Globalisation Flashcards

Question

How did transport change in 20th century? | -containerisation

Answer 1

-less time spent when products change transport type, e.g. at a dock = more trade = cheaper -Dramatically sped up goods trade and reduced costs, making consumer goods cheaper -Process is easily mechanised; containers are unloaded by crane, increasingly automatically. In the past, cargo was loaded manually in crates or stacks. -Fewer losses from theft. The world's fleet if 9500 container ships can carry up to 18,000 twenty-foot shipping containers each. -Faster transport times increase the distance perishable products can be transported, e.g. cut flowers from Kenya, opening up more distant markets and reducing losses.

Answer 2

- the physical distance between places remains unchanged, but new technologies reduce the time taken to transport goods/people/communicate information - the process of time-space compression

Answer 3

-an effect of increased connectivity with more distant place and an effect of the shrinking world

Answer 4

- they have reduced communication costs and increase global communication flows, since the late 20th century - developments have been very rapid since 1990 - banking (electronic apps), booking hotels (online), shopping online

Answer 5

- mid-1990s, even in many developing countries. - extended information flows to locations beyond landline networks - Reduced mobile phone costs expanded usage from an expensive business tool to an ubiquitous consumer product - Used even in countries with a lack of communications infrastructure. By 2015, 70% of people in Africa owned a mobile phone.

Answer 6

- Internet access became common from the mid 1990s, followed by fast broadband. - Close to 50% of the world's population uses internet. - Broadband internet in the 1980s and 90s meant that large amounts of data could be moved quickly through cyberspace.

Answer 7

- Social networks and Skype allow people to communicate instantly - The development of social media (Facebook 2006, Instagram 2010, WhatsApp 2010) enabled much cheaper communication between friends and family than landline telephone. - This has led to space-time compression, where the cost (time or money) of communicating over distance has fallen rapidly, so people can communicate regardless of distance.

Answer 8

-The rise of mobile phones means they can be used for economic banking, revolutionising life for individuals and businesses. -Electronic banking extends capital flows beyond the physical banking network -E-banking allows migrants to transmit remittances of money back to their home countries. -It has been a huge benefit to businesses, since they can: Keep in touch with all parts of their production, supply and sales network, locally and globally. -Transfer money and investments instantly. Instantly analyse data on sales, employees and orders from anywhere within their business.

Answer 9

Land-based and sub-sea fibre optic cables in the 2000s increased the speed and volume of data transmission through cyberspace, and allow instant, global communications. - Global positioning systems (GPS) use continuously broadcasting satellites as beacons to triangulate information. - Satellite-based television has meant that popular channels are available worldwide, in many languages.

Answer 10

MP3 players and iPhones enable a rapid global transfer of music and video. TNCs bring foreign styles and products, e.g. McDonalds, Starbucks, possibly creating a global 'McCulture'?

Answer 11

Social networks can be used to spread political messages, e.g. an environmental campaign or enhanced impact of a terrorist atrocity.

Answer 12

- Globalisation allows economic specialisation where the country focusses on production of certain goods/services it can produce most efficiently, lowering production costs. - The focus of specialisation determined by the country's mix of natural resources (land). people (labour) and technology (capital) - Specialisation and trade allows for an increase in global output and increases choice, raising quality of life.

Answer 13

Globalisation reduces self-sufficiency and increases interdependence - mutual reliance on inputs from other countries. Increased complexity of global flows may reduce resilience as it increases vulnerability to shocks anywhere in the world, e.g. a natural disaster, economic recession, war, or political conflict.

Answer 14

Its an International financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poor countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects -working for sustainable solutions that reduce to poverty and build prosperity in developing countries

Answer 15

189 countries | -don't want to give money to developing countries who have bad human rights

Answer 16

- borrows the money it lends as it has goof credit because it has well managed financial services - can borrow money ay low interest rates from capital markets - fees paid by member countries - borrowing from countries

Answer 17

international monetary fund - maintain economic stability in emergencies - organisation that aims to promote global economic growth and finical stability, encourages international trade and reduce trade tariffs and taxes

Answer 18

- 189 - each have a representative on the IMF executives board in proportion to its financial; importance - most powerful countries have most economic voting power

Answer 19

- quotas - pooled funds from member nations - larger economic importance = larger quotas - Loans - multilateral and bilateral borrowing -some countries ready to lend money

Answer 20

world trade Organisation - deals with the rules of trades between nations - role is to help producers of good/services, export/importers conduct their businesses - help facilitate global trade through the removal of taxes and tariffs - allows globalisation and easier movement of goods - allows fyi and foreign firms to set up

Answer 21

- contributions from members | - cost sharing by countries involved in an event or by international organisations

Answer 22

world economic forum -organisation that brings together its membership on a year basis to discuss major issues concerning the worlds political economy

Answer 23

-funded by its own members[which includes industry leaders, politicians, and companies

Answer 24

- by joining trade blocs - free market liberalisation - privatisation - encouraging business start ups

Answer 25

- specialisation - Countries specialise in goods being produced which have a comparative advantage (e.g. can produce at the lowest cost) and trade these products for other members' specialisms - Firms producing a country's specialisation become TNCs as they sell outputs through the bloc.

Answer 26

companies set up in foreign countries must pay export tax, high export taxes = low fdi

Answer 27

companies bringing in goods, import taxes must be paid | high import = less fdi

Answer 28

an agreed amount of stock that you can bring into a country per month or per year -this aims to protect domestic producers

Answer 29

import taxes, export taxes, high quotes to protect domestic market

Answer 30

allows producers to sell it cheaper to protect domestic market

Answer 31

when you make more money from your exports than you have to spend on your imported goods

Answer 32

when you spend more money on your imports than you make on your exports

Answer 33

free trade - remove taxes, tariffs and any barriers

Answer 34

-A single market trade bloc composed of 28 members and a population of 512 million. -guarantees the free movement of goods, capital and people. the euro has been adopted by 19 members. -Integrated economic policy areas, e.g. Structural Funds to assist regions within member countries with a GDP per capita of less than 75% the EU average -The original political aim was to integrate economies, so that interdependence prevents war.

Answer 35

- removing barriers to intra-community trade allows markets for the firm to grow - firms have a comparative advantage in the production of a product that should prosper - an enlarged market increases demand, raising the volume of production and thereby lowering manufacturing costs per unit - an improved economy of scale results, meaning products can be sold more cheaply and sales rise - national firms can merge to form tnc's - they need large domestic markets to generate economies of scale - increased sales = low production costs =high profit

Answer 36

- A free trade area with 10 members with a population of 625 million - A uniform low tariff is applied between members for specified goods. It's working towards the elimination of tariffs sector by sector. - Political globalisation: ASEAN aims to co-ordinate response to regional political issues. It's more political than economic. - ASEAN pledged to remain nuclear weapons free in 1995

Answer 37

- bring people - causes clustering of ethnic groups - encourages more migrants of that ethnicity - ghettoisation - more power of ethnic people in area - services adapt to people - cultural diffusions and enrichment

Answer 38

- loss of sovereignty - interdependence - compromise and concession - cultural erosion - trade distortion - short term unemployment

Answer 39

the EU deals not only with trade matters but also with human rights, consumer protection, greenhouse gas emissions

