health human rights and intervention ai Flashcards
why is education central to economic development
education is crucial to economic development as it provides a country with human capital . this human capital is what helps provide a country with an increasingly literate , numerate, skilled and enterprising workforce. This capital is vital for a country to move along the development pathway. education helps promise a better job , higher wages and from this flow - material benefits which help increase quality of life
what do UNESCO (United nations educational scientifc and cultural organisation) believe about education
UNESCO believe that education is the main driver of development and that it is a fundamental right which helps to achieve gender equality . they also believe it is a prerequisite for human rights.
give an example of a region where gender inequality effects education
although education in the sahel is seen to be slighlty imporving there is still large dispareities between the boys and girls. For females age 15 to 24, the literacy rate is only 33% in contrast to a 47% rate for boys . About half of the girls in the Sahel region are married and give birth before the age of 19. This has created a high-drop out rate of around 30% during the final year of lower secondary school. If tests are not taken during this time, girls cannot move up to upper secondary school, both of which are barriers to furthering education for girls.
what is the relationship between years in education and income - use 2 comparing case studies
High incomes mean governments have the taxes to invest in education (investing in future human capital, which in turn increases future income.
e.g norway 17.6 years on average in education , Income per person $70,600 (2016)
A low number of years in education results in a poorly educated, unskilled workforce with low earning capacity, so incomes remain low.
e.g niger 5.4 years, $360
how does education contribute to the assertion of human rights
education helps improve literacy rates so people can learn, understand and communicate. people can then understand their right to a decent standard of living and become aware of human rights especially freedoms and equality in democratic countries. and try to assert these rights by communicating with others e.g worldwide organisations. education also helps inform people of important things such as basic hygiene and diet which helps assert human rights and protect peoples right to life.
why is the right to education not a universally shared view
- poverty/economic development of a country
- gender inequality e.g due to religion / socio-political pressures
how does poverty in a country prevent education use an example
poverty in a country influences right for education as the funding needed to put children in schools is cosstly and many LIc’s are unable to afford it , or at least not for everyone. this lack of funding due to the lack of taxes being payed means that there are extremely low literacy rates within a country.
e.g In Niger, one of the world's poorest countries, only 8% of children reached Grade 4 (where basic literacy and numeracy skills are taught,. Standard of achievement also varies, since in Niger 51% of children reached Grade 4, but did not learn the basic skills. In Swaziland (with a GDP per capita 9x higher), 94% of children reached grade 4, and only 2% did not learn the basic skills.
this importance of GDP per capita and incomes show the importance of wealth in establishing a good education - furthermore this lack of education means that human capital is likely to be low and they will be stuck in a spiral of decline and struggle to lift themselves out of poverty.
how does gender inequality in a country effect education use an example
gender inequality often influences the ability for girls to be educated the most , in some countries religious aspects such as sharia law may be seen as intrusive and strict surrounding its laws regarding women .
for example in afghanistan a country which supports sharia law , in urban areas girls literacy rate is as high as 34.7% whereas for boys it can be as high as 68%.
saudi arabia another country which supports sharia law 91% of girls literacy rate whereas boys 99.5% . saudi arabia is ranked 2nd in the G20 for high incomes , still large disaprities in gender equality for women.
why is health important for human development
it ultimately also impacts the human capital of a country , an unhealthy population leads to a low working capital
Childhood diseases can lead to stunting and poor cognitive development, affecting education later in life.
Diseases such as malaria and HIV/Aids reduce the capacity to work, and therefore earning capacity.
Family members may have to spend long periods looking after ill relatives (rather than working), because health services are poor
Medical costs use up income that could be spend on food, education and housing.
how does food influence health and life expectancy in developing countries - use an example
population growth which tends to occurr in developing countries often puts strain on resources and food supply . the large issue of food insecurity has the potential to cause starvation and malnutrition reducing the life expectancy of the population
for example in the DRoC
most of the population lives in a state of moderate to severe food insecurity, and 40% of children under 5 suffer from chronic malnutrition
how does water influence life expectancy in the developing world
climate change , population growth and economic development in countries have put pressure on freshwater supplies , e.g extraction of minerals . pollution which occurs from these processes aswell as the increased demand creates overall water insecurity in a country
e.g in DRoC
the water supply for 47.6% of the population is ‘unimproved’
how does sanitation influence health and life expectancy in developing countries
urbanisation due to rural-urban migration causes rapid urban expansion so that sanitation systems are unable to keep up , or there may be lack of them to begin with . another issue with developing countries is that slum conditions are often a large issue which means people are exposed to unhealthy conditions. lack of sanitation e.g water supplies and lack of education surrounding this matter is likely to decrease health and life expectancy
what is maternal mortality like in DRoC
most women have their first child before the age of 20 - infant and maternal mortality rates are the world’s highest
473 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births , this drastically compares to the global susstainable development target which is trying to reduce it to 70 to 100,000 per year by 2030
outline two comparing case studies for health and life expectancy in the developing world
cuba - life expectancy - 79 - income per capita $7800 , 2% of population malnourished , 95% with access to safe water and 91% with access to sanitation maternal mortality = 39 per 100,000 and 4 per 1000 infant mortality
ethiopia - life expectancy - 52 , income per capita $700, , 29% of population malnourished , 39% access to safe water , 7% with access to sanitation , maternal mortality = 353 per 100,000 and 51 per 1000 infant mortality
compare the reasons why cuba and ethiopias health and life expectancy differs (developing countries)
Cuba’s life expectancy is the same as the USA’s because Cuba invested heavily in healthcare, water supplies and sanitation, reducing disease - despite its relative poverty.
