health human rights and intervention ai

Question 1

why is education central to economic development

Answer 1

education is crucial to economic development as it provides a country with human capital . this human capital is what helps provide a country with an increasingly literate , numerate, skilled and enterprising workforce. This capital is vital for a country to move along the development pathway. education helps promise a better job , higher wages and from this flow - material benefits which help increase quality of life

Question 2

what do UNESCO (United nations educational scientifc and cultural organisation) believe about education

Answer 2

UNESCO believe that education is the main driver of development and that it is a fundamental right which helps to achieve gender equality . they also believe it is a prerequisite for human rights.

Question 3

give an example of a region where gender inequality effects education

Answer 3

although education in the sahel is seen to be slighlty imporving there is still large dispareities between the boys and girls. For females age 15 to 24, the literacy rate is only 33% in contrast to a 47% rate for boys . About half of the girls in the Sahel region are married and give birth before the age of 19. This has created a high-drop out rate of around 30% during the final year of lower secondary school. If tests are not taken during this time, girls cannot move up to upper secondary school, both of which are barriers to furthering education for girls.

Question 4

what is the relationship between years in education and income - use 2 comparing case studies

Answer 4

High incomes mean governments have the taxes to invest in education (investing in future human capital, which in turn increases future income.

e.g norway 17.6 years on average in education , Income per person $70,600 (2016)

A low number of years in education results in a poorly educated, unskilled workforce with low earning capacity, so incomes remain low.

e.g niger 5.4 years, $360

Question 5

how does education contribute to the assertion of human rights

Answer 5

education helps improve literacy rates so people can learn, understand and communicate. people can then understand their right to a decent standard of living and become aware of human rights especially freedoms and equality in democratic countries. and try to assert these rights by communicating with others e.g worldwide organisations. education also helps inform people of important things such as basic hygiene and diet which helps assert human rights and protect peoples right to life.

Question 6

why is the right to education not a universally shared view

Answer 6

• poverty/economic development of a country

- gender inequality e.g due to religion / socio-political pressures

Question 7

how does poverty in a country prevent education use an example

Answer 7

poverty in a country influences right for education as the funding needed to put children in schools is cosstly and many LIc’s are unable to afford it , or at least not for everyone. this lack of funding due to the lack of taxes being payed means that there are extremely low literacy rates within a country.

e.g In Niger, one of the world's poorest countries, only 8% of children reached Grade 4 (where basic literacy and numeracy skills are taught,. Standard of achievement also varies, since in Niger 51% of children reached Grade 4,  but did not learn the basic skills.
In Swaziland (with a GDP per capita 9x higher), 94% of children reached grade 4, and only 2% did not learn the basic skills. 

this importance of GDP per capita and incomes show the importance of wealth in establishing a good education - furthermore this lack of education means that human capital is likely to be low and they will be stuck in a spiral of decline and struggle to lift themselves out of poverty.

Question 8

how does gender inequality in a country effect education use an example

Answer 8

gender inequality often influences the ability for girls to be educated the most , in some countries religious aspects such as sharia law may be seen as intrusive and strict surrounding its laws regarding women .

for example in afghanistan a country which supports sharia law , in urban areas girls literacy rate is as high as 34.7% whereas for boys it can be as high as 68%.

saudi arabia another country which supports sharia law 91% of girls literacy rate whereas boys 99.5% . saudi arabia is ranked 2nd in the G20 for high incomes , still large disaprities in gender equality for women.

Question 9

why is health important for human development

Answer 9

it ultimately also impacts the human capital of a country , an unhealthy population leads to a low working capital

Childhood diseases can lead to stunting and poor cognitive development, affecting education later in life.
Diseases such as malaria and HIV/Aids reduce the capacity to work, and therefore earning capacity.
Family members may have to spend long periods looking after ill relatives (rather than working), because health services are poor
Medical costs use up income that could be spend on food, education and housing.

