, due to global shift - the global shift has led to population growth being much greater in Asian countries - asian megacities are to see on average a 40% pop growth between 2011 and 2025 compared to New York and LA averaging at 20% growth

Answer 107

- overcrowding, sprawling shanty towns, competition for resources drives up prices and so lower QOL for many - civil unrest - pressure on services (health, education, infrastructure, administration) - exploitation - mental health issues - crime - increase in homelessness as housing becomes unaffordable - many countries persuaded TNCs to locate by offering low tax rates and so there will be lower gov tax revenue and so less money to invest in services, bad infrastructure

Answer 108

- sprawling slums at the city edge cause deforestation and loss of farmland - waste management- domestic and industrial - air pollution from factories, cars and domestic heating, link to New Delhi - critical resources, especially water, are in short supply because of sourcing demand - urban heat effect - light pollution - traffic congestion- cities grow faster than the rate at which authorities can build new routes, informal building also makes it hard to build new transport infrastructure (or proper housing)

Answer 109

- china is planning to move 250 million rural residents into newly constructed towns and cities over the next dozen years - the number of brand-new Chinese city dwellers will near the total urban pop of the USA - the gov are replacing small rural homes with high-rises, paving over vast areas of farmland and drastically changing the lives of rural dwellers - new urban schools and hospitals offer modern services but often at the expense of the torn-down temples and open-air theatres of the countryside - the ultimate goal of the modernisation plan is to fully integrate 70% of the country's pop into city living by 2025 - former farmers are given apartments for free and money for their land but they worry what will happen when they run out - land disputes account for thousands of protests a year, some setting themselves aflame rather than relocating - could cause the destruction of a rural culture and religion - central leaders are concerned that their spending will lead to inflation and bad debt - in the 1980s, 80% of Chinese people lived in the countryside vs 47% today - 43% of Chinese villagers said the gov has taken or tried to take their land

Answer 110

- in 2014, the flow of migrants accounted for 231.6 million people - the USA is the top destination for migrants with 42.8m. these migrants come mainly from Asia (china, India, philippines) - the second top place for migrants is russia with 12.3m migrants, followed by Germany and Saudi Arabia - migration is increasingly tending towards more developed countries with 58.6% being in developed countries in 2013 rather than 44.4% in the 1960s - Australia is seeing a large amount of migrants from the UK, 5.5 million - the largest flow of migrants is between SE Asia to South America

Answer 111

- North America and Europe still hold the strongest pulling power for the Slovak high net worth population - while wealthy individual tend to go towards a small number of destinations leading to high concentrations of wealth in certain areas, increasing numbers are looking to the east (global shift) - 65% of migrations of wealthy people from Latin America to North America

Answer 112

cities with a major influence, based on finance, law, political strength, innovation and ICT

Answer 113

it is a highly globally connected city that has become a focal point for activities with a global influence, such as trade (Shanghai), business (London), international governance (The Hague) or education and research (Cambridge). unlike a mega city, a global hub is recognised by its influence rather its population size. they are the best-connect areas and their international airports provide gateways elsewhere.

Answer 114

- flows of money, goods and workers help link the world's global hubs to form a network of important places - physical resources and human resources help explain the geographical location of global hubs, along with gov policies. In developing and emerging countries, global hubs such as Cairo and Jakarta are places where the parent companies of TNCs have established subsidiary firms or forged alliances with local companies. e.g. Disney, HQ in California, have an Indian subsidiary (Walt Disney company India)

Answer 115

- strategic location (e.g. Pacific rim) encourages investment - coastline ideal for trade - oil resources - physical factors and growth of industry, e.g. relief and minerals - large labour force - affluence attracts service providers - skilled labour (has universities) - languages spoken (English call centres in India)

Answer 116

1) rural-urban migration 2) low wage migration 3) high wage, elite migration

Answer 117

- skilled wealthy migrants usually in finance or investment industry - HQs and offices of TNCs are often located in global hubs so high-paid professional workers are attracted to these places which creates huge wealth - affluent individuals whose investment is sought by countries through tax breaks or other inducements - in 2013, 82% of property deals in central London were from foreign buyers - 1/3 of all foreign purchases of residential property in London between 2004 and 2013 went to Russians, Russian oligarchs send their children to elite private school in the UK, for them to become westernised, better work ethic - some elite migrants live as 'global citizens' and have multiple homes in multiple countries - these individuals face few barriers because their immigration is considered by Govs to be beneficial to economic growth and competitiveness in a globalised economy

Answer 118

- movements on this scale are referred to as mass low-wage economic migration - some areas have experienced large flows of cheap labour (Dubai and Qatar) - both have small populations so need cheap manual workers from abroad - 90% of UAE's workforce are foreign (Indians and Pakistanis) - some are use as nannies and maids whilst other low skilled migrants are used as construction workers for office and apartment blocks in global hubs - reports saying in 2014, 964 workers from Nepal, India and Bangladesh died in work related accidents in Qatar in 2012 and 2013 - the emerging countries that are the source of the migrants receive remittances that the migrants send back home, the world bank estimates that in 2010, the Philippines received $21.3 billion in remittances, accounting for 8.9% of their GDP

Answer 119

- rapid development of infrastructure - they have a small population, not enough workers - development for tourism (trying to diversify their industry away from oil) - World Cup development attracted 1.4 million migrant workers, 400,000 from Nepal - GLOBALISATION

Answer 120

it occurs when countries become increasingly reliant on each other in terms of trade as well as financial and political connections. whilst it offers economic and political security, it has a downside that it depends on the economic health of those involved in the same network of interdependence. this is increased through international migration and is a product of globalisation.

Answer 121

economic - fills particular shortages (Indian doctors arriving in the 1950s) - migrants contribute to the economy as consumers - skilled migrants raise the GDP per capita as they have higher pay than locals social - can often balance an ageing population with young adults - contact with a different culture, new ideas, cultural enrichment environmental - environmental value added, more of a chance that they will redevelop derelict brownfield sites - as most seek a better quality of life one may argue that they will take more care with the environment and keeping it clean political - government may benefit from popularity due to increased economic benefits from migrants - perhaps the possibility of having a more diverse parliament, different cultures bring different ideas, fresh ideas

Answer 122

environmental - increased demand for housing so loss of green space and possible overcrowding - built environments deteriorate, high pollution - expansion of urban areas, pressure on resources (water) economic - increase in expensive housing, gentrification - extra community policing is needed - increase cost of education as staff teaching need to be employed for those with first language not English social - pressure on housing, health and schools (natural increase amongst youthful migrant community) - social tensions can arise if the residents believe migration has caused a lack of jobs or affordable housing - cultural erosion

Answer 123

economic - earns remittance payments which are sent home by overseas migrants, contributes to national earnings significantly (In 2014, remittance earnings made-up 25% of Nepal's national earnings) - some gov spending costs (education, health) are transferred to the host region - less unemployment (polish employment halved since it joined the EU in 2004) social - relieve pressure on the labour market - migrants or their children may return, bringing new skills, westernisation?, contact with other cultures - experiences reduced unemployment as people emigrate to find jobs elsewhere, less benefit schemes, prior to Poland joining the EU, unemployment was 20% now that has halved environmental - reduces pressure of large population - more habitats, more sustainable- less demand for commodities - lower pollution, healthier population, better QOL political - easier to manage the population, fewer conflicts of opinions - government spending costs (education, healthcare) are transferred to the host country and so the gov will have more money to invest in jobs and infrastructure