Answer 40

-they increase trade between countries, the countries become dependant on each other, a disruption of trade may have severe consequences fro the economies of countries

Answer 41

-countries must allow foreign firms to gain domestic market share, sometimes at the expense of local companies - they do this in the expectation that their consumers will benefit from better products and keener prices as well as company expanding abroad

Answer 42

-cheap uniform products across the bloc replace more expensive local variants

Answer 43

-Imposition of common external tariff makes goods from non-members expensive. Trade distorted as the switch from cheaper non-member producer to more expensive member producer. Prices rise

Answer 44

-Specialisation shifts resources to industries which have a comparative advantage. -Firms being specialised away from will shut down. Workers' employment lost (though there are new jobs in the expanding specialised industry and in new demand areas from increases purchasing power) new jobs likely to benefit new workers and older ones less likely to retrain

Answer 45

governments ability to make designs without any others getting involved

Answer 46

- This involves promoting free markets and reduces government intervention in the economy - make it easier and more attractive to fdi - deregulation of capital markets - It means ending the monopoly provision of some services like telephones, broadband, gas and electricity, so you can choose your supplier based on quality and price. - Foreign competition can be encouraged by removing legal restrictions on foreign ownership and removing capital controls, allowing inflows of FDI (and outflows)

Answer 47

- Competition between firms leads to innovation and lowest cost production - Outcome is higher output, lower prices and greater choice - higher SOL - It has created competition in once restricted markets. - It involves removing price controls, breaking up monopolies (e.g. trade union monopolies of labour supply) and encouraging competition - including foreign competition, which increases efficiency further and promotes globalisation.

Answer 48

- structural unemployment - often leads to a shift in the balance of an economy. Some industries grow, some decline. Therefore, there may often be structural unemployment from certain industries closing. - Environmental costs -could lead to greater exploitation of the environment, e.g. greater production of raw materials, trading toxic waste to countries with lower environmental laws.

Answer 49

- e.g. Hinkley Point C Nuclear Power Station in Somerset will be 40% owned by Chinese SWF's - e.g. China owns 10% of Heathrow Airport and Qatar owns 10% of BA

Answer 50

It is the transfer of a business, industry, or service from public to private ownership and control. - sold services to private companies to reduce govt spending and to raise money - allows injection of foreign capital as it increases technology and information

Answer 51

- Since the 1980s many governments have sold of industries they once owned (so-called 'nationalised industries) - In the UK the steel, car, electricity, gas and water industries were all state-owned but are now privately owned

Answer 52

- It may increase efficiency as the profit motive minimises loss (government reluctant to sack workers, leading to higher labour costs) - Permitting foreign ownership allows an injection of foreign capital through FDI, introduces new technologies and promotes globalisation - innovation - lack of political interference - It is argued governments make poor economic managers. They are motivated by political pressures rather than sound economic and business sense - may employ too many people and increase inefficiency - Often privatisation of state-owned monopolies occurs alongside deregulation – more firms to enter the industry and increase the competitiveness of the market. It is this increase in competition that can increase efficiency - allows countries to specialise in goods where they have a comparative advantage

Answer 53

- public interest - There are many industries which perform an important public service, e.g., health care, education and public transport. In these industries, the profit motive shouldn’t be the primary objective of firms and the industry - Many of the privatised companies in the UK are quite profitable. This means the government misses out on their dividends - Privatisation creates private monopolies, such as the water companies and rail companies. These need regulating to prevent abuse of monopoly power

Answer 54

- Grants and loans are often made to new businesses especially in areas that are seen to be globally important growth areas such as ICT development, pharmaceuticals or renewable energy. - There could also be low business taxes, well-enforced contract laws, minimum regulation and efficiency bankruptcy procedures, which encourage new firm creation.

Answer 55

- It creates innovation and competition in new production techniques, erodes excess profit of monopolies, lowers prices and increases household purchasing power - Where legal restrictions on foreign ownership and capital controls are also removed, foreign new businesses will be attracted to start up, promoting globalisation. - incentives such as grants, tax break attract foreign businesses - provides jobs, lower level of unemployment

Answer 56

- a financial injection made by TNC's into a nation's economy, either to build new facilities or to acquire, merge with an existing firm already based there

Answer 57

50s-70s - many new independent countries rejected fdi as being exploitative - low labour wages and polluting environment 80s - most countries were pro fdi - new jobs, better pay and working conditions

Answer 58

a business expands its domestic operations to a foreign country -conducting same activities but in foreign countries

Answer 59

a business expands into a foreign country by moving to a different level of the supply chain - outsourcing/offshoring - different activities that still relate to business

Answer 60

a business acquires an unrelated business in a foreign country entering a new industry/market and foreign country

Answer 61

a business expands into a foreign country but the output from the foreign operations is exported to a third country -occurs in low-cost locations inside free trade areas

Answer 62

- creating new jobs - introduces new technology - economic growth by opening it up to new markets

Answer 63

- long term capital movement - once fdi becomes more profitable capital flows cut off host country to investors country - disruption of local industry - attracts the highly-skilled workers which creates income disparities

Answer 64

four Asian countries (Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong) chose export led growth. -They experienced much faster economic growth than countries following import substitution, and became known as 'Asian Tiger economies'.

Answer 65

an industrial area, often near a coastline, where favourable conditions are created to attract foreign TNC's. These conditions include low tax rates and exemption from tariffs and export duties -SEZs are used by some countries to attract FDI, spreading globalisation to new regions.

Answer 66

Successful SEZs need good infrastructure, close proximity to trade routes or emerging markets, minimum bureaucracy and rule of law (contract security, minimal corruption, freedom from crime and violence.)

Answer 67

- They are tariff and quota free, allowing manufactured goods to be exported at no cost. - Unions are usually banned, so workers cannot neither strike nor complain. - Infrastructure such as port facilities, roads, power and water connections are provided by the government, providing a subsidy for investors and lowering their cost. - All profits made can be sent to the company HQ overseas. - Taxes are usually very low, and often there is a tax-free period of up to 10 years, after a business invests. - Environmental regulations are usually limited.

Answer 68

-China was switched off from global economy and many people were living in poverty in rural areas

Answer 69

- Open door policy created in 1978 after death of chairman Mao - slowly introducing economic liberalisation and opening up to FDI - rural farmers were given land and could run it for profit

Answer 70

- exports soared to $2bn in 1980 to $200bn in 2000 - China then joined WTO -allowing low tariffs for exports for countries - huge surge of rural to urban migration - 300m people - 400m people escaped poverty

Answer 71

- legal restrictions were relaxed on fdi is some sectors of China's domestic market - rail freight, chemicals - Chinese sovereign wealth fund and TNC's are now major sources of FDI in other countries

Answer 72

- FDI from China and TNC's is predicted US $1.25 tn from 2015-2025 - China agreed to export more rare earth minerals due to WTO rules - Foreign TNC's are allowed to invest into some of China's domestic markets - rail freight and chemicals

Answer 73

- Google and Facebook have little access to China's markets - Governments set strict quota of only 34 foreign films to be screened in cinemas per year - strict controls in some sectors

Answer 74

A sum of money granted by the government to help an industry or businesses keep the price of a commodity or service low WTO usually prohibits subsidies to domestic firms as this acts as a trade barrier -the government payment allows a firm to accept a lower market price, undercutting the price of imports

Answer 75

- production subsidy - consumption subsidy - export subsidy - employment subsidy

Answer 76

encourages the production of a product | -compensates for some manufacturers expenses to increase production output

Answer 77

-offsets the costs for food, water, healthcare and education

Answer 78

-subsidies the costs for exports

Answer 79

-given to companies and organisations in order to enable them to provide job opportunities

Answer 80

- lowering costs and controlling inflation - preventing long-term decline of industries - farming - increases overall supply of goods and lowers the price of product

Answer 81

- hard to quantify the success of subsidies - high taxes - can act as a trade barrier - the government payment allows a firm to accept a lower market price, undercutting the price of imports

Answer 82

firms with operations in more than one country

Answer 83

-When a firm changed from a national company to a TNC by opening operation in another country (FDI), it creates international connections, spreading globalisation.

