Regeneration Flashcards
Primary sector - where are they?
Rural areas tend to have more primary employment in farming, mining, quarrying and fishing - this tends to be low paid, manual work
Secondary sector - where are they?
More secondary work employment in Northern cities such as Manchester, Sheffield, Glasgow, but this has declined over time - manufacturing
Tertiary - where are they?
Service sector - jobs are concentrated in urban areas but these vary from cleaners on minimum wage to very high paid professionals like lawyers - retail, services, office work
Quaternary - where are they?
jobs in research and development and in high-tech industries are found in London and the south east - Scientific research and ICT
Different employment types?
Part time, full time
Temporary, permanent
Employed, self-employed
Quinary sector
The highest levels of decision making in an economy - business executives, officials in governments, science, uni - STEM employment
What is a function of an area?
An areas primary or main use
Why do functions of places change?
Physical factors accessibility and connectedness National and local planning Historical developments Globalisation Migration De-industrialisation
Why do functions of places change? - physical factors
- Some dynamic and changing landscapes are hard to manage such as coastal areas where sea levels are rising so there is an increase level of erosion
- Concern on climate change has lead to some farmland being used as solar farms
- Climate change is starting to shape architecture and land-use decisions
Why do functions of places change? - Accessibility and connectedness
- Development of UK motorways have changed the importance of some towns
- Crewe a former railway town has seen a decline due to. motorways
- Essex and Kent is more accessible and is increasingly popular for those who cannot afford to live in London
- Growth of regional airports - facilitated immigration into UK
Why do functions of places change? - Historical developments
Some areas have changed but still reflect history - tourist destinations
-Totnes - wants to protect its history and culture and has major tourist attractions
Why do functions of places change? - Local and national planning
- Gentrification
- Increased demand in housing
- Studentification
Why do functions of places change? - Migration
EU - allowed free movement of people within member countries which as increased and changed the culture of some towns
-Polish people are one of the largest non-britain born groups in the UK
Why do functions of places change? - Globalisation
- Has increased the advancement of technology and infrastructure due to increase in foreign investment
- This has lead to more foreign companies setting up in area - clustering - agglomeration
Why do functions of places change? - De-industrialisation
Major changes in areas that had large coal mining or factories such as Redcar
Different impacts of change in function to an area:
Identity
Demographic changes
Level of deprivation
How is the level of deprivation impacted by the change in function?
-Replacing an industry with a more economically stable industry, decreases the level of deprivation. More highly skilled people are brought into the area with higher incomes, this means that people are paying a higher tax rate which is benefitting the local economy. However, this can often lead to gentrification resulting in low income earners being pushed out of the area.
How has demographics been impacted by the change in function?
– By bringing in higher tech, quaternary industry, it will increase the number of younger people – benefit the economy and lead to agglomeration
How has identity been impacted by the change in function?
Cities bring together identity politics and minority influences. Southall in West London is characterised by its increasingly mixed Indian and Somali community. Within both communities there are newly arrived migrants, refugees and long-established migrants.
How can change in functions be measured?
- employment trends, -demographic changes
- land use changes
- levels of deprivation: Crime, income, employment, health, quality of living environment, abandoned and derelict land.
How does a change in function cause changes in employment?
More functions in an area there ae going to be higher levels of employment. If there are lots of jobs in an area it is going to attract a younger/working age population.
How does a change in function cause changes in demographics?
More students mean there would be more educational areas which could cause studentification meaning there would be an increase in retail and commercial areas. More of an older population means there would be less of a commercial area and more retail and agriculture areas.
How does a change in function cause changes in deprivation?
Higher levels of deprivation would decrease levels of retail as they wouldn’t be able to afford it. Low levels of deprivation would increase the amount of wealthy people and increase the standard of retail and commercial areas.
Gentrification
What characteristics do successful areas have?
- Good infrastructure
- High level of accessibility
- Range of industrial sectors
- Good governance that are sympathetic to businesses – deregulation of markets
- Highly skilled workforce
- Access to a broad level of employment and jobs/ industries
- Good support services
- Good geology - Coastal, river, flatland
- High levels of investment
What characteristics do unsuccessful areas have?
- High levels of deprivation
- Outmigration
- High levels of crime
- Narrow demographic
- Elderly or dependant population
- Industrial waste, high levels of deindustrialisation
How are priorities for regeneration decided?
- How socially or economically deprived the area is
- The number of people that will benefit
- The demographic in the area
- The amount of money the government are investing
- Rural or urban area
- Local and national government
Why do levels of engagement in local communities vary?
Demographics
levels of deprivation
gender
education levels
Gated communities
Gated communities are wealthy residential areas that are fenced off and have security gates and entry systems. They are increasingly common in the UK.
Sink estates
Sink estates are council housing estates that are the least desirable to live in and have the shortest waiting lists for housing. They are characterised by high levels of economic and social deprivation and crime, especially domestic violence, drugs and gang warfare
Commuter villages
A rural settlement close to any city that has become home for many people working in the urban area
- invested in through new businesses and shopping centres (Bluewater)
Declining rural settlements
The decrease in population of rural areas due to large amounts of outmigration
Abandoned buildings and people who are left have no services that are easily accessible
Ways to measure level of engagement
Election turnout - the percentage of people who have a right to vote in an election that actually do vote
Turnout is the lowest in deprived inner cities and higher in wealthy suburbs and commuter belt rural areas.