Answer 124

social - suffers an imbalanced population because many young people migrate leaving a dependant population, long-term economic challenge - negative multiplier effect - families are broken up as young males tend to migrate, older people can’t see family and may have no one to care for them economic - loses its most skilled and dynamic workers (brain drain), loss of keyworkers - depopulation leading to dereliction and decline - negative multiplier effect environmental - closure of urban services and entertainment with a young adult market, bringing decline and dereliction to urban built environments (many nightclubs closed in Warsaw in 2004) - deterioration of built environments, vandalism? political - mass emigration can be seen as a failure to provide for people at home - governing party lose popularity and face difficult decisions

Answer 125

positives - led to the rapid building of infrastructure for high-end international tourism and services as they try to diversify away from oil - the 1.4 million migrants working in Qatar helped to build stadium and facilities for the 2022 World Cup - they have a small population so rely on these migrants to fill roles negatives - reports saying in 2014, 964 workers from Nepal, India and Bangladesh died in work related accidents in Qatar in 2012 and 2013 - increased demand for housing, increase in slums - could lead to overcrowding

Answer 126

positives - the remittances the Philippines received in 2010 accounted to 8.9% of their GDP - allows them to escape poverty - relieve pressure on the labour market - bring back skills to share and improve home economy - malayalees created 3 international airports for the migration, globalisation negatives - the 400,000 people from Nepal who are now in Qatar have meant they have lost their workforce, loss of key workers - can be illegal, get into trouble, fines

Answer 127

positives - massive boost for the economy, they bought Chelsea football club - Qatari investment have bought into the shard, canary wharf improving the environment - combined total bonds and loans raised by Russian businesses in London between 2004 and 2013 is over £250 billion negatives - they are buying second homes, driving prices really high for us - In 2013, 82% of property deals in central London were by foreign buyers, overcrowding, people forced out centre - increased wealth gap - pressure on services

Answer 128

positives - remittances will be very large - take back the skills they obtained from London markets - allow them to take hold in London as holiday home negatives - they lose highly-skilled workers, 'brain drain' effect - dramatic fall in gov revenue as many rich businessman move - closure of servies, dereliction

Answer 129

- when the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1990s, business people acquired many soviet-era industries. these businesses made their new owners incredibly rich especially those selling to china and other growing nations due to the global shift - a significant number of Russian oligarchs have bought homes in the wealthiest boroughs of London - some are acquiring controlling interesting in major European companies, for example Roman Abramovich bought Chelsea football club in 2003 - this migration allows the Russian elite access to global financial markets and in return the UK benefits from their investment - the combined total of bonds and loans raised by Russian businesses in London between 2004 and 2013 was over £250 billion

Answer 130

- the rapid pop growth they are seeing is outstripping the ability of the authorities to provide for basic needs, e.g. sanitation - as India's fastest-growing city, its predicted to grow by 40% between 2010 and 2020 - the main causes for this rapid pop growth is the high birth rate and low death rate (natural increase) and having one of the world's fastest rates of rural to urban migration - the rural migrants consist of the rural poor who come for a better life in the city and the rural rich who move to cities to invest in urban property and better education and QOL for their family

Answer 131

- increased FDI has created many new jobs with its financial district becoming a global finance hub - however, many rural migrants coming into the city end up living in slums and struggling to find work - many migrants live on the city edge and travel for work, city girls are vulnerable to assault on public transport routes, few can afford the modern metro

Answer 132

- out of 1600 cities surveyed for air quality, New Delhi was judged the worst with 153 micrograms of particulates per cubic metre. by contrast, London was 2516th with 16 micrograms - they have seen more traffic congestion and pollution from cars with 4.7 million in 2010 to 26 mill by 2035. air pollution is India's 5th largest killer - they see many respiratory and cardiac problems added to other problems like sewage pollution, chemical dumping from factories and fuel spillages from poorly maintained vehicles

Answer 133

- population of over 24 million and growing at a rate of 5% annually - most migrants come from rural areas of Pakistan but some come from neighbouring countries - UN Habitat estimates that half of Karachi's pop lives in slums and because around 75% of these slum dwellers work in the informal sector, the tax base of the city is low - services run through neighbourhoods pooling their resources to lay sewage lines to the nearest disposal points which are often natural storm drainage channels rather than a proper system and so this leads to poor waste management - poverty causes the political and social alienation of young people, leading to ethnic violence and crime - homes made out of bamboo and informal garbage sorting yards - paying rent to criminal gangs supported by the police or gov officials, no legal electricity or legal water connections - peripheral and poor settlements expanded due to gov's failure to manage structure of city and lack of housing

Answer 134

cultures changes and evolve over time naturally but globalisation has accelerated the rate of change for many places. it has led to the evolution and diffusion of a global culture.

Answer 135

languages - some countries have a single national language with local dialects, or several languages belonging to different indigenous ethnic groups food - national dishes and diet traditionally reflect the crops, herbs and animal species that are available locally clothing - national and local traditions may reflect traditional adaptations to the climate (wearing fur in polar climates) or religious teachings religions - there are several main world religions, each with its own local variants, religion is an important cultural trait that also informs food and clothing and may be highly resistant to change traditions - everyday behaviour and 'manners' are transmitted form generation to generation. from parents to their children, such as saying 'thank you'

Answer 136

the gradual spread of culture from an influential civilisation through globalisation it has created cultural diffusion through the mass media, the internet and migration. through large TNCs setting up in foreign counties it allows them to spread their culture among workers, allowing for cultural diffusion.

Answer 137

the practise of promoting the culture/language of one nation in another. it is usually the case of the former being a large, economically powerful nation and the latter is a smaller, less affluent one.

Answer 138

it is the process whereby we see the spread of a 'westernised' global culture which originates in North America and Europe, in areas such as industry, technology, lifestyle and values. it is a culture based on: 1) wealth creation- earning money in order to buy consumer goods and high levels of consumption 2) private enterprise- where people own businesses rather than the gov owning them 3) success- measured by how wealthy you are and ho much you buy 4) fashion, trends and tech- they are important in western culture 5) an attitude that the physical environment shock be exposited for its natural resources to create wealth

Answer 139

- 65% of the meat consumed by china is pork - the country's economic growth has gone hand in hand with an even more rapid growth of weight - there are about 100 million obese people in China, 5x as much than in 2002 - 9.7% now have diabetes, against 11% in America - this is due to the cars, city life, television, fast food, a taste for beer and a lack of exercise, leading to a sped-up obesity crisis - the growth of the fast food market (now worth $70 billion) due to westernisation

Answer 140

- 65% of meat consumed is pork, they consume about half of the world's pork - high hog population density in china has tightened the supplies of feed and damaged the environment - livestock farm waste is about 3x the amount emitted from industries - diseased pigs are not always disposed properly, 16000 carcasses found in Huangpu river in 2013 - the heavy metals that pigs produce damage soil fertility and shrink arable land

Answer 141

1) industrialisation- TNCs 2) global media 3) migration and tourism 4) leisure- 'disneyfication' and 'Americanisation'

Answer 142

- they spread their brands and products across the world - the global dispersal of food, clothes and other goods by TNCs have played a major role in shaping a common culture - some corporations such as Nike and Apple have rolled out uniform products, bringing cultural change to places - when TNCs engage with new markets and cultures, they often adapt their products to suit different places better, products sold increasingly reflect local cultures, seen through mcdonalds menu, perhaps glocalisation is merely a sophisticated form of cultural imperialism

Answer 143

- due to the ownership of global broadcasting, film and music industries are becoming ever more concentrated into the hands of large media TNCs, the use of an increasingly common vocabulary is eroding cultural diversity, this is known as the global homogenisation of culture where everywhere is becoming the same - five companies now own 90% of the global music market and in recent years they have been cutting their ranges of recording artists in order to increase profits - media giants show western festivals of Christmas and Halloween in their films - places gain an insight on American and British culture through shows such as Downton abbey - japanese children's TV been highly influential, Pokemon

Answer 144

- glocal cultures develop where global processes exist at a local level, this is how urban environment have been transformed by inward migration - ethnic enclaves form through concentrations of particular communities gaining their own identity where cuisine adds to the multicultural character and strengthens cultural diversity - british migrants brought their language and love for cricket to many countries but often had little effect on other cultural traits like religion - tourists visit areas and bring back ideas and things they discover abroad, introduce the western culture in their home country, e.g. opening a fried chicken shop after discovering the large amount in USA

Answer 145

- as the global economy draws people closer together, big brand names like coca-cola, mcdonalds, Disney and nike become globally famous - countries adopt the American culture through their fast food restaurants, large department stores and music and entertainment - media giant Disney has exported its stories of superheroes and princesses everywhere - through Disneyfication and building its brand globally it promotes American values, including family values, traditional morals and consumerisation, especially the idea of a white wedding

Answer 146

America's need for bigger and better, their desire for fast food and high tech sold in a free market. the largest TNCs are American and therefore in promoting their brands globally, they are pushing American culture and values.