Question 10

how does food influence health and life expectancy in developing countries - use an example

Answer 10

population growth which tends to occurr in developing countries often puts strain on resources and food supply . the large issue of food insecurity has the potential to cause starvation and malnutrition reducing the life expectancy of the population

for example in the DRoC
most of the population lives in a state of moderate to severe food insecurity, and 40% of children under 5 suffer from chronic malnutrition

Question 11

how does water influence life expectancy in the developing world

Answer 11

climate change , population growth and economic development in countries have put pressure on freshwater supplies , e.g extraction of minerals . pollution which occurs from these processes aswell as the increased demand creates overall water insecurity in a country

e.g in DRoC
the water supply for 47.6% of the population is ‘unimproved’

Question 12

how does sanitation influence health and life expectancy in developing countries

Answer 12

urbanisation due to rural-urban migration causes rapid urban expansion so that sanitation systems are unable to keep up , or there may be lack of them to begin with . another issue with developing countries is that slum conditions are often a large issue which means people are exposed to unhealthy conditions. lack of sanitation e.g water supplies and lack of education surrounding this matter is likely to decrease health and life expectancy

Question 13

what is maternal mortality like in DRoC

Answer 13

most women have their first child before the age of 20 - infant and maternal mortality rates are the world’s highest

473 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births , this drastically compares to the global susstainable development target which is trying to reduce it to 70 to 100,000 per year by 2030

Question 14

outline two comparing case studies for health and life expectancy in the developing world

Answer 14

cuba - life expectancy - 79 - income per capita $7800 , 2% of population malnourished , 95% with access to safe water and 91% with access to sanitation maternal mortality = 39 per 100,000 and 4 per 1000 infant mortality

ethiopia - life expectancy - 52 , income per capita $700, , 29% of population malnourished , 39% access to safe water , 7% with access to sanitation , maternal mortality = 353 per 100,000 and 51 per 1000 infant mortality

Question 15

compare the reasons why cuba and ethiopias health and life expectancy differs (developing countries)

Answer 15

Cuba’s life expectancy is the same as the USA’s because Cuba invested heavily in healthcare, water supplies and sanitation, reducing disease - despite its relative poverty.
Sanitation refers to systems for safely disposing of human waste (toilets, sewers and hand-washing facilities) all of which reduce risk of infectious diseases.
Ethiopia has high levels of undernourishment, which increases the risk of nutrition-related diseases such as scurvy and rickets, and increases susceptibility to infectious diseases.
Undernourishment - produced by insufficient food supply and calorie intake; a type of malnutrition; leads to stunting in children
Low access to safe water supply and poor sanitation spread water borne diseases.

Question 16

what are the three main factors influencing health and life expectancy in developing countries

Answer 16

food access

water access

sanitation

Question 17

what factors inlfluence health and life expectancy in developed countries

Answer 17

lifestyle and diet

deprivation levels

medical care

Question 18

how does life style and diet influence health and life expectancy in developed countries

Answer 18

often in higher income countries the combination of inactive lifestyles and high fat/sugar diets, have contributed to 36% in the USA being obese, which leads to high levels of diabetes and heart disease, which lowers life expectancy. Alcoholism is a serious problem in Russia, especially among men. although there is less issues surrounding food scarcity such as in developing countries the poor diet choices and increased consumption of more luxury goods such as alcohol ultimately reduce life expectancy. : Japanese and South Korean diets contain more fish, vegetables and rice than Western diets, which are high in meat protein, fat and sugar. Better diet may lead to lower levels of cancer, heart disease and skeletal/joint problems .

japan life expectancy about 84 and USA about 78.

Question 19

how do deprivation levels influence health and life expectancy in developed countries

Answer 19

even within hic their are still pockets of deprivation e.g areas which have undergone economic change such as the global shift of industry e.g byker in the north east of england , 10 years less life expectancy than ponteland a more affluent area less than 10 miles away.
deprivation in a more local area may leave people unable to afford a nourishing diet and may lead to health problems , furthermore crime rates are often higher in these pockets of deprivation which could lead to increased alcohol and drig consumption and therefore deaths related to this matter.

Question 20

how does medical care effect health and life expectancy in developed countries

Answer 20

some countries, such as the UK, provide free healthcare for all (the NHS), which increases life expectancy. e.g uk 80 years
In the USA most people need expensive health insurance policies to cover health costs, which many cannot afford. e.g usa life expectancy 78 years.

the cost of healthcare in some countries may mean that even though a population can seem relatively developed there are still large disparities in access to it.

Question 21

what is the ECHR (european court of human rights)

Answer 21

The ECHR was established in 1950 to set out articles for human rights , it was set about in the aftermath of the genocide in ww2. it aimed to maintain human rights ad fundamental freedoms across europe as a whole and is based on the UDHR. it now has 47 signatory countries which base their own laws on it. it has 59 articles and a variety of protocols on which the ECHR passes judgements on cases brought to it. it promotes human rights and it ​Accompanying European court of human rights to trial violators ​

Question 22

how was the ECHR implemented into the uk

Answer 22

In the UK, the Human Rights Act 1998 took the rights enshrined in the ECHR and made them part of UK law. This makes it easier for citizens to have their human rights upheld in the UK, rather than having to take the UK government to court at the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.