Sanitation refers to systems for safely disposing of human waste (toilets, sewers and hand-washing facilities) all of which reduce risk of infectious diseases.
Ethiopia has high levels of undernourishment, which increases the risk of nutrition-related diseases such as scurvy and rickets, and increases susceptibility to infectious diseases.
Undernourishment - produced by insufficient food supply and calorie intake; a type of malnutrition; leads to stunting in children
Low access to safe water supply and poor sanitation spread water borne diseases.
what are the three main factors influencing health and life expectancy in developing countries
food access
water access
sanitation
what factors inlfluence health and life expectancy in developed countries
lifestyle and diet
deprivation levels
medical care
how does life style and diet influence health and life expectancy in developed countries
often in higher income countries the combination of inactive lifestyles and high fat/sugar diets, have contributed to 36% in the USA being obese, which leads to high levels of diabetes and heart disease, which lowers life expectancy. Alcoholism is a serious problem in Russia, especially among men. although there is less issues surrounding food scarcity such as in developing countries the poor diet choices and increased consumption of more luxury goods such as alcohol ultimately reduce life expectancy. : Japanese and South Korean diets contain more fish, vegetables and rice than Western diets, which are high in meat protein, fat and sugar. Better diet may lead to lower levels of cancer, heart disease and skeletal/joint problems .
japan life expectancy about 84 and USA about 78.
how do deprivation levels influence health and life expectancy in developed countries
even within hic their are still pockets of deprivation e.g areas which have undergone economic change such as the global shift of industry e.g byker in the north east of england , 10 years less life expectancy than ponteland a more affluent area less than 10 miles away.
deprivation in a more local area may leave people unable to afford a nourishing diet and may lead to health problems , furthermore crime rates are often higher in these pockets of deprivation which could lead to increased alcohol and drig consumption and therefore deaths related to this matter.
how does medical care effect health and life expectancy in developed countries
some countries, such as the UK, provide free healthcare for all (the NHS), which increases life expectancy. e.g uk 80 years
In the USA most people need expensive health insurance policies to cover health costs, which many cannot afford. e.g usa life expectancy 78 years.
the cost of healthcare in some countries may mean that even though a population can seem relatively developed there are still large disparities in access to it.
what is the ECHR (european court of human rights)
The ECHR was established in 1950 to set out articles for human rights , it was set about in the aftermath of the genocide in ww2. it aimed to maintain human rights ad fundamental freedoms across europe as a whole and is based on the UDHR. it now has 47 signatory countries which base their own laws on it. it has 59 articles and a variety of protocols on which the ECHR passes judgements on cases brought to it. it promotes human rights and it Accompanying European court of human rights to trial violators
how was the ECHR implemented into the uk
In the UK, the Human Rights Act 1998 took the rights enshrined in the ECHR and made them part of UK law. This makes it easier for citizens to have their human rights upheld in the UK, rather than having to take the UK government to court at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.
outline strengths of the ECHR
Helps challenge injustices in society e.g. UK – underpinned by law
it helps indicate where human rights imporvements are needed e.g eastern europe
it helps national policies and juries reach clearer verdicts
Governments signed up to the ECHR have made a legal commitment to abide by certain standards of behaviour and to protect the basic rights and freedoms of ordinary people.
outline the limitations/ contreversies surrounding the ECHR
Some see it as undermining national sovereignty when its ruling override national courts’ decisions e.g. European Court blocked deportation of people to countries where they may be tortured, allowed prisoners to vote, overturned abortion laws and judged surveillance to infringe privacy In the case of the ECHR, the European Council of Human Rights in Strasbourg has a higher legal power to make judgements than national courts.
Some have criticised the concept of ‘human rights’ as being Western, put into place after WW2 by European and North American politicians and thinkers.
They argue that this Western concept of human rights does not apply easily to Islamic or Asian cultures, which have different histories and traditions.
Are certain human rights universal?
Different cultures may take a different view of gender equality, or treat some crimes more/less seriously than other cultures.