Answer 147

- the Paralympic movement - the growing awareness for female quality, child marriage and girls education - the promotion of LGBTQ - improvements in discrimination amongst race and sexuality

Answer 148

- the emergence of a global cultures that values equality, freedom of expression and reduced discrimination on the grounds of gender, sexuality and disability - first Paralympics in 1948 where the same facilité were used for both games - in 2011, 25% of disabled people in china were able to find employment but after china coming top of the medals table in London's paralympic games, the chance to train and compete on the global stage has helped marginalised groups to gain support and a more equal status - aim was to create an elite sports comp for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic games - the Paralympic Games show how globalisation can create new opportunities for disadvantaged groups

Answer 149

- the US set up a programme called let girls learn through the growing awareness, if they have an education then they are less likely to go through child marriage and child birth, enabling them to access higher incomes and provide financial security - in emerging and developing countries, the western cultures has improved opportunities and given hope to girls, India's education for all programme the 'Sarva Shiksha Abiyan' has set up nearly 3500 residential schools in poor areas where literacy levels are low

Answer 150

- the race relations act 1968 created rights for all races with respect to employment, housing, commercial and other services. attitudes developed over time to become known as the diversity agenda where Govs have responsibility for legislating to prevent discrimination. the activity of global players like TNCs is important in conveying these values - FIFA is a global player and promotes spotty and is in charge of marketing for competitions like the World Cup, in doing so it promotes anti-discrimination policies and attitude like their say no to racism campaign - western countries are adopting more tolerant policies on issues such as gay rights, still a way to go in places like russia and the middle east - global media coverage of gay pride marches and high profile cases of sex discrimination may help erode sexism and prejudice in developing countries

Answer 151

- loss of language - traditional food - music - clothes - social relations - loss of tribal lifestyles cultural erosion can also change the built and natural environments

Answer 152

the idea that a largely westernised global culture is emerging as a result of cultural erosion in different places

Answer 153

- south of the equator - north of Australia, very close to NE Australia - south of the north Pacific Ocean - east of Indonesia and south of the philippines

Answer 154

- they are a small tribe of 3000 people living in the pecking river area of the southeast papua prince in Indonesia - they are primarily hunter-gatherers fishing in the becking river and gathering sago from sago palm. they also practise shifting cultivation. - they had their first contact with the world in 1974 via an expedition led by a US anthropologist, Peter van Arsdace

Answer 155

- traditionally korowai live in wooden longhouses with palm-thatched roofs raised on ironwood stilts 10m above the forest floor raised deep above the rainforest - their built environment has changed since 1987 when they were encouraged to move into villages in a clearing by the river, such as Yaniruma - these house several hundred people with buildings constructed from clay bricks with corrugated iron roofs - they contain schools and they are periodically visited by health care workers

Answer 156

- education in villages takes place in Indonesian | - some korowai migrated to the town of Jayapura and their children dont speak the korowai language

Answer 157

- sugary drinks, e.g. coke and alcohol, Bintang beer is available - korowai used to carry out cannibalism of captured members of other tribes as a criminal punishment but this is thought to be have been eradicated

Answer 158

- traditional korowai music uses pig-skin drums | - radio and television introduced the global music culture

Answer 159

- korowai traditionally only wear a loincloth, however most people now wear shorts and t-shirts, including Man U and Barcelona football shirts (globalisation)

Answer 160

- introduction of christianity by dutch missionaries in the 1980s reduced the practise of polygamy and levirate marriage - enforcement of Indonesian law eliminated slavery from inter-clan raids - role of clan leader, traditionally the strongest warrior, diminished with a new elite system based on wealth

Answer 161

- ecosystem de-valued as sustainable shifting cultivation abandoned for sedentary village life - employment for logging companies or hunting of animals, e.g. tree kangaroo (now endangered) for sale as bush meat in villages or Jayapura town - natural environment viewed as a resource for economic growth and higher income - result is the over-exploitation of sago palms in the area around villages, deforestation for timber and agar wood exportation and threatened species being over-hunted to extinction

Answer 162

- it is one of the most diverse countries in the world, no less than 852 languages are listed for the country, most residents live in customary communities which areas diverse as their languages - the naming of the country was from a Spanish explorer in 1545 who saw a resemblance of the people living on the coast of Guinea in Africa, thus naming the land New Guinea - for centuries the Anga tribe practised a mummification technique called smoke during which involved the placement of the bodies on steep cliffs above the village, for the Anga people this is the highest form of respect for the deceased - they have the world's 3rd largest rainforest with a dense biodiversity, much of the species are unique to the area such as the tree kangaroo - due to the isolated nature of the islands, much of their cultures and customs survived to this day - the capital (Port Moresby) is rapidly growing, increased its population by over 100,000 between 2000 and 2011 - they gained their independence in 1975, before it was administered by Australia, they are part of the commonwealth

Answer 163

- an increase in christian missions, the colonial administration, cooperatives and companies, village courts, the elected provincial government - gang culture introduced, 80% unemployed, lots of conflict between social groups - the first christian mission was established in 1901, missionary activities led to the spread of christianity and western education - increasing intermarriage between different cultural groups meant that many couples failed to pass on their native language to their children - in 1964 the discovery of copper led to the construction of a giant copper mine built by British TNC, lots of conflict occurred throughout the 1990s due to the actions of the mines - natural environment seen majority for economic growth, before it was a place for tribal groups - sugary drinks, Coca Cola and alcohol now available in villages - globalisation-fuelled FDI ushered in mining in the 1960s, it has been supplemented by investments in oil, gas, agriculture, forestry and fishing - their built environment changed in 1987 when they were encouraged to move into villages in a clearing by the river, these are built using clay bricks, before they were palm-thatched roofs with wood

Answer 164

- tribal gatherings still take place in the highlands, festivals sustained - going to PNG is like 'stepping back in time' - due to the isolated nature of their island, most cultures an customers have survived to they day - some developed countries are able to resist cultural erosion, the loi Toubon in france means that 40% of broadcasts must be French with no more than 55% American film imports - other developing countries have also fought back, in the early 2000s Iran, led by the islamic government confiscated all Mattel's barbie dolls from toy stores due to its un-islamic language - North Korea has also slowed cultural erosion by preventing western influences accessing its population, limited foreign news, limited people coming in - china have limited cultural erosion due to bans of social media platforms, controlled news reports - the UK have over 400,000 listed buildings, 20,000 scheduled ancient monuments and over 40 registered historic battlefield, UNESCO have also listed sites that are protected

Answer 165

emerging countries may have a limited capacity to protect their cultural landscape, in particular their ethnographic landscapes but UNESCO aims to help prepare and promote the common heritage of humanity, protecting nearly 1000 natural, cultural and mixed sites worldwide. the least developed countries remain highly vulnerable to cultural erosion