Answer 84

-by the creation of trade blocs, removing international barriers, and changing government policies to encourage economic liberalisation, including removing capital controls and legal restrictions, and creating SEZs.

Answer 85

- Firms aim to maximise profit, becoming a TNC helps to do this by reducing costs, or generating higher revenues from new markets. - New foreign operation may be part of production process in a lower cost location, or a retail outlet to access new markets and increase revenue.

Answer 86

- This is the process of moving part of a company's own production process to another country - e.g. building a new factory in China, where wage rates are lower - Nike - Especially to SEZs in Asian countries. - It reduces costs as wage rates are lower, tax rates are lower, proximity to raw materials reduces transport costs, less environmental regulation.

Answer 87

-This is the process where a firm contracts with another company to obtain goods or services from it. -Apple - Foxxcon -Outsourcing is more flexible than offshoring as the TNC can quickly shift supplier if a cheaper source becomes available. However, less direct control over the production process can lead to problems, e.g. in 2013 Tesco discovered that its Romanian supplier was mixing horsemeat into budget beefburgers. This is usually administration and data processing - Bangalore in India is known for this.

Answer 88

However, less direct control over the production process can lead to problems, e.g. in 2013 Tesco discovered that its Romanian supplier was mixing horse-meat into budget beef burgers.

Answer 89

- Outsourcing and offshoring lead to the production of global production networks. These reduce costs, allowing TNCs to make larger profits, and/or lower prices. - increased interconnections = increased flows of commodities and people

Answer 90

-Much of China's rapid economic growth has been fuelled by western TNCs locating manufacturing plants in its SEZs, creating jobs and boosting exports, taking advantage of China's economic liberalisation since 1978.

Answer 91

Opening new outlets in another country increases revenue for TNCs.

Answer 92

- Some TNCs sell identical 'authentic' products in all countries, e.g. Lego, Louis Vuitton handbags - Glocalisation is the process of adapting brands and products to suit the local market conditions, such as taste, laws or culture.

Answer 93

- Global production networks may make TNCs more vulnerable to shocks in different parts of the world that halt production. 2011 Japanese tsunami halted component supplies to offshore Nissan factory in Sunderland. - In 2013, the Rana Plaza textile factory in Bangladesh collapsed, killing 1,100 workers and halting supplies of outsourced garments to Benetton and Wal-Mart. - TNCs have been accused of exploiting workers in the developing/emerging world by paying them low wages. - Outsourcing jobs can lead to job losses in the home country. - Local cultures and traditions can be eroded by TNC brands and western ideas.

Answer 94

- leakages - go back to another country - bring foreign workers don't benefit unemployment of host country - cultural dilution - protect domestic market

Answer 95

- increased interconnections= increased flows of commodities and people - creates large digital footprint - spread of cultural globalisation

Answer 96

- lack of investment in infrastructure - government debt - over dependance on a single industry - natural resource curse

Answer 97

- poorly developed transport and teleconnections infrastructure - can't increase interconnections, information flow of commodities/people

Answer 98

-high level of government debt meaning there is a lack of money to invest into interconnections and teleconnections infrastructure

Answer 99

- over reliance on one industry due to natural resource cycle and commodity cycle

Answer 100

- when you specialise in one industry in one natural resource - high risk - external shocks can affect countries economy - lack of interconnections

Answer 101

e. g. Sahel Region - poor infrastructure and low literacy levels of the working age population make it unattractive for offshoring FDI - low income levels mean it lacks market size to attract retail outlet FDI. Few households other than elite can afford to purchase imported goods or engage in foreign tourism. - dominated by a subsistence farming economy with food produced to eat, not sell. These places are also poor, and their capacity to create connections is limited.

Answer 102

- governments may want complete control over the country and do not allow movement into or out of the country - they reject westernisation, globalisation and capitalism (North Korea) - unstable governments as a consequence of Neo-colonilalism - corruption/organised crime/terrorism - excluded from trade blocs/not allowed to trade fairly

Answer 103

- indigenous populations were isolated during colonialism - after interdependence = civil wars for land and resources - constant fight for power within African countries

Answer 104

- arid conditions - desertification - clouds keep area cool, no trees means sun bakes ground which kills land and nutrients removed and no rapid run off - lack of natural resources - landlocked countries - isolation from market

Answer 105

- North Korea is a hereditary autocracy ruled by Kim Jong-Un. - It's run as a one-party system with a command economy organised on the communist system. - Since 1955 it has followed the policy of Junche 'self-sufficiency', minimising trade with other countries. - Emigration and foreign tourism by ordinary North Koreans is prohibited. - Ordinary North Koreans have no access to internet or social media. There are no undersea data cable connections. - This is because there is a personality cult where all successes are attributed to the wide leadership of Kim, and the internet and foreign travel would not maintain this.

Answer 106

-Sahel region countries have a semi-arid climate with 200-400 mm of precipitation p.a., making agricultural exports reliant on a good rainy season. -Climate change is increasing aridity, leading to desertification as savanna gives way to desert. -This reduces land area available for producing agricultural exports. Harsh desert climates, extreme polar cold and dense tropical forests all limit the development of transport and trade connections meaning continental interiors and polar regions are less well connected than coastal locations

Answer 107

- outsourcing - offshoring - global production markets - glocalisation - investment into new markets

Answer 108

- outsourcing and offshoring due to economic liberalisation - global production markets due to transport advancements - investment in new markets due to trade blocs - advancements in tech and transport = TNC's able to access global markets

Answer 109

- All four Sahel region countries are landlocked, rely on poor quality roads, and freedom of passage through neighbouring countries to access coastal ports. - Resulting high transport costs may make exports unattractive in foreign markets and deter FDI

Answer 110

-is the relocating of the global economic centre of gravity to Asia from Europe and North America

Answer 111

- the shift of manufacturing from Europe, Japan and North America to China - the shift of service and administration jobs to India (Bangalore)

Answer 112

- Global shift was driven by improvements in transport and communications, plus the lowering of trade barriers and economic liberalisation, opening up to FDI. - Labour-intensive manufacturing was attracted to Asia by the large pool of workers willing to work for low wage rates.

Answer 113

- countries in the east are growing at a faster rate than western countries - overall increasing the wealth of all regions of the world but some increasing at a faster rate

Answer 114

-began in the 50s with cheap mass-produced goods relocating to Japan

Answer 115

Asian Tiger Economies (South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore) quickly followed in the 1960s and 70s. -They all went through rapid growth by going through industrialisation since the 1960s when TNCs looked for areas with cheap labour and low costs for other things.

