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A Level Geography > Health and Human Rights 8.1 > Flashcards

Health and Human Rights 8.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Measures of social development

A
  • HDI
  • GII
  • GHO
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2
Q

HDI

A
  • Composite index
  • Holistic
  • Health, wealth and education
  • UN created it
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3
Q

Economic measures of development

A
  • GDP
  • GNI
  • PPP
  • Economic sector balance
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4
Q

GNI

A

-The value of goods and services earned by a country including overseas earnings

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5
Q

Economic sector balance

A

-This gives the % employed in each sector

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6
Q

PPP

A
  • This relates to the average earnings to local process and what they will buy
  • This is the spending power within a country and reflects the local cost of living
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7
Q

Determining factors of the annual world happiness report

A
  • GDP per capita
  • Life expectancy
  • Health
  • Social support
  • Freedom to make life choices
  • Generosity
  • Freedom from corruption
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8
Q

Why are Nordic countries at the top of the annual world happiness report?

A

Most Nordic countries have free education for life – life choices and chances are expanded

  • But taxes are much higher in Nordic countries
  • Many are fine with this as in return they get social support
  • All schools are equally as good as each other
  • Not hugely capitalist countries
  • Social capital – everyone supports each other and not individual benefits
  • Community benefits
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9
Q

Why isn’t USA at the top of the annual happiness report?

A
  • mediocre healthcare
  • most developed
  • large economy
  • powerful
  • little social spending
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10
Q

Characteristics of the happiest country

A
  • High level of social spending
  • High tax rates
  • Developed – wealth not the most important factor
  • Socialist government
  • Sustainable
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11
Q

Characteristics of wealthiest country

A
  • High level of military spending
  • Strong capitalist ideologies
  • Inequalities within education
  • Good infrastructure
  • High GDP
  • Low tax rate
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12
Q

The happy planet index

A

Health x justice x wellbeing / ecological footprint

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13
Q

What is the happy planet index?

A

Ecological footprint – how much pressure it puts on the planet

  • Only index that takes into account the environment
  • Social justice, wellbeing and sustainability – happiness and love
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14
Q

How do you create good social development?

A
  • Good relationships and the quality of them – support structure is the most important for health and happiness
  • Community
  • Authorities
  • Social connections – happier, physical health and live longer
  • Isolation – health declines and live shorter
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15
Q

Different societies

A
  • welfare state
  • religious vs secular society
  • socialist society
  • communist society
  • totalitarian society
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16
Q

Welfare state

A
  • Provides basic economic security – pensions, grants
  • Based on equal opportunities
  • Equal distribution of wealth
  • Protects the health and well-being of citizens
  • UK – NHS
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17
Q

Religious vs secular society

A
  • Laws based off religion laws
  • People feel more of a community – everyone agrees with laws
  • Two religions could cause tension (Syria)
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18
Q

Socialist society

A
  • Make goods and services for use, not exports
  • People are main priority
  • Sweden – nationalised their healthcare and education is subsidised
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19
Q

Communist society

A
  • Shared by population
  • Services are for use of population
  • Community based rather then individual
  • Equal
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20
Q

Totalitarian society

A
  • Prohibits opposition parties
  • Restricts individual opposition to the state
  • State holds absolute control
  • Dictators
  • Violate human rights
  • Deny common freedoms in maintaining control over their citizens
  • Somalia, North Korea
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21
Q

What is sharia law?

A
  • In most countries national government (law) is separated from religion (morals), this is knowns as secularisation.
  • In Muslim countries, this isn’t deemed necessary to development and Islamic law (Sharia) isn’t restricted to religious matters but also covers criminal punishment, marriage, contracts etc.
  • Some countries have embedded Sharia law into their constitutions (Iraq) and no other law can be passed that contradicts the laws of Islam.
  • One of the biggest criticism of Sharia Law is that its restrictive and oppressive, especially to women however many people dispute this as believe it can be very flexible.
  • It doesn’t sit easily with the Universal declaration of Human Rights BUT its worth noting that some of the wealthiest countries in the world apply Sharia Law (Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and UAE).
  • Made for the best quality of life however often creates marginalised groups leading to inequalities
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22
Q

Examples of Sharia Law

A
  • Theft is punishable by amputation of the right arm
  • A Muslim who becomes a non-Muslim is punishable by death
  • A woman can have one husband, but a man can have up to four wives
  • A man can beat his wife for insubordination – not doing what they are told
  • A woman cannot drive a car
  • A woman cannot speak alone to a man who is not her husband or her relative
  • In Islam, Sharia is seen as nurturing and freeing humanity to realise individual potential
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23
Q

Evo Morales and the extreme socialist government in Bolivia

A
  • First indigenous president and very popular – just secured a third term in power.
  • Strong socialist, so believes that the whole population should benefit from development and is a fan of co-operatives and traditional Andean values.
  • Renationalised industries (oil and gas) to gain control and invest in health and infrastructure.
  • Poverty has fallen by 43% since he came to power but a quarter still live-in extreme poverty of less than $2 a day
  • Problem – he has no longer term plans for development (education?) and relies on natural resources which is causing issues for the environment
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24
Q

The UN development goals

A
  • 8 goals – end poverty, education, gender, child health, maternal health, combat infections, environment, global links (aid to trade) – each goal is measured
  • Measuring – makes action happened instead of it just being said with no action
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25
Q

How did they collect data for development in Kenya?

A

-Interviews and surveys – to get data and make statistics in Kenya (demographic health survey report – can only do 5 years at a time due to the cost)

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26
Q

How has child mortality changed in Africa?

A
  • 90s was a bad decade for the whole of Africa – HIV epidemic peaked, malaria, socio-economic problems
  • Average speed of reduction in child mortality – slow in 90s, increased speed in 2000’s
  • Sub Saharan Africa have very different results – Congo vs Kenya – shouldn’t think of it as one place
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27
Q

How did Sweden achieve a low child mortality rate?

A

-Sweden achieved a low child mortality due to it starting development early
o Primary school in 1842, female literacy came a bit later

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28
Q

How has child mortality changed?

A

1960 – high child mortality and large families in developing countries, western countries had smaller families with low child mortality rates

2009 – More African countries, emerging countries like China and Brazil have