Answer 166

- anglo-australian mining giant is being accused for being responsible for 'multiple human rights violations' after its Pangua mine on the island of Bougainville left people with a dangerous legacy of polluted fields, poisoned water and a ruined water valley - the mining company is said by the HLRC to return to the island for reparations and reconciliation - for 17 years until 1989, the pangua mine was one of the largest and richest copper and gold mines run by rio Tinto until it ended 31 years ago after conflicts over the mine's profits and environmental damage led to a decade-long civil war in Bougainville that killed up to 20,000 people - the mine pit remains a huge scar in the landscape and has left a deadly legacy for residents - many villagers have been left without clean water and so have had to use the polluted river to bathe and wash, leading to serious, long-running health impacts including skin lesions - the hasty closure of the mines meant that the monsoonal rain pushed massive volumes of polluted tailing sands into the river, destroying forests and crops - "polluted water from the mine pit flows unabated into local rivers, turning the riverbed and surrounding rocks an unnatural blue" - a spokesman for Rio Tinto said they were compliant with "applicable regulatory requirements up until the mine's operations were suspended" - it is considered as an ongoing human rights disaster

Answer 167

- job creation (both locally, nationally and internationally) - footloose industries can take advantage of cheap labour and costs - increased overseas investment, FDI - greater competition, products become cheaper - economy boosted through increased employment - economies of scale

Answer 168

- trade doesn't always benefit poor economies - leakages to countries of origin - interconnection can cause economic weaknesses, e.g. financial crisis

Answer 169

- freedom of movement (labour advantages), QOL up - more opportunities for international travel and tourism - more opportunities to work abroad due to liberal immigrant laws and foreign worker programmes, send remittances, access higher-skilled jobs - instant access to information from anywhere in the world, capacity to communicate allowing for international trade 24/7 - the rapid spread of consumer products (e.g. food/clothing brands), westernisation, worldwide entertainment including music, sports, pop culture - westernisation has introduced a better work ethic, spread of foreign ideas has led lap many business opportunities - capacity to communicate and defend ones values and ideas globally

Answer 170

- loss of cultural diversity through westernisation - brain drain in many countries - exploitation of local people, low pay and poor working conditions - spread of commodity-based consumer culture - dangerous or violent ideals can spread faster - small cultures may lose their distinct features

Answer 171

- greater collaboration to strong units, groups, trade blocs, e.g. G6, G8, UN - smaller countries can work together and gain more influence internationally - International organisations are often more committed to spread values like freedom and to fight abuses within countries - access to international aid and support, can learn from each other - contributes to world peace

Answer 172

- state sovereignity is reduced - the functioning of international and supranational organisation is often not democratic in terms of accountability - co-ordination is difficult and expensive - big countries can shape decisions in supranational organisations - some TNCs become powerful than the government

Answer 173

- greater understanding of the issues of our planet due to communication and education - TNCs often invest in environmental projects in the host country - investment in renewable energy has increased with shared ideas - international pressure can impact pollution levels, e.g. china

Answer 174

- increased use of fossil fiels for production (shortages), cheaper options - increased pollution for manufacturing - increased levels of pollution from movement of people and goods, becoming a consumer nation, growing wealth means we consume more - water desertification as the pop increases

Answer 175

- until the early 2000s, france rejected globalisation in order to protect French culture, the gov would exclude culture from its agreements on trade, it still limits how much foreign culture can be broadcasted, 40% of broadcasts must be in french. but since 2007, the French gov has been more accepting of globalisation because of successful French TNCs such as EDF energy - protest groups such as occupy Wall Street and the global justice movement argue that globalisation has dramatically increased resource consumption through exploiting the natural environment, created inequality, caused cultural erosion and passed political and economic powers into the hands of TNCs and exploited workers especially in emerging countries - peoples global action have a clear rejection of capitalism, all trade agreements and governments that promote destructive globalisation, they construct local alternatives to global capitalism, they are an organisational philosophy based on decentralisation and autonomy

Answer 176

they oppose globalisation and believe that inequality in the global economy will only be resolved through structural change.

Answer 177

- an open meeting where social movements, networks, NGOs and other civil society organisations opposed to Neo liberalism and a world dominated by capital - they believe that it is wrong that half of the population own a very small amount go total wealth - growing inequality has been driven by a 'power grab' by wealthy elites who have used their power to rig the rules of the economic system in their favour

Answer 178

- where 2500 business leaders and heads of state meet to make deals and discuss global issues, it is where the big deals on FDI and trade are made - they see globalisation as the means to drive economic growth and cooperation as the means to ensure that countries and companies can all benefit - the WEF's mission is cited as 'committing to improving the state of the world by engaging...leaders of society to share global, regional and industry agendas'

Answer 179

- environmentalists suggest that globalisation promotes negative externalities in the pursuit of economic growth, this is shown through agricultural run-off, fertilisers and pesticides used in intensive agriculture found in rivers, flooding during monsoons worsening their water pollution problems as it washes contaminated soils into the rivers - some economists argue that globalisation creates wealth which can fund better environmental management, to bridge the gap between the 29,000 million litres per day of sewage that India produces - environmental concerns and antiglobalisation concerns are often connected - india has seen many campaigns against high-profile dam developments, those for the development believe that it was a way to catch up with the west through cheap hydro-electric power

Answer 180

- it is a popular movement, fighting against polyethylene bags and promote cloth, jute and paper bags to promote the natural environment - they recognise the important role of recycling in the informal job sector of many Indian incites that has developed due to rural-urban migration and globalisation

Answer 181

the improvement of quality of life (level of happiness, wellbeing resulting from a way of living) of a country's population. quality of life includes social, economic, cultural, political, demographic and environmental aspects.

Answer 182

1) between countries, e.g. in 2015, people in Luxembourg had incomes of $105,000 per year in contrast to south sudan with only $220 2) within countries, e.g. in china's coastal cities incomes per capita are over $10,000 whereas in the rural west they are under $2000

Answer 183

single indicators (e.g. life expectancy, GDP per capita), measure one variable. they are easy to use and understand but may not give an accurate representation of development (aren't very comprehensive) composite indicators combine more than one variable into a single variable (HDI)

Answer 184

1) GNI (gross national income)- the value of goods and services earned by a country (including overseas earnings), formerly known as gross national product (GNP). it is a good indicator of wealth. 2) GDP (gross domestic product)- same as GNI but excludes foreign earnings. it is a widely used aggregate measure and is the final value of the output of goods and services inside a nation's borders. 3) PPP (purchasing power parity)- this relates to the average earnings to local process and what they will buy. this is the spending power within a country and reflects the local cost of living. 4) Economic sector balance (composite measure)- this gives the % employed in each sector to GNI. the primary sector for the UK contributes 0.6%, in Malawi it contributes 30%.