Answer 116

- In the 1980s and 90s most other Asian countries opened up to globalisation, as well as South America and the communist bloc. - However, there is a time lag of 10-15 years between the removal of trade barriers and large FDI flows.

Answer 117

- A reasonably well-developed level of infrastructures such as roads, railways and ports. - Relatively well-educated population with existing skills. - Good geographical location - Especially for Singapore as it is situated between the Indian and Pacific Ocean, which made it perfect for trading, imports and exports. - Government support, for example, offering low-interest rates in bank loans. - Less rigid laws and regulations on labour, taxation and pollution than in home countries of TNCs, allowing more profitable operations. (Low-cost manufacture with cheap labour)

Answer 118

- waged work - poverty reduction - education and training - investment in infrastructure - increase in urban incomes China

Answer 119

- Factory work provides a reliable, regular wage, since subsistence farming income is vulnerable to weather and disease. - Low wages of $2-3 per day are still double or triple rural income. - The long 12 hour working day, six days a week may be 'sweatshop' conditions, but subsistence farming required even more. - Over time, as education levels rise and the supply of rural labour decreases, wages rise and there is a shift to more capital intensive production of higher-technology products, e.g. cars and computers. Wage rates of $10 per day.

Answer 120

- The world bank defines extreme poverty as an income less than $1.25 per day (2005) - Since 1990, 1 billion people have been lifted out of extreme poverty, primarily due to global shift - Incomes rise either due to waged work in factories, or a rise in incomes for commodity producers supplying Asian factories. - Some 600 million Chinese were lifted out of poverty between 1992 and 2015 - 300m considered to be middle class - Extreme poverty has reduced from 84% in 1980 to 10% in 2016 - Remittance payments have decreased rural poverty

Answer 121

- TNCs invest in training and skills development to improve workforce productivity, and some skills are transferable. - Economic growth generated by global shift in manufacturing used to finance investment in education and training - Households use higher income to pay for more of children's schooling.Increase income tax and corporation tax used by government to fund state education. - this was a plan by the government to create an educated and innovative workforce

Answer 122

-Attracting manufacturing FDI requires initial investment in basic infrastructure, e.g. ports, power, water supply, sewers. -Initially investment in a few coastal locations (SEZs) but this later expands to link up SEZs to cities inland. China built 11,000 km of new motorways in 2015 alone. -It has the world’s longest highway network -Its rail systems links ALL provinces and cities -Its HRS has doubled in length in 10 years linking its major cities - Shanghai’s Maglev is the fastest commercial train (268mph) taking 8mins from the CBD to the airport - 82 airports have been built since 2000 (now 250 in total). 8 of the world’s top 12 airports by freight tonnage

Answer 123

- Economic growth and slow population growth has led to urban incomes rising as pay has increased. - Urban incomes have increased by 10% a year since 2005. - In 2014 the average urban income had risen to $9000 a year. - The urban workers also receive good terms and conditions – 40hour working week, overtime payments and paid holidays - There is a big and growing urban / rural divide.

Answer 124

- loss of productive farmland - unplanned settlements - environmental or resource pressure - loss of biodiversity - land degradation - over-exploitation of resources and resource pressure - pollution and health problems

Answer 125

-China’s rapid industrialisation has led to an increasing loss of farmland -Most farmland is lost due to pollution. 3 million hectares (the size of Belgium) has been polluted by heavy metal. - Farmland close to rivers has been taken out of action due to the risk of pollution from fertilisers and pesticides - Rapid urbanisation has created a loss of farm workers which has decreased production - Overproduction in some areas (Loess plateau) has created desertification and a further loss of productive land. -Rural farmers are 40% more likely to suffer from liver cancer due to their exposure to heavily polluted land and water.

Answer 126

-Rapid industrialisation and then urbanisation has created a need for more housing resulting in an increase in informal homes. -An increase in land process has made affordable housing hard to find. As a result two types of illegal housing are now common: -Expanded housing in villages close to the edge of cities. Villagers add an extra storey to their house and rent it to migrant workers - Farmland is privately developed for housing without permission Increase in urban incomes

Answer 127

- A 2015 survey carried out by the WWF found that China’s vertebrates had declined by 50%. - The UN has identified the Yellow Sea and South China sea as the most degraded marine areas on earth. - 36% of forests are facing pressure from urban expansion

Answer 128

- Over 40% of China’s farmland is now suffering from degradation. - Industrial emissions are creating acidic soils in the south. - Land clearance for industry has led to deforestation. - Over-intensive grazing has created degradation and then desertification

Answer 129

-China has coal, oil and metals such as iron ore but not enough. - Supply cannot keep up with demand so the Chinese government are having to seek additional resources - Amazon rainforest cleared for soy production - Venezuela is being exploited for oil - Coltan mining in Congo - This search for additional resources is creating widespread environmental degradation

Answer 130

- China’s air pollution caused mainly by coal power stations is so bad that many cities have regular pollution alerts - 70% of China’s rivers and lakes are now polluted. 207 tributaries from the Yangtze are so polluted they cannot be used for irrigation let alone to drink. - 100 cities suffer from extreme water shortages and 360 million people don’t have access to clean water. Tap water in some areas has 80 out of the 101 forbidden toxins under Chinese law. - A third of the Chinese population breathes in air that would be considered unhealthy by US or European standards

Answer 131

- China opened up to globalisation in 1978 with Deng Xiaoping's Open Door Policy. Joined WTO in 2001. - Special Economic Zones set up including Shenzen in Pearl River Delta, Guadong Province, and in Shanghai. - Low wages attract initial FDI in the 1990s for cheap toys and textiles. Since 2000s also higher tech like computers and cars. - huge population - large workforce - natural resources - accessible location

Answer 132

- India opened up to globalisation in 1991 with Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's economic liberalisation. - Much of initial globalisation through outsourcing rather than manufacturing. - India had a comparative advantage as it is English speaking, a legacy of the British Empire. - Early investment in Indian Institutes of Technology produced a large pool of IT literate workers. - time difference - 24/7 access

Answer 133

- Broadband access exceptionally high in Bangalore and other tech-city hubs. - Technology workers earn $10 per day.

Answer 134

Inequality increased. India has more billionaires per capita than the UK, and more people in extreme poverty than the whole of Africa.

Answer 135

- Waged work lifted 680 million Chinese people out of extreme poverty since 1980. - Extreme poverty rate in China has fallen from 84% in 1980 to 10% in 2016 - Car ownership increased from 1% in households in 2000 to 20% in 2015. - Infrastructure expansion, e.g. Three Gorges HEP dam, high-speed rail (HSR) link Shenzhen-Shanghai-Beijing. - Technology transfer as local companies adopt TNC techniques. New Chinese TNCs, like Huawei smart phones.

Answer 136

- Workers face long hours at repetitive tasks. Foxconn (Taiwanese TNC) produces iPhones outsourced by Apple, and operated 70 hour weeks in a Shenzen factory. 14 suicides in 2010. - Initially health and saftey standards are low. In the 1990s 2500 lost a limb or finger each year in Yongkang metal factories.