Question 23

outline strengths of the ECHR

Answer 23

Helps challenge injustices in society e.g. UK – underpinned by law ​
it helps indicate where human rights imporvements are needed e.g eastern europe
it helps national policies and juries reach clearer verdicts
Governments signed up to the ECHR have made a legal commitment to abide by certain standards of behaviour and to protect the basic rights and freedoms of ordinary people.​

Question 24

outline the limitations/ contreversies surrounding the ECHR

Answer 24

Some see it as undermining national sovereignty when its ruling override national courts’ decisions e.g. European Court blocked deportation of people to countries where they may be tortured, allowed prisoners to vote, overturned abortion laws and judged surveillance to infringe privacy ​In the case of the ECHR, the European Council of Human Rights in Strasbourg has a higher legal power to make judgements than national courts.

Some have criticised the concept of ‘human rights’ as being Western, put into place after WW2 by European and North American politicians and thinkers.
They argue that this Western concept of human rights does not apply easily to Islamic or Asian cultures, which have different histories and traditions.
Are certain human rights universal?
​Different cultures may take a different view of gender equality, or treat some crimes more/less seriously than other cultures.

Question 25

how is india goverened

Answer 25

Representative democracy – elected officials representing the population

Question 26

what are the human rights violations in india

Answer 26

India’s government were refusing to persecute series crimes in war-torn Kashmir region​

Human rights in India are complicated by its rapidly growing economy and its population. 1.3 billion​

Low case citizens suffering most – unlawful imprisonment, economic exploitations ​

New law to deem some areas as ‘disturbed areas’ which gives police and military open rights to shoot, detain or arrest citizen – made to maintain public order in times of politic conflict or civil unrest​Disturbed areas people now suffer most ​

70% of prisoners have yet to be to be tried

lack of LGBT rights, a lack of rights amongst Muslim women, and the caste system. This is a hereditary form of social hierarchy, which limits lower caste groups in terms of types of jobs they can have, and therefore their income. It has weakened, but lower caste groups are still subject to abuse, particularly the Dalit (untouchables).

Question 27

how does the governance in india effect human rights

Answer 27

Caste system creates self fulfils the violation of human rights ​.
so far more focused on industrial potential and economic growth Western neighbours are reluctant to step in as they are concerned about the impact on trade ties ​

Question 28

how is china goverened

Answer 28

Authoritarian state ruled by a one party system ​

Values states sovereignty over human rights ​

HR Weren’t recognized until early 1990s​

Question 29

what are the human rights violations in china

Answer 29

Covering up disappearances​

Biased judicial system​

Torture prison members ​

Use of government perspective to interrogate human rights lawyers etc as undermining the rule of the party. The aim was for the government to dismantle the ‘Rights defense movement’ – 25 people were missing or in prison ​

White papers - Rights to freedom of speech, assembly, outlawed media censorship. They have signed 20 treaties on human rights – but has been side stepped many norms. Government attitude has largely unchanged. ​

Great fire wall of china – crack down on social media

Question 30

how does the governmnent in china influence human rights

Answer 30

Violations are difficult to prosecute as legal system has been set up to limit individual rights e.g. 2015 drafted law that allowed government to monitor calls etc under new terror law – definition of terrorism hinders freedom of speech .
The West deems the infringements on human rights laws as immoral and being harmful to China’s economy. The abuses have created a climate of uncertainty thus deterring investors.

Question 31

outline the freedoms in india

Answer 31

Religious freedom: Despite religious freedom, religious violence and intolerance is common between Hindu, Muslim and Sikh groups.
Freedom of speech: Generally upheld: anti-government and single-issue protests are common, but so is police violence.
Political freedom: There are about 2,000 political parties in India, and its hotly contested elections are the largest democratic ones in the world.
Freedom of the press: There are numerous, privately owned media organisations that have reduced the influence of the government.

Question 32

outline the freedoms in china

Answer 32

​Religious freedom: Christianity is barely tolerated, and Communist party members must be atheist. Buddhism and Islam are suppressed - hundred of thousands of native Uighur Muslims are locked up in camps.
Freedom of speech: ‘Subversion of state power’ is used to crack down on dissenting voices; the internet is censored.
Political freedom: The Chinese Communist Party is, in practice, the only political party that exists.
Freedom of the press: Not free. Media are monitored by the Communist Party and subject to government direction.