Answer 185

1) HDI (human development index)- composite measure which is a combination of life expectancy, education (literacy and years in education) and GDP per capita. it shows how far people are benefiting from economic growth, It was devised by the UN. 2) GII (gender inequality index)- a composite indicator devised by the UNDP. measures gender inequalities related to women's reproductive health, empowerment and labour force participation 3) GHO (global health observatory)- develop can be measured through WHO air pollution levels. it usually improves as economic and social development occurs and places make the transition from industrial to post-industrial forms of economic activity

Answer 186

china United States germany

Answer 187

USA China Japan Germany

Answer 188

``` Sweden- $556 billion Norway- $434 billion China- $13.6 trillion USA- $20.54 trillion UK- $2.85 trillion Malawi- $7.065 billion ```

Answer 189

``` Sweden- $55,989 Norway- $76,638 China- $20,984 USA- $60,426 UK- $48,169 Malawi- $1292 ```

Answer 190

``` Sweden- 0.933 Norway- 0.954 China- 0.758 USA- 0.920 UK- 0.920 Malawi- 0.485 ```

Answer 191

``` Sweden- 0.044 Norway- 0.048 China- 0.152 USA- 0.189 UK- 0.116 Malawi- 0.619 ```

Answer 192

- the richest countries do not often have the best social measures due to the presence of large inequality - the Scandinavian countries seem to always top for social measures, although they are not the richest. - in Norway they are 29th for GDP but 1st for HDI - in USA, they are 1st for GDP but 15th for HDI - in China they are 2nd for GDP but 85th for HDI - social development indicators are probably better to look at as you probably won't have a good health and equality without a strong economy, better to look at holistic approches

Answer 193

- low amounts of women in government - troubles with freedom - population dont necessarily trust in the government - gender quality never going to be that high

Answer 194

- approached developed from a sustainable point of view, sustainable economy leading to a sustainable environment? - Norway has the largest sovereign wealth fund, they are economically developed - Helliwell says social support, freedom, generosity and trust in institutions are the most significant underling factors for happiness - in Sweden there are very good unemployment benefits, 80% of last salary - free tuition options

Answer 195

gini coefficient is a mathematical indicator which is measure of inequality, the closer to 0, the more equal you are. the closer to one there unequal you are. we can see that overall the northern hemisphere is more equal than the southern hemisphere. income inequality has increased both nationally and globally as a result of globalisation. larger gap between the rich and the poor - china and America are not very equal often due to their political systems - most of the major countries have become less equal since 1980 however Brazil has improved their equality. this shows the effects of globalisation.

Answer 196

- Lorenz curves are a visual indicator which shows the wealth distribution across a population - 0 is completely equal, 1 is unequal - the Lorenz curve is used to calculate the gini coefficient value which shows inequality - the closer the Lorenz curve to the line of equality, the more equal the distribution of income

Answer 197

pros: - measures inequality rather than giving a single indicator for an entire population (e.g. GNI) cons: - only 1/3 of countries publish their gini coefficient

Answer 198

section a / section a + b section a- the area between the Lorenz curve and line of equality section b- total area beneath the line of equality

Answer 199

- due to TNCs arriving through globalisation they concentrate a lot of wealth to their executives, they account for 10% of world's annual GDP - due to the presence of international organisations, they control power over decision making, decisions may be made to favour the rich - china have seen rising inequalities with los of they workers having low paid jobs. they are now seeing an east-west divide. eastern mega-city wealth between Beijing and Shanghai are the poor rural western interior settlements - the great gains made by European and American nations over the same time period has resulted in a widening of the average income gap between those in the wealthiest countries and those in the poorest. - globalisation has been made mainly in developed and merging countries, developing countries shave been excluded from this due to a number of factors, rich are getting richer whilst the poor are getting poorer, dependency theory

Answer 200

- if it generates higher GDP growth then there will be higher tax revenue and so this can be used to invest in reducing inequality of opportunities (education) - it has promoted tea acceptance of previously discriminated groups, the Paralympic movement promoted the equality of disabled people - absolute poverty has fallen worldwide - the rising density of economic integration across national borders has made it easier for poorer countries to trade, thus reducing inequality - the increased use of technology from globalisation has meant that there have been more connections with these poorer nations leading to the flow of ideas and the ability to trade on foreign markets, news - globalisation has led to the increased equality for women, let girls learn project

Answer 201

A city with a population of over 10 million. China has seen 150 internal rural-urban migrants since the open door policy leading to the creation of 7 mega cities Rural to urban migration (push and pull factors) Natural increase

Answer 202

- loss of tribal lifestyle, changing in the way homes are built before a lot were made with palm-thatched roofs and used wood whereas now they are using clay bricks and corrugated iron roofs - natural environment now viewed as a resource for economic growth and higher income - result is the over-exploitation of sago palms in the area around villages, deforestation for timber and agar wood exportation and threatened species being over-hunted to extinction - ecosystem de-valued as sustainable shifting cultivation abandoned for sedentary village life - employment for logging companies or hunting of animals, e.g. tree kangaroo (now endangered) for sale as bush meat in villages or Jayapura town

Answer 203

- they don’t like the idea that people can migrate to their country and possibly change their culture, they want to protect their culture - environmentalists believe that globalisation only brings environmental problems, increased use of fertilisers, deforestation, pollution - structuralists oppose globalisation and believe that inequality in the global economy will only be resolved through structural change - peoples global action have a clear rejection of capitalism, all trade agreements and governments that promote destructive globalisation, they construct local alternatives to global capitalism, they are an organisational philosophy based on decentralisation and autonomy - protest groups such as occupy Wall Street and the global justice movement argue that globalisation has dramatically increased resource consumption through exploiting the natural environment, created inequality, caused cultural erosion and passed political and economic powers into the hands of TNCs and exploited workers especially in emerging countries

Answer 204

they indicate differential progress that can be related to the outcomes from globalisation we can assume that developed and emerging nations are economic winners in terms of globalisation due to their ability to support the growing flow of people and industries. they have the infrastructure and industries in place and so they can accommodate growth

Answer 205

- amongst the emerging countries, the GDP per capita at PPP has grown fastest in China, between 1990 and 2014 it grew by $13,000 - whilst china and India have encountered the most significant growth, they have reached the band of the richer emerging nations - India and Pakistan have seen the slowest growth, India grew by $5000 and Pakistan grew by $3000 generally we can see that globalisation has increased economic growth in emerging nations however the speed at which it has grown depends on the country - other than globalisation accounting for this economic growth it could've also been because of the discovery of a new natural resource (finding oil/gold) or if the country has adopted a more open door policy, allowing for an increase in FDI

Answer 206

- although we can see that growth has occurred, it is very minimal in comparison to the other bands of economy, between 1990 and 2020 GDP per capita at PPP has grown by around $1500, very small - they have seen a steady but gradual growth in their economy, it started to grow a bit faster from just after 2010 perhaps due to some developments in infrastructure - perhaps their economic growth has been slower in comparison to richer nations due to them often having unstable Govs, lack of infrastructure, based on single industry, Burkina Faso is landlocked and so it is very hard for them to develop, cannot benefit from the benefits of trade, world bank funded an airport

Answer 207

- we can overall say that since globalisation occurred, GDP per capita has risen at a quicker rate - in 1970 they had a GDP per capita of around $24000, by 2010 it had reached $48,000, growth of 100% - there was an anomalie in 2007 due to the financial crisis where we saw GDP per capita fall by around $3000 - there have been small anomalies around twice a decade - globalisation has had a greater impact here due to the increased trade in foreign market, large number of TNCs locating here through the connectivity in which it offers, footloose industries, development in transport has led to tourism industry being worth $1.3 trillion

Answer 208

- state of their government - climate - their industry - landlocked - infrastructure - open/closed door policies - if they have a skilled population

Answer 209

- in sub-saharan africa, one of the poorest countries, scores very low on HDI - globalisation did not rlly have an impact on them, they didn't really have any economic activity before 2004 where they saw a rapid increase - perhaps this is the case due their lack of industries and infrastructure, they were far from attractive from investors, low-skilled population and no infrastrcture in place - the growth in 2004 could've been due to a new airport yo be able to export, he gov could've embraced a more export-led economy, they may have transitioned into secondary industry due to investment from the world bank