Answer 137

- air pollution - groundwater - deforestation and desertification - biodiversity - human health

Answer 138

- Over 20% of China is subject to desertification and severe soil erosion, which can create major dust storms. - Combined with deforestation, desertification has forced many farmers off their land and into cities as the farmland has been over-exposed.

Answer 139

- Severe air pollution in cities like Beijing, where air pollution is regularly above the World Health Organisation safe limits. - Beijing's six million cars and coal-burning power stations are the source of this pollution, close to 50% of the world's coal is burnt in China.

Answer 140

-Around 50% of China's rivers and lakes and 40% of its groundwater is polluted - so much that it is unsafe to drink untreated.

Answer 141

-The WWF reported that in the last 40 years almost half of China's land-based vertebrate species have been lost and biodiversity has suffered.

Answer 142

-These environmental issues have human consequences as people live in the polluted environment. Air pollution in northern China has been estimated to reduce life expectancy by nearly five years.

Answer 143

2006 Dutch TNC Trafigura disposed of hazardous waste in Abidjan, Ivory Coast (HDI 0.462) where costs lower than Amsterdam. -Hydrogen sulphide in waste produced toxic gas. 17 people died, 30,000 required medical treatment for stomach pains.

Answer 144

Togo (HDI 0.484) lost 60% of rainforest area to supply timber to manufacturing industries. Nigeria (HDI 0.514) forest area halved.

Answer 145

- Deindustrialisation means the closure of manufacturing industries such as steel, shipbuilding and engineering. - A positive aspect of this is lower pollution levels: it could be said that global shift has exported pollution to Asia.

Answer 146

-Economic restructuring occurs when one sector such as secondary industry is replaced by another such as tertiary industry: this leads to widespread changes in job types

Answer 147

- high levels of unemployment - low aspirations and crime - outmigration of skilled workers - less money for local economy - may have to hire security paid by government - re-offending rates higher in North East, youth crime, cycle of poverty and low aspirations

Answer 148

- derelict industrial buildings - abandoned building, graffiti - highly contaminated derelict land - leakages of waste into soil - could affect food chains - vandalism, theft of derelict buildings - would cost £bns

Answer 149

has risen from 13% to 15% as has the amount of economically inactive residents from 5.2% to 6.6% - shows a lack of job opportunities for residents due to their limiting education from poor investment - unemployment in Teeside is twice the national average

Answer 150

- low aspirations | - outmigration of people to find better opportunities

Answer 151

- high level of crime - vandalism - low standard living environment - may increase outmigration of area

Answer 152

is a permanent move from one place to a new place, for one year or more

Answer 153

means people moving from the countryside to cities

Answer 154

a city with a population over 10 million

Answer 155

- Rural-urban migration feeds the growth of the world's megacities. - In developing and emerging countries abuot 60% of urban growth is caused by rural-urban migration and 40% by high birth rates in cities (internal growth or natural increase). - China has seen 150 million internal rural-urban migrants since the Open Door Policy leading to the creation of 7 megacities.

Answer 156

e. g Lagos - Lagos had 1.4 million inhabitants in 1970, but now has about 21 million. e. g. Karachi - Karachi had 400,000 in 1947, 9 million in 1998 and now has almost 15 million - Population growth due to rural-urban migration from the poor provinces of Punjab and Sindh.

Answer 157

- Housing is in short supply, leading to the growth of slums and shanty towns that lack water, sewers and power supplies. - Poverty is rife, because wages are low and jobs are in short supply; many people have dangerous informal jobs. - Lack of taxes means that the city governments struggle to supply essential health and education services. - Lack of water and sanitation means disease and illness are common in slums.

Answer 158

- Sprawling slums at the city edge cause deforestation and loss of farmland and increases flood risk. - Wood fires, old vehicles and industry means that air pollution levels are high. - Rivers and lakes are polluted with sewage and industrial waste, making health problems worse. - Critical resources, especially water, are in short supply because of souring demand.

Answer 159

- pressure on infrastructure - pressure on housing - spontaneous housing, upwards buildings - diseases - air pollution = health problems in water and food chains - cultural diffusion - low paid/unskilled jobs

Answer 160

- unemployment - lack of safety - lack of services - poverty - crop failure - drought - war, civil unrest - hazards - isolation

Answer 161

- potential for employment - a safer atmosphere - better service provision - greater wealth - fertile land - good food supplies - political security - less risk of natural hazards - friends and family

Answer 162

- economically active move to urban - deserted villages - land degradation - leaves a dependant population (very young or old) - people left become isolated and marginalised in small towns

Answer 163

- remittances sent home to rural families | - information and arrangements

Answer 164

- due to global shift - industrialisation - increase in rural to urban migration - however this has created more inequalities in emerging countries

Answer 165

global hub cities that have: - high density transport - business - political and cultural connections to the world - like London, Dubai and New York

Answer 166

- HQs and offices of TNCs are often located in global hubs, so high-paid professional workers (lawyers, stock-market traders, bankers) are attracted to these places and this creates huge wealth. - These global elite migrants often employ maids, drivers, nannies and gardeners. - This attracts low skilled migrants such as Indian and Bangladeshi migrants moving to the United Arab Emirates or Filipinos migrating to Saudi Arabia - Further low skilled, low wage migrants are used as construction workers for office and apartment blocks in global hubs.

Answer 167

- remittances boost the incomes of families | - less unemployment

Answer 168

-contact with other cultures

Answer 169

- reduces pressure of large population - more habitats, more sustainable, less demand for commodities - less pressure on environment

Answer 170

- loss of skilled and educated workers - brain drain - negative multiplier effect

Answer 171

- families are broken up as young makes tend to migrate - older people can't see family and may have no one to care for them - leaves a dependant population

Answer 172

- mass emigration can be seen as a failure to provide for people at home - governing party lose popularity and face difficult decision s

Answer 173

-deterioration of built environment

Answer 174

- migrants filing low wage, dirty or difficult work | - they fill skills shortages

Answer 175

- contact with a different culture - counteract ageing population - cheap care, cleaning

Answer 176

-government may benefit from popularity due to the increased economic benefits from migrants

Answer 177

-value of the land

Answer 178

-increase cost of education - staff need to be employed for those with first language not English

Answer 179

- social tensions | - demand for education, health and housing rises

Answer 180

-cultural tensions with migrant population

Answer 181

- can lead to demand for more housing and therefore loss of green space and possible overcrowding - built environments deteriorate - expansion of urban areas

Answer 182

- job creation - economy boost due to more jobs - products are cheaper - footloose industries can take advantage of cheap labour and land - increases overseas investment in FDI - economies of scale - greater competition

Answer 183

- trade doesn't always benefit poor countries/ economies - leakages to countries of origin - interconnection can cause weakness e.g. financial crashes gg

Answer 184

- freedom of movements - increase global QOL - more opportunities for international travel and tourism - more opportunity to live abroad due to liberal immigrant laws and foreign worker programs - greater consumption of worldwide entertainment - rapid spread of consumer products to other countries - capacity to communicate and defend values and ideas globally - instant access to information

Answer 185

- less cultural diversity as westernisation spreads - brain drain in many countries most in need - exploration of local people - low pay and poor working conditions - some small cultures may lose their distinct features - dangerous or violent ideals can spread faster - spread of commodity based consumer culture

Answer 186

- greater collaboration can lead to stronger unites (G6, UN) - access to international aid and support - reduces risk of war, more checks to big powers and limitation to nationalism - smaller countries can work together and gain more influence internationally - international organisations are often committed to spread values like freedom and to fight abuses within countries - governments can learn from each other

Answer 187

- some TNC's are more powerful than the government - state sovereignty to make - big countries can shape decisions in supranational organisations - coordination is difficult and expensive

Answer 188

- greater understanding of the issues due to increased communication and education - TNC's often invest in environmental projects in the host country - investment in renewable energy sources has increased with shared ideas - international pressure can impact pollution levels

Answer 189

- increased use of fossil fuels for production - increased pollution from manufacturing - increased pollution from movement of people and goods - water shortages and desertification as the population increases

Answer 190

A westernised culture which originates in North America and Europe

Answer 191

- Wealth creation, earning money in order to buy consumer goods and high levels of consumption. - Private enterprise, where people own business rather than the government owning them. - Success, which is measured by how wealthy you are and how much 'stuff' you buy. - Fashion, technology and trends, which are important in western culture. - An attitude that the physical environment should be exploited for its natural resources to create wealth.

Answer 192

the exchange of ideas between different people as they mix and interact as a result of globalisation.

Answer 193

- Migrants move and spread their ideas and customs - Tourism brings people into contact with new cultures - TNCs spread their brands and products around the world. - Global media organisations like Disney, CNN and the BBC spread a western view of world events.

Answer 194

-The spread of a western diet (high fat, high sugar, fast food based) is changing diets around the world, especially in Asian cities, with the spread of McDonald's, KFC and other fast food. This has been linked to rising obesity and diabetes in many emerging countries.

Answer 195

-A fast-food, consumer culture is also very wasteful in terms of resources such as discarded fast food packaging and fashion items worn only once or twice. This can be linked to deforestation and excessive water use in industry, as well as air and water pollution.

Answer 196

-western culture has tended to improve opportunities for some traditionally disadvantaged and discriminated groups such as women, the disabled and LGBT. Global media coverage of the Paralympics, Gay Pride marshes and high profile cases of sex discrimination may help erode sexism and prejudice in developing and emerging countries.

Answer 197

Cultural erosion describes the process of a culture losing many of its core elements. This is often religion, language, intellectual interests, traditions and food.

Answer 198

- A small tribe of 3000 people living in the Becking River area of the south-east Papua province in Indonesia. - They are primarily hunter-gatherers, fishing in the Becking River and gathering sago from sago palm. They also practise shifting cultivation. - They had their first contact with the world in 1974 via an expedition led by a US anthropologist, Peter Van Arsdale.

Answer 199

- Traditionally Korowai live in wooden longhouses with palm-thatched roofs raised on ironwood stilts 10m above the forest floor, raised deep above the rainforest. - Their built environment has changed since 1987 when they were encouraged to move into villages in a clearing by the river, such as Yaniruma - These house several hundred people with buildings constructed from clay bricks with corrugated iron roofs. - They contain schools and they are periodically visited by health care workers.

Answer 200

- Education in villages takes place in Indonesian | - Some Korowai migrated to the town of Jayapura and their children speak don't speak the Korowai language

Answer 201

- Sugary drinks, e.g. Coca-Cola, and alcohol, e.g. Bintang Beer, is available in the villages - Korowai used to carry out cannibalism of captured members of other tribes as a criminal punishment - but this is thought to have been eradicated.

Answer 202

-Traditional Korowai music uses pig-skin drums. Radio and television introduced the global music culture.

Answer 203

-Korowai traditionally only wear a loincloth, however most people now wear shorts and t-shirts, including Manchester United and Barcelona football shirts.

Answer 204

- Introduction of Christianity, by Dutch missionaries in the 1980s reduced the practice of polygamy and levirate marriage. - Enforcement of Indonesian law eliminated slavery from inter-clan raids. - Role of clan leader, traditionally the strongest warrior, diminished with a new elite system based on wealth.

Answer 205

- Ecosystem de-valued as sustainable shifting-cultivation abandoned for sedentary village life. - Employment for logging companies or hunting of animals, e.g. tree kangaroo (now endangered), for sale as bush meat in villages or Jayapura town. - Natural environment viewed as a resource for economic growth and higher income. - Result is the over-exploitation of sago palms in the area around villages, deforestation for timber and agarwood exportation, and threatened species being overhunted to extinction.

Answer 206

- increased resource consumption through exploiting the natural environment, leading to problems like deforestation, water pollution, global warming and biodiversity loss. - Exploited workers, especially in emerging countries, who suffer low wages, dangerous working conditions and lack any form of union representation. - Passed political and economic power into the hands of TNCs and uncaring governments, especially at the expense of ordinary people. - Created increased inequality, i.e. a small group of very rich, powerful people at the expense of others. - Caused cultural erosion, meaning that traditional lifestyles are degraded by the spread of western culture, and local dress, art and architectural styles are lost.

Answer 207

A diaspora is the name given to the dispersal of a population overseas; since 1700 about 10 million Irish have emigrated overseas, creating the Irish diaspora.

Answer 208

- Open border to migration, such as within the EU since 1995 - FDI, encouraging TNC workers to move overseas - Deregulation of some job markets, allowing foreign qualified workers/ - Humanitarian crises, like the Syrian civil war and war with Islamic State, which has created large numbers of refugees (5 million in the case of Syria) which have been fleeing to Europe since 2011.

Answer 209

Migrants need housing, jobs, education for their children and other services. At a certain rate of immigration all of these will come under strain and this risks a rise in tensions with some of the host country population who may view the migration as 'too many, too fast'. There is evidence in Europe that migration has increased social and political tensions and even led to a rise in extremism.

Answer 210

- The UK Brexit vote in 2016 to leave the EU had the scale and pace of immigration as a key area of debate. - Anti-immigration political parties have been rising in popularity since 2010, for example UKIP in the UK, the Front National in France, the Dutch Party for Freedom and Freedom Party of Austria. - In 2014, 51% of the Swiss voted in favour of stopping mass immigration in a national referendum.

Answer 211

- Open borders - EU citizens are allowed to move round freely - in 2015 there were 250,000 French people living in the UK - In 2011, the parents of 65% of the babies born in London were born outside of the UK

Answer 212

- in the UK a bank or individual can trade in shares without having to use the London Stock Exchange - individuals are free to invest without barriers - no restrictions for financial institutions in setting up offices and no government approval is required

Answer 213

- 2015, the UK attracted over 3,2000 jobs from overseas owned companies investing in software and financial services - the UK has led the rest of Europe in attracting European research and development projects - this process has led to a cultural mix

Answer 214

-many migrants have become victims of harassment, abuse, violence and exploitation

Answer 215

- The Mekong is one of South East Asia's major rivers - flows 4200km from China to Southern Vietnam - Since 1990's, dams have been built on river which has caused controversy - 1995 treaty - the Mekong river agreement required governments with the river to all agree to any proposals for new dams before they go ahead

Answer 216

- Transboundary waters – the aquifers, and lake and river basins shared by two or more countries – support the lives and livelihoods of vast numbers of people across the world. - Depleted and degraded transboundary water supplies have the potential to cause social unrest and spark conflict within and between countries

Answer 217

- globalisation has eroded the power of the state and players such as unions to protect citizens from social change - decsions for best location for investment and therefore employment are taken by TNC's and international financial institutions

Answer 218

- social security systems are being reshapes and the ability of governments being able to control migration flows is being reduced - leads to insecurity at work - greater inequalities within communities - loss of confidence in elected governments to manage the negative impacts of globalisation - right-wing parties that argue for control over globalisation are gaining more support

Answer 219

- economically insecure lower-middle class citizens, skilled and unskilled manual workers have a profound hostility towards immigration, multiculturalism and cultural and ethnic diversity - they are less motivated by feelings of economic competition from immigrants and minority groups, than by the feeling the immigration and rising diversity threaten their national culture, the unity of the nation and the national way of life

Answer 220

- suggest that these groups pose an economic and major cultural threat to societies in EU

Answer 221

- may arise in any location that experiences rising demand, diminishing supply or conflicting user needs - The UN has establishes the Helinski Rules to encourage management of transboundary resources on an equitable basis - but pressures of development and population growth may prevent cooperation

Answer 222

- due to an increase number of migrants this has led in some countries to an increase in hostility towards them - some believe they come to take countries jobs and homes and benefit system = leads to conflict

Answer 223

- at least 550,000 migrants arrived in Italy and Greece alone in 2015 - most criticism of migrants is about their economic pragmatism explaining there is simply not enough money and jobs to go around

Answer 224

-it gives new and old parties an opening to capitalise on the rising fear of voters that might never otherwise consider voting for them.

Answer 225

e. g. Isis in Europe - instant connections via the internet and social media, creates a growing popularity and knowledge of the Isis brand among spun Asian Islamists - Asia is home to 11bn Muslims

Answer 226

- deregulation is making global corporations and banks richer, while impoverishing governments - as they are drained by heavy subsidies and tax breaks handed out to attract big businesses - governments are left to cover heavy social and environmental costs of global growth

Answer 227

- political insecurity - job in security - psychological insecurity - fragmentation of communities

Answer 228

- censorship - limiting migration - trade protectionism

Answer 229

the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security.

Answer 230

- State-controlled | - State-monitored

Answer 231

- where print publishing or broadcasting via TV or radio is run by official state media - (e.g. Chinese News)

Answer 232

where over seas contacts or media are monitored and censored, including TV, print media, film, radio, theatre, text messaging, video game, literature and the internet

Answer 233

-internet is banned as the supreme leader Kim Jong Un doesn't want his people to have access to Western ideas

Answer 234

- china is a single party communist state - globalisation presents a psychological challenge for its leadership - the free flow of information and ideas is perceived as a threat - China enforces censorship of internet content, all published material in order to retain control

Answer 235

- cheap migrant labours undercuts local wages - the government has not planned adequately for the increased demand in welfare, healthcare, housing and education caused by the influx of migrants

Answer 236

- Europe, Australia, USA have had debates about migration controls - Right-wing candidates have referred to this topic

Answer 237

-Republican candidate Donald Trump during 2016 made a proposal at the US presidential election campaign to control the flow of immigrants from Mexico by building a high wall along the US-Mexican border

Answer 238

- debates in the UK have focussed on limiting net migration | - flows from the EU, skill shortages in the knowledge sector, a booming markets in overseas university students

Answer 239

- use a points based system to match immigrants to actual economic needs and job vacancies - the awards points to potential immigrants based on education, skills, language proficiency so migrants are matched to a country's needs

Answer 240

The policy of protecting domestic industries against foreign competition by means of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, or other restrictions or handicaps placed on the imports of foreign competitors.

Answer 241

if you allow free movement of goods into the country - the market will become flooded with cheap imported goods - governments need to protect their trade and domestic markets from cheap foreign goods - they do this by putting tariffs on imports of foreign competition - free markets can be a challenge for national governments

Answer 242

e. g. the steel market - in 2016, cheap Chinese steel was being put into global markets at prices heavily subsided by the Chinese government in order to protect its own manufacturers

Answer 243

- the Indian owners of Tata Steel (the UK's largest steel manufacturer, which was losing £1m a day) put all of its UK steel plants up for sale and threatened to close if a deal could not be made e.g. Port Talbot - the solution would have been to raise tariffs on imported steel to protect domestic producers - however this is forbidden by WTO

Answer 244

some groups seek to maintain their cultural identity within countries and seek to retain control of culture and physical resources whereas others embrace its economic advantages

Answer 245

* Economic integration – trade and fdi * Technological connectivity – number of internet users, internet hosts, secure servers * Political engagement – membership of international organisation and treaties, contributing to UN peacekeeping, level of government transfers (aid) * Personal contact – international travel and tourism, international telephone traffic, personal cross border transfers (remittances)

Answer 246

For each indicator based on its relative position on the scale – with the highest actual score at 1.0 and the lowest at 0 FDI internet usage and international traffic telephone weighted double. Overall index value calculated

Answer 247

* Only includes 62 countries, though these include 84% of the world's population and 96% of global GDP. * First published in 2008. * Small European countries dominate the top 20, though the USA is 4th and Canada is 6th. * Smaller countries have higher FDI indicators due to small domestic markets.

Answer 248

* Produced annually by the Swiss Institute for Business Cycle Research * It's a composite index combining 24 indicators spread across three categories:

Answer 249

Economic globalisation - Measured by indicators like cross-border trade, FDI, tariff rates and money flows. Social globalisation - Measured by international tourist flows, resident foreign population and access to foreign internet, presence of international TNC retail outlets, international mail Political globalisation - Measured by foreign embassies in a country, membership of international organisations, number of UN Peacekeeping missions participated in, trade and other agreements with foreign countries

Answer 250

* Each indicator is converted into an index value. * Scaled average calculated to give a separate index value for each country * Mean of three category indices calculated to give the overall globalisation index. * Economic globalisation has risen faster than political or social since 1970.

Answer 251

* 2015’s data is available for 207 countries * Index calculated since 1970 (158 countries 1970-2006)- This allows comparisons overtime. * The USA and BRICs have lower index values because the KOF index measures international. * Small countries have short distances to neighbouring countries, fewer domestic attractions and a smaller domestic market. * High European indicator value reflects the very large interactions within the EU. Suggests the decision to join a trade bloc effective in promoting globalisation.

Answer 252

•The USA and BRICs have lower index values because the KOF index measures international - Internal flows between diverse regions in large countries (each the size of a small country) are not recorded. Large parts of the interior of the USA are not well connected to the rest of the world.