Question 33

explain political corruption in myanmar

Answer 33

for more than 40 years myanmar has been ruled by unelected military junta . political violence and systematic repression of the democratic opposition have been rife . leading to the countrys political and economic state to deteroirate.
there is a strong links between the ruling military junta and organised crime activities e.g illegal logging , drugs and human trafficking e.g informal economy.

in 2015 first general election took place aung san suu kyi national laeague for democracy won a landslide victory and she now controls parliament , however 25% of the seats are taken up by unelected militray representatives. who also have veto power over constitutional change

Question 34

explain political corruption in zimbabwe

Answer 34

during zimbabwes time in the brittish colony 1880-1980 it became one of the most prosperous parts of africa , due to its profitable mining industry and manufacturing sector. robert mugabe became president in 1980 and him and his associates continue to control the country due to questionable elections ,corruption and a firm denial of human rights particularly to the remaining white population.

land reforms taken under the name of redistributing land back to the black population from the former colonial white settlers has had two outcomes - best land has ended up in the hand of mugabes cronies , the remainder of the land has been badly farmed reducing the economic capacity for that land.

scale of misrule and corruption has been such that it has brought the country to the brink of bankruptcy , gdp per capita $1000 , 23rd poorest country in the world

Question 35

how does political corruption disrupt human rights

Answer 35

The judiciary is undermined by corruption (for private benefit) because this can subvert the rule of law.

Judges can be bribed to dismiss legitimate human rights abuse cases, perhaps by wealthy business owners or TNCs

The appointment of judges can be influenced by politicians, rather than them being appointed independently

Corrupt politicians can steal government money, or foreign aid, so that it cannot be used as intended to improve human rights.

Question 36

what are the two types of developmental aid

Answer 36

bilateral aid and multilateral aid

Question 37

what is bilateral aid

Answer 37

bilateral aid is aid that is delivered on a one to one basis between a donor and recipient country

Question 38

what is multilateral aid

Answer 38

aid usually financial given by donor countries to international aid organisations such as the world bank or oxfam . these organisations distribute the aid to what they deem to be deserving causes

Question 39

what are trade embargoes

Answer 39

Otherwise known as economic sanctions, they prevent a country from undertaking international trade in the normal way
By preventing exports, or banning imports, pressure is placed on the leaders of a sovereign state to change policy because their economy suffers. e.g trade embargo put on iran because of its violation of the treaty on the non proliferation of nuclear weapons.

Question 40

what is military aid

Answer 40

Money provided from one sovereign state to another to buy military equipment

Question 41

what is direct military action

Answer 41

Armed forces from one sovereign state engaging in conflict in another sovereign state
This is often done as part of a coalition, i.e. several countries acting collectively.

Question 42

what is indirect military action

Answer 42

Military equipment, or military advisers, are provided from one sovereign state to another. (or another military group within it)
This is usually done in support of one side in a civil conflict.

Question 43

outline the military intervention in bosnia

Answer 43

NATO Intervention in Bosnia, 1992-5
In 1995, an attack on Bosnian Muslims by Bosnian Serbs led to 8,000 deaths and became known as the ‘Srebrenica Massacre’. This led to the NATO Operation Deliberate Force - an offensive air and bombing campaign against the Bosnian Serbs
Strong human rights justification, which eventually led to war crimes arrests among Bosnian Serb military leaders

although the main claim for military intervention here was to protect human rights abuses e.g bosnian muslims it could also be known that military intervention took place due to The need to prevent wider conflict destabilising whole regions: NATO intervention in Bosnia in 1992-5 was partly to prevent the Bosnian war spilling over into other European countries.

Question 44

outline the military intervention in iraq

Answer 44

2003 Invasion of Iraq
A US- and UK-led invasion that led to the downfall of Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein. It was justified at the time on the basis of removing Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction, especially chemical weapons, and Iraq’s support for terrorism
Weapons of Mass Destruction (chemical/biological/nuclear weapons that kill large numbers of people indiscriminately) were never found in Iraq by USA and UK forces, and some argue that the conflict and its aftermath inflicted greater human rights abuses than before the invasion.

A need to protect strategic resources, such as oil supply, especially from the Middle East. Intervention in Iraq in the 1990s and 2000s can partly be seen in this context.