Answer 210

forest cover | emissions

Answer 211

- we can see that forest cover is dropping at a steady rate, in 1990 it accounted for 31.8% of land area, in 2014 it was at 30.8% - forest loss has major links to globalisation as it is often redeveloped to make room for housing developments, offices, roads and transport links, the more we globalise the more we are transitioning to urban areas - forest cover of the sugar-producing philippine island of Negros has reduced from over 90% to just 4%, with 2/3 of this lost in the last 50 years - in drought-prone parts of Kerala, India, groundwater extraction for the bottled drinks industry has exhausted underground aquifiers - since 1990, global forested area has shrunk by 2 million square miles with many losses in South America and sub-saharan africa - the amazon rainforest one of the most important carbon sinks has faced intense pressure from human activity - between 1990 and 2005, Vietnam lost a staggering 78% of its primary forests, despite being one of the world's top-ten biodiversity centres

Answer 212

- the largest producers of CO2 are china and USA. China account for 27.2% and USA for 14.6%. some suggest that in order to succeed economically you need to manufacture, this evolves emitting carbon, some say that the release of fossil fuel emissions is an inevitable part of being successful - people would argue that the money you make from the globalisation process should be invested in renewable energy - there is a correlation between those with the highest GDP and those who emit the most. they manufacture a lot and have high consumerisation and so produce more co2 - the more economically developed a country is the easier it would be to adapt towards sustainable production but in reality they are often the biggest emitters

Answer 213

- china has a large amount of endangered species, country with nearly the highest amount, habitats are being destroyed for development, illegal hunting to earn money - large scale flows of cheap food are good for europe and N America but the transformation of earth's terrestrial surface into productive agricultural land has led to habitat loss and biodiversity decline on a continental scale - intensive cash cropping, cattle ranching and aquaculture have has devastating impacts from groundwater depletion to the removal of mangrove forests - mangrove swamps have been cleared to make space for prawn agriculture, since 1980 there has been a 700% increase in production for supermarkets - Chnogquing on the Yangtze River is at the heart of economic developments around the Three Gorges Dam. it is one of china's dirtiest cities and its air causes many premature deaths. 1/4 of the time, its air quality doesnt reach the gov's own safety standard

Answer 214

the border between the Netherlands and Belgium is a porous border. there is no physical barrier and so they really encourage open flows. they believe that there are many benefits of having this free movement of people ans goods. a section of Morocco is owned by Spain and they have a very large fence border as they dont want flows of people or goods. they want to control their borders.

Answer 215

- additional workers and skill coming in to benefit the economy - multicultural societies are formed, as seen in the UK, diversity is a part of London's culture - migrant workers can accommodate labour shortages (NHS), in 1960s the UK needed labour, 750,000 Pakistanis and 1 million Indians came for their booming textile industry - the increased amount of foreign TNCs has led to higher tax revenue - more trade, accessibility and connectivity means it is easier, largely benefit the economy, UK relies on FDI as they dont have the money to invest, china have largely invested in the UK - allows the spread of food, music and religion - safe world- greater cooperation on global issues, greater cooperation with IGOs helps our understanding on different societies

Answer 216

- loss of traditional culture and ethnicity, white British has now become a minority - although we see many companies and migrants locate, much of the money goes back as remittances, not localised spending, less economic benefits - can lead to overcrowding, house prices up, environmental quality declines - pressure on services, migrants - increased amount of leakages - a rise in extremism as a result

Answer 217

- the far right movement is rising due to the flow of people and the connections across the world. It causes conflict amongst many and the influence of the far-right mentality. It comes as people start to become more aware of the flaws of these connections - the rise of ISIS in Europe has occurred as they don’t like the liberation that our countries offer, they don’t like the freedom that women are offered, they reject our plural and democratic society

Answer 218

- the Swedish democrats, a group with neo-nazi ties have achieved 25% of the vote compared to 5.7% 5 years ago. this comes after accepting twice as many refugees per capita than its European peers - France's Marie le Pen leads the presidential field at 31%, jeopardising the entire EU project - they are often opposed to the flow of migrants, in 2013 Germany spent a total of $21. billion, economic pragmatism, not enough money - UKIP won just a single seat in parliament but its influence set the Brexit vote in motion, UKIP had 27.5% of the vote in the 2014 elections - the far right movement is rising due to the flow of people and the connections across the world, they are concerned about the change in culture that comes with globalisation along with political ideologies and the change of society, they dont like the idea of free movement, for brexit

Answer 219

- they hunt for the so-called "root cause" of jihadist violence in the material world, largely ignoring the seriousness of the ideas held by the perpetrators - ISIS dont like the liberalisation that our countries offer - they dont agree with the behaviour of women in our modern world, the freedom that they are offered, globalisation has helped womens' rights - the root cause of the clerical fascism shown by ISISI is an absolute rejection of a plural and democratic society - it is our existence that they hate, they have been killing 'un-islamic' religious minorities in Iraq - it is about us thinking/having certain thoughts as a consequence performing certain actions that angers them, our globalised mentality goes completely against what they believe in

Answer 220

censorship limits on immigration trade protectionism

Answer 221

- North Korea's totalitarian government which controls everything you can access, they dont want their people to access the 'western' culture - UK have freedom of press - china's gov control everything you look at but still allow the movement of people, they do this to protect their culture from globalisation and remain in control - China's censorship is to help their work-hard ethic to achieve their goals to be the greatest nation, they dont want people to see through the media that in other countries you dont need to work such long hours, bad conditions, freedom of speech - in china you can only bank in Chinese banks, they determine how many foreign movies can be played, protect culture and language - china has the largest recorded number of imprisoned journalists in the world, for communicating with groups abroad or calling for reform and end to corruption - the BBC has estimated that 2 million people are directly or indirectly monitoring the web for the Chinese gov - the communist party of china has moved to protect its values and political ideas by 'swatting the flies' of other ideologies

Answer 222

- either free movement or strong laws - Australia has a very strict system based on points, allocated points for your age, active working, job (highly sought after), own savings (no benefits), job lined up - ensure that those coming into the country will be highly productive and highly skilled - Trump said in his 2016 presidential campaign that he will build a wall along the Us-Mexican border to control the flow of immigrants - people say that immigration is bad as cheap migrant labour undercuts local wages and that the gov have not planned efficiently for the demands for housing, wealthfare, education and healthcare - pressure on services, conflict, loss of culture, diaspora - immigration must be controlled by the support of services, it can create a loss of traditional culture and this can cause conflicts and protests amongst residents

Answer 223

- market flooded with cheap imports, they will charge lower prices and so the domestic market will fall - putting tariffs and taxes - in china in 2016 cheap chinese steel was being 'dumped' on global markets at prices heavily subsidised by their gov to protect its own manufacturers, led to the UK suffering with their Indian owners of tata steel putting up all their plants for sale, losing £1m a day - a solution would be to raise tariffs on imported steel to protect domestic producers but this is forbidden by WTO rules - the gov play a huge role in this, in the case of the UK the gov rely heavily on FDI to regenerate their rural and urban areas but at the same time this often leads to a flow of immigration at the same time, how can they control this? - Trade protectionism is still common: oil exports are banned in the USA so all domestically produced oil must be used in the USA; India restricts foreign companies investing in its retail sector to protect Indian small shopkeepers from competition

Answer 224

- they are trying to maintain their cultural identity amongst the increasing exploration for new energy resources (tar sands) - they are one of the only indigenous groups in the world to have been given their own rights, their own government which allows them to ensure that their culture is protected, determines their healthcare and education systems and utilities - as globalisation happens, people are looking towards N Canada for Tar Sands - 634 First Nations governments who meet in the assembly of first nations with the aim to protect their rights and culture

Answer 225

- many groups want to control the physical resources they'd have but others are more open to progress, balance that can be achieving of maintaining to some extent their traditional way of life whilst taking economic advantage