Answer 253

- Indigenous populations were isolated during colonisation - after independence there was a lack of leadership = civil wars for land and resources - constant fight for power with African countries

Answer 254

GNI GDP PPP Economic sector balance

Answer 255

Gross national income - the value of goods or services earned by a country including overseas funding

Answer 256

Gross domestic product - measures the total output of goods and services produced in a country over a year

Answer 257

Purchasing power parity - this is the spending power within a country and reflects the local cost of living

Answer 258

Composite indicator | - this gives the % employed in each sector

Answer 259

HDI GII GHO

Answer 260

Human development index | - life expectancy, education, GDP per capita

Answer 261

Gender inequality index | -reproductive health of women, their participation in the workforce, empowerment

Answer 262

Global health observatory

Answer 263

- produced by the sustainable development solutions network - subjective and hard to quantify - Iceland, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Switzerland top 5 in 2018

Answer 264

- GDP per capita - life expectancy - social support - freedom to make choices - freedom from corruption - trust in business/government

Answer 265

- Rich - socially connected - good governance

Answer 266

- inequalities - unhappiness within population | - high pollution levels

Answer 267

measure of national and international inequality - the distribution of wealth within a country

Answer 268

From 1970, income inequality both globally and nationally has increased as a consequence of globalisation -globalisation has created a larger gap between rich and poor

Answer 269

- emerging countries rising quicker than developed - rising middle class of factory and call centre workers in Asia - people working for TNC's in developed countries - high incomes and job security, lots of stress

Answer 270

- isolated rural populations in Asia and Sub Saharan Africa where subsistence farming still dominates and global connections are thin - workers in deindustrialise industries - workers in sweatshop factories in emerging countries - exploiting - slum dwellers - urban life is much worse than they expected

Answer 271

- Shows the wealth distribution across a population - 0 is completely equal - the Lorenz value is used to calculate the Gini coeffiecnt value which shows inequality

Answer 272

-cumulative % of population

Answer 273

-cumulative % of income

Answer 274

The closer the Lorenz curve is to the line of perfect equality the more equal the distribution of income is and vice versa

Answer 275

Section A /Section A+B

Answer 276

the total area between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality

Answer 277

The total area beneath the Lorenz curve

Answer 278

total area beneath the line of perfect equality

Answer 279

Yes -marginalised and isolated places -deindustrialisation has caused unemployment No -rising middle class -caused global shift = more work in China and India

Answer 280

Mexico - steady increase but fluctuates from 1970 China - 1990 slowly increased, 2008 rapid increase Pakistan - much slower rate of development

Answer 281

- migration of people - large TNC's are American - many interdependencies with trade with other people

Answer 282

- landlocked - connections and transport and poor - rural isolation - primary sector - poor governance

Answer 283

- airport for imports or exports - new governance that embraces a more export led economy - primary to secondary change due to investment from world bank

Answer 284

- average income risen - some slower than other regions - widening gap between rich and poor - absolute poverty has fallen worldwide

Answer 285

- mostly African countries haven't benefitted | - coastal areas (Nairobi or Cape Town)

Answer 286

- Palm oil, logging, charcoal production can help people out of poverty - puts pressure on forests - deforestation will remain a problem in developing countries until economic conditions improve - intensive cash cropping, cattle ranching and aquaculture

Answer 287

Since 1990-2015 -Sub-saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean have lost the most forest Brazils development of infrastructure has been crucial for its development - landscape is paying the price

Answer 288

- China emits 27.2% of total carbon emissions and also has the most endangered plant species - Poland only emits0.9% and has least number of endangered plants

Answer 289

-highly skilled migrant workers may fail gaps for skill shortages

Answer 290

- a wider range of ideas and innovation - encourages tolerance and open mindedness - allows the spread of food, music and religion - greater workforce - key workers - Safer world - greater cooperation on global issues - greater global safety as it means we can work with IGO's to increase understanding of other cultures and prevent conflict

Answer 291

The idea that food and goods should be grown locally, supporting local jobs and reducing transport use, therefore being more sustainable rather than. be sourced globally -promotes local culture, history, identity and community

Answer 292

e. g. Rana Plaza, Bangladesh - a textile factory where hundreds of people were crammed into making cheap goods for western countries - poor health and safety regulations, working illegally - factory collapsed due to poor infrastructure - shows the consumer drive and the demand for cheap commodities

Answer 293

- climate change | - global population predicted to demand 50% more energy by 2030

Answer 294

- more production, processing and consumption - extraction and use of natural resources - use of commodities = pollution and waste - increased wealth due to globalisation has increased demand for commodities - exploitation of workers

Answer 295

must be socially, environmentally and economically sustainable -meeting the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Answer 296

Social - all individuals should have a reasonable quality of life Economic - individuals and communities should have access to reliable income Environmentally - no lasting damage, renewable resources

Answer 297

A settlement where individuals and businesses have adapted bottom up initiatives with the aim of making their community more sustainable and less reliant on global trade

Answer 298

Totnes, Devon | -even have their own local currencies to encourage local trade

Answer 299

the ability if a system to withstand shock from the outside

Answer 300

actively promotes the idea of going beyond the concept of 'localism' towards localisation

Answer 301

-development of an area for the public benefit of its citizens by reducing reliance on scarce resources

Answer 302

- community resilience - stronger community especially between customers and businesses - share sense of belonging and purpose - community engagement

Answer 303

-outsiders are excluded from small community based projects

Answer 304

-money circulates locally benefiting local businesses PME -benefit of QOL -proposes new ways to regenerate the economy by making things more local -economically advantageous - potential for more local skills and employment

Answer 305

- consumers can miss out on the price benefits of competition and wider range of choice - chains would offer lower prices

Answer 306

- transport reduced - low pollution - reduce energy. consumption - less wastage - cuts down on local fossil fuel dependance

Answer 307

-small scale, won't have a large impact on environment

Answer 308

-choosing a purchase because of products ethical nature or moral boycotting so not buying a product because concerns over its ethical nature

Answer 309

-to reduce the inequalities of global trade and to improve the living and working conditions for disadvantaged groups

Answer 310

- made using exploited labour - may not provide farmers with a decent income due to low prices (tea and coffee) - consumer goods use excessive resources during their production packaging and transport - consumer culture is causing climate change as ecological footprint rise

Answer 311

- opportunity to bring communities out of poverty | - poor working conditions, lack of health and safety and low wages

Answer 312

- unsustainable production has negative economic consequences at local and global levels - it is a significant contributor to rural income - decreasing rural poverty

Answer 313

- threatens rich biodiversity by deforestation - releases carbon in to atmosphere - less roots = heavy rain washes aware nutrients away - crop yield lowers - farmers use fertilisers = damage to environment

Answer 314

The impact of human activities required to produce the goods consumed and to calculate the waste generated -the amount of the environment necessary to produce the goods and services to support a particular lifestyle

Answer 315

the amount of the biologically productive area that is available to provide the resources we use and to absorb our waste

Answer 316

- worlds biocapacity is systematically decreasing - wealthy people = larger carbon footprint - global consumption is uneven and ineffcient

Answer 317

diet (meat, takeaway spend, waste) travel (transport, type of car, public transport use) home (heating, electricity)

Answer 318

Recycling materials from waste products reduces the extraction of new materials and decreases consumption and the amount of waste sent to landfill.

Answer 319

Recycling and councils' waste collection service.

Answer 320

- different councils have different schemes with different results and reducing packaging may be a better way forward. - Rate of recycling varies by product as not all materials are easily recyclable - these and valuable materials are recycled most (e.g. metals, paper, glass). - Those that are difficult or dangerous to extract will not be (razor blades, medicines, cling film, crockery).

Answer 321

Keep Britain Tidy is an NGO set up in 1954. In 1969 they introduced the 'tidyman' logo on bins and packaging to encourage people to dispose of litter appropriately. Their campaigns encourage households to recycle and firms to reduce packaging or the proportion that can be recycled.