What factors affect lived experiences and therefore levels of engagement?
Proportion of second homes Size of settlement Gender Ethnicity and length of residence Key community leaders who organise activities or publicise political info Age Deprivation The issue and how it is covered in the media
What factors affect lived experiences and therefore levels of engagement? - proportion of second homes
Proportion of second homes
-If people don’t live there, there are less people who have a real interest in local issues
What factors affect lived experiences and therefore levels of engagement? - Size of settlement
Size of settlement
-Smaller tends to be greater as more of a community spirit
What factors affect lived experiences and therefore levels of engagement? -Gender
More women get involved in community projects than men. More women work part time or not at all
What factors affect lived experiences and therefore levels of engagement? - Ethnicity and length of residence
People may not feel much belonging so this will affect engagement., although some ethnic communities have higher engagement in voting if faced by prejudice or exploitation
What factors affect lived experiences and therefore levels of engagement? - Key community leaders who organise activities or publicise political info
This can encourage engagement and keep people informed
What factors affect lived experiences and therefore levels of engagement? - age
An older population will have more time to consider and get involved in activities or devote to decisions on elections
What factors affect lived experiences and therefore levels of engagement? - deprivation
Poorer areas are politically excluded due to lack of education, feeling of helplessness, apathy or aspirations
What factors affect lived experiences and therefore levels of engagement? - issue and media
if something where people feel strongly like identity, they will be more likely to participate, especially if media coverage is high
Factors explaining variations in political engagement
- Language barriers, especially among recently arrived immigrants
- Lack of trust in politicians, strongest among the young and some ethnic minority groups
- Feeling that one has no influence, strongest among minorities
- Lack of belonging to a community giving a feeling of isolation.
What may support for local community groups do to increase engagement?
Range from committees running local allotments, open spaces and nature reserves to village shops to groups protesting over planned developments such as new housing, fracking and wind farms.
Why do conflicts occur among contrasting community groups concerning regeneration?
- Many different groups have different motivations. Local council want to regenerate the area to increase the amount of investment, whereas many residents want regeneration plans to benefit the local community.
- Many residents feel helpless as they may not get any consultation on what the regeneration plans are and how they are going to affect them.
- Jobs being set up may not be appropriate to the area, could increase gentrification and push local residents out.
How does different media provide contrasting evidence for the need of regeneration in our area?
- Formal Perceptions (Local newspapers) – contain positive views of the area. They are reliable as they contain statistics and they explain the need for regeneration and what they need to do in order to improve the area.
- Informal perceptions (Social Media) – Don’t consider statistics and could potentially be biased. People can manipulate informal perceptions as they can choose how they want the area to be perceived.
Why can conflicts occur within communities due to regeneration?
- a lack of political engagement and representation
- ethnic tensions
- inequality
- a lack of economic opportunity
Pros and cons of regenerating gated communities
+ Brings money into the area - more people who have a high income paying higher tax
- Increases social inequalities
Pros and cons of regenerating sink estates
+ Provides cheaper housing
Improves sanitation, better health
- People who are paying taxes may get annoyed that taxes are spent on sink eststates
High transient population
Pros and cons of regenerating commuter villages
+create more jobs inside village
More services accessible so people don’t leave
-Urban sprawl could lead to development on greenbelt areas
May be restricted through legislation.
Pros and cons of declining rural areas
+Improve quality of life for people
Increase job opportunities
-Minimal effect as people move out of area -depopulation
What is Paul Cloke’s 4 definitions for index of rurality
Extreme rural
Intermediate rural
Intermediate non-rural
Extreme non-rural
Rural depopulation
the absolute decline of population living in a rural area
Rural-urban migration
The permanent change of residence of an individual, family or group of people from an area classified as rural to one classified as urban
Reasons for the decline of MEDC’s
- Mechanisation
- Limited opportunities in rural areas
- Downward spiral of services in rural areas as threshold pop is not met
- poor communication links
- Poor access to services
Negatives multiplier effect of outmigration
Threshold population not being met
services closing down
Local businesses closing down
Increase in rural decline
Negatives multiplier effect of mechanisation
Less job opportunities
move to city to find a job
increase outmigration
increase in rural decline
Negatives multiplier effect of high aspirations of young people
Bright lights syndrome
Depopulation
Threshold not being met
Increase in rural decline
Counter-urbanisation
People moving from urban areas to intermediate non-rural and extreme non-rural
Why do people move from urban to rural areas?
Better QOL Retirement - slower pace of life Less crime Leisure activities Community engagement
Lived experiences - what factors can affect this?
The experiences that different people have in their lifetime
-family situation, family culture, educational experience, living spaces, personal interest
Attachment to a place
how positive someone feels about a place will be determined by their lived experience
Level of engagement
how much people participate in their community - affected by their lived experiences
Engagement
How willing you are to volunteer/help in your local community
How do people participate in the community?
Volunteering -charity, services
Voting - national and local
Participation in protests/voicing their opinion on local matters