Answer 226

- a community of 900 woodland cree people who have walked the land for thousands of years - Alberta's tar sands are largest known reservoir of crude bitumen oil in the world, most of the land is leased out to the oil industry but it has not destroyed everything, they have time to intervene - in 2013 a series of oil spills occurred, one was under a lake where their ancestors are buried, 200 animals died and over 300,000kg of oily vegetation was removed, the waters have been left poisoned - they are determined to protect one of the most important carbon sinks- the boreal forest, it is about human rights and the rights of nature - they have support from international campaigns of the WWF and co-operative group, fundraising over £250,000 for the case as they believe it is the best chance of stopping tar sands expansion and the global climate disaster - they used to be surrounded by water but now there is no water - controversy form international organisations like WWF, some people believe that WWF are paying them to protest - some say that the beaver sands won't actually be impacted much from the tar sands, its more about their environment - "indigenous rights are the last stronghold we have to stop the unmitigated expansion of the tar sands"

Answer 227

- they can only control their cultural identity to a certain extent, the money they make can be invested into their people (healthcare, education) - they have set up a management company that works alongside the oil companies, they are benefiting from the tar sands - they created and agreed a 20km exclusion zone between the oil industry and reserve lands - they negotiated contracts to provide services for the oil sands industry from First Nation companies worth more than $100 million annually - "working continually to protect, respect and restore its natural beauty while attending to the economic health and growth of Fort Mckay" - they believe the introduction of the tar sands companies will bring change which indicates a cultural evolution and improvement - it is about adapting to these modern issues through a spirit fo cooperation from all stakeholders - they'd entered into the industry in 1986, they now have numerous joint venture companies - they view the economic gain they are achieving through the tar sands as "promising a brighter future for generations to come"

Answer 228

- the Guajajara warriors live in 4000 square metres of land - they are fighting against illegal logging, 60 warriors have been killed from trying to protect their land and death threats - logging companies are bribing members of the indigenous tribe to gain entry onto their land, terrorise members - they describe themselves as 'guardians of the forest' - the loggers sometimes cut the trees but leave them as they find something better, the Brazilian wood is highly wanted in global markets but it has to be a particular size, their wood is very valuable - the logger cut down masses amounts of trees to create a clearing for their trucks, habitats lost - only in reserves they can protect the trees to some extent. in some tribes 3/4 of trees have gone, increased risk of forest fires - the warriors dont get payed, they have no transport, gov have cut off all financial and technical support they once had - if they confront the loggers then they risk their lives, they need reinforcements

Answer 229

- it is the job of the Brazilian state, but they dont often get help, only happens after the indigenous people take action - fines/pressing charges often goes nowhere - state aid doesnt come, the warriors have to defend the land - they record what they do to create awareness, videos of them confronting them, they tie them up as they may have weapons, setting trucks on fire informing the owners anger - they need technical equipment and help from the police, there needs to be unity - they want police to patrol on foot not in cars - indigenous people need to join congress, 1 already in congress, they need the young people to follow, reinforcements of the younger population

Answer 230

it is the opposite of globalisation, making things a lot more local Localism describes a range of political philosophies which prioritise the local. generally, localism supports local production and consumption of goods, local control of government and promotion of local history, culture and identity

Answer 231

- some argue that it became a pandemic due to globalisation, free movement of people, the immediate economic impact is due to globalisation - with COVID, once supply chains were disrupted, firms and people starting looking for alternative supplies at home, even if they were more expensive. if they find domestic suppliers they will stick with them. - some believe that companies will begin to reshore, bring work back home. it brings certainty and allows you to diversify your supplier base. they have seen the negatives of offshoring. - the drawbacks are that the service sector has crashed, tourism and universities won't have the international students that day not, used to the free movement but not now, slowing globalisation would hit the sector hard - will we see the rise of nationalism, protectionism, economic depression or instead more co-operation and internationalism?

Answer 232

- 35% increase in global food demand by 2030 - 50 years of supply left in proven oil reserves assuming that current levels of demand continue - 20% of worldwide energy consumption could be saved through energy efficiency measures - the global population is predicted to demand 50% more energy by 2030 - a former textile factory that produced large amounts of clothing for western businesses - after being poorly constructed with overcrowding in the warehouse, it collapsed leading to 1134 deaths

Answer 233

a rise in the consumer society leads to more production, processing and consumption which requires: 1) extraction and use of natural resources- more goods = more energy 2) raw creation of factories and factory complexes creating pollution and toxic by products (noise, air, light, water) 3) the use of commodities also creates pollution and waste (cars)- increased wealth 4) exploitation of workers all of this has led to a rise in need for sustainability

Answer 234

sustainable development involves integrated decision making whereby they consider social, economic and environmental sustainability - in order to achieve this there needs to be a significant reduction in world economic output or new technological fixes such as widespread carbon capture or storage - governments need to take bold moves in ensuring sustainability, local culture and local identity

Answer 235

a transition town is a settlement where individuals and businesses have adopted 'bottom up' initiatives with the aim of making their community more sustainable and less reliant on global trade - totnes was one of the first transition towns, their residents wanted of embrace localism, they did like our consumer society - located in Devon in the SW of the UK near a coastline

Answer 236

resilience- the ability of a system (an individual, an economy, a town or a city) to withstand shock from the outside relocalisation- actively promotes the idea of going beyond the concept of 'localism'- the devolving of political power to the local level- towards 'localisation'; meeting of our core needs locally (food, building materials, energy) regenerative development- development of Totnes and District for the public benefit of its citizens by reducing reliance on scarce resources

Answer 237

benefits: - a sense of community (social cohesion), all working together brought community resilience, stronger bonds are formed - the co-operation in the community will minimise conflicts, working together - residents have a shared sense of belonging and a shared sense of purpose - booklets are accessible, low cost and so available to everyone - different groups for different groups of interest, e.g. food, climate change, suits all costs: - can be difficult in starting, feel small - can be insular, outsiders are excluded from small community-based projects

Answer 238

benefits: - local businesses benefit, localism has a positive multiplier effect - their local economic blueprint has allowed for the town to discover their opportunities and weaknesses, strengthen economy - they help businesses through over 50 different workshops and consultations, skilled people - 80% of money spent in supermarket leaves the area immediately costs: - consumers can miss out on the price benefits of competition and a wider range of choice. chains such as lidl would charge lower prices

Answer 239

benefits: - co-operate in helping the planet, work on waste as a whole community, more successful - transport costs are reduced which means there are fewer co2 emissions, helping the environment - 80% of people involved in T-Tog, have made improvements to save energy, learned to save resources in a fun way - a way of transitioning into a sustainable world costs: - small scale production especially agriculture can be more damaging to the environment, using greenhouses can create additional energy inputs

Answer 240

ethical consumption occurs when the consumer takes into account the costs (social, economic, environmental) of producing food and goods, and providing services ethical consumption aims reduce the environmental degradation, reduce the inequalities of global trade and to improve the living and working conditions for disadvantaged people. it is positively buying ethical products or boycotting negative ones

Answer 241

- unethical clothing puts workers in illegal situations, they work very long hours, health and safety is very poor and they are very poorly paid - workers have lost friends and family through the unsafe conditions - it also creates less benefits for the local economy, not only are people very poorly paid but a lot of the money from these companies simply goes back to the home country - there needs to be an increase in legislation to prevent these unethical practises, there needs to be checks to ensure companies are respecting rules, minimum wage and health and safety is necessary - fixed contracts are needed to provide protection, they need to allying the Bangladesh safety accord

Answer 242

- we are currently consuming at a footprint of 1.5 earths - we can see out ecological footprint by comparing it to the bio capacity to see if we are producing/consuming more than we can - the world's biocapacity is going down, the richer you are, the higher your ecological footprint - 17% of the population consumes 80% of the resources - Iceland's advert got banned from big palm oil companies as they cannot let consumer know what they have been done, people dontyet understand the impact of palm oil, around 90% of world's palm oil production comes from Malaysia and Indonesia

Answer 243

social - palm oil is high in saturated fat - social conflict through the displacement of people, need to relocate - loss of cultural heritage, cultural important sites lots - burning for plantation expansion can bring health impacts economic - palm oil industry provides employment for 1.7 million people - affected by climate change and growing droughts, lower produce - a lot of money sent back to massive companies, low wages for these workers environmental - in Kalimantan at least 256 plant species and 51 animal species are facing extinction - over 300 football fields are destroyed every hour in SE Asia - many palm oil plantations are on peat soil, the drainage causing massive greenhouse gas emissions

Answer 244

- in 2006 they were the country with the largest per capita ecological footprint in the world - the government launched the al Basra al beefy initiative in 2007 (ecological footprint initiative) and this made them the 3rd country in the world after Switzerland and Japan to conduct in depth research on their footprint - due to the UAE's rapidly expanding economy they are now resource-dependant, due to the global footprint network they'd have been able to make sustainable investments - the new energy standards which has happened is a new energy efficiency lighting regulation passed in 2013 whereby they will redue the country energy consumption by 340 to 500 megawatts per year, equivalent of not using an average gas station for 6 months - they found 57% of the footprint is from households and so they launched 'heroes the UAE' where they educate people on how to lower their footprint through reducing energy and water consumption, buildings undergone technical changes that have reduced its footprint from water consumption by 44% and its footprint associated with energy consumption by 24% if all these measures were abided to in Abu Dhabi alone, UAE would see co2 emission go down by 40% by 2030 and an overall footprint reduced by 1 global hectare per person

Answer 245

- from jan 2020 they have committed to offsetting carbon emissions on all flights within the UK through investing in a range of global carbon reduction projects. such as rainforest protection and reforestation programmes - their programme flying start partnershipped with comic relief has raised over £24 million to help disadvantaged people in the UK to have a better and brighter future - their parent company IAG are the first airline group to commit to net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050 - they are decreasing the weight of the aircraft to save fuel - set to reduce the average noise produced in 2015 by 13% by 2020 - working with velocys to convert household and commercial waste into renewable jet fuel

Answer 246

social - the money they raised from shopping has gone to Oxfam to end poverty - sustainable learning stores economic - shopping scheme helps poorer economies, invested in their poor communities - recline clothing hangers, save money - whole life costing, see how much cheaper it is to run through energy efficiency - holistic approach has saved money, saved money gone back into the business environmental - encouraging people to wash their clothes at lower temperatures, was 40ºC but now 30ºC, save a lot of CO2 as if they shut all their stores for a year - 'shopping' clothes, 20 million have been shopped with M&S raising £16 million - less waste to landfill through shwopping - ensures that packaging is sustainable, between 2008 and 2009 they went from 68% of packaging being widely recyclable to 74% - 83% of products have recyclable logos on the back - first retailer to have FSC logo, secure sources for cardboard - 0 waste and landfill operation

Answer 247

economic - the fair-trade foundations certification scheme offers a guaranteed higher income to farmers and some manufacturers, even if market price changes - coffee makers are powerless in the free market, they get paid very little, lack of transparency - fair-trade means the farmers know the true value of their products, easier for them to negotiate prices, they have access to credit, there is a minimum price that farmers are paid when selling their products, they also receive a fair-trade premium - incomes increase by 30% than non-marked labels, better training and better skilled as a result social - minimises exploited labour - The aim is to make income sustainable for farming families, and use some of the additional money to support community facilities like wells, schools and cities. - they receive better training and so are better skilled environmental - preserves natural habitats, GMO is banned, they are careful with water use

Answer 248

social - the voice of farmers are often not heard, lots of rules are given, lack of transparency - growing cash crops even under fairtrade conditions can mean that some farmers end up not growing enough food to feed themselves and their families economic - The downsides of fair trade are that the extra income is small, and fair trade products are more expensive for consumers. - fairtrade coffee isn't normally the best quality, no added value - you would get more money for getting labelled as speciality coffee, more valuable - fairtrade farmers do not get paid that much, not speciality, nothing about quality - fairtrade products are sold for more money but many say the farmers dont actually in the end get paid any more - as the scheme grows it is hard to ensure that money has been correctly distributed environmental - buying organic destroys more forests, less use of fertilisers and pesticides means that more land is needed to produce the same amount

Answer 249

Founded in 1993 in Germany the NGO FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) uses its FSC logo on wood products that are sourced from sustainable forests thus helping consumers ensure that products are not contributing to environmental degradation. Its criteria include that forestry must respect the land right of indigenous people and that forestry workers are well treated and paid. FSC has become well known globally, but has been criticised for being too brand focussed.

Answer 250

recycling doesnt just bring environmental benefits but also social and economic benefits. it provides thousands of jobs for the local people and also saves money through the reduced need for the manufacturing from virgin materials, it creates a circular economy. - encourages social inclusion and economic development through improving access to reduced price goods for low income families - reduce local authority waste management budget due to decreased quantities of waste - recycling and reuse activities in the USA in 2007 created 757,000 jobs, $36.6 billion in wages and $6.7 billion in tax revenues

Answer 251

- in 2013-14, the total amount of waste managed by English local authorities was 25.6 million tonnes. that was 9% lower than in 2000-01 - In 2014-15, the total amount of waste recycled was 43.7% of the total, compared to 12% in 2000 - recycling percentages vary between local authorities. 67% in south Oxfordshire in 2-14 vs 18% in new ham and lewisham in 2013 - in cumbria, the county waste management have turned schools sustainable and are wasting a lot less, pupils are educated on reusing

Answer 252

- they get the support from celebrity figures in order to portray their message, increase support - through donations they can invest more in the issue - their goal is to eliminate litter, end waste and improve places, they promote going out to pick up litter in lots of different areas - they ensure that we recycle as much as possible, decreasing wastage - they want to eliminate litter and inspire others, through having a large platform they can promote their work through the aid of celebrity endorsements people start doing actions like litter picking as they feel passionately about the subject. they feel like they have a duty to help the planet and so they want to be helping out.

Answer 253

- half of Australia's waste paper and plastic is sold to china where it was once recycled but not anymore, china have banned all imports of waste - half of the world's recycling was going to china - the value of recyclable paper and plastic has dropped by up to 80%, demand for the waste has gone down, unprofitable business - the cost of getting rid of the waste has gone up because of china, going to cost $40 for households to pay for recycling - recyclable materials are sitting in landfills - recycling centres are catching fire in Australia, health impacts, people moving away - opportunities to turn recyclable glass into sand for construction, they need gov support and endorsement

Answer 254

social - the promotion of human rights and the flow of info about working conditions has meant that countries are becoming socially sustainable - groups like the first nations have managed to protect their culture and community economic - economic integration allows for free trade and the connectivity means that there is a secure market environmental - it encourages innovation and so packaging can change to become more biodegradable - the promotion of the need to help the planet and climate change through media has led to immense pressure on businesses

Answer 255

social - it has widened inequalities, rich get rich and poorer get poorer leading to formation of informal settlements - services cannot keep up with the rate of pop increase from globalisation, not enough schools and healthcare due to natural increase of migrants economic - the rate at which we are growing is unsustainable, rapid growth of cities - businesses are solely focused on profit maximisation and so leave sustainability behind environmental - increased consumerism and growing wealth is not sustainable for our planet, living on the amount of 1.5 planets resources, over consuming - the rate at which we are growing is unsustainable, land degradation, pollution, depletion of natural resources cultural - the growing difficulties of sustaining culture, cultural erosion, westernisation - flow of people has damaged the culture, destroying temples for infrastructure, breaking up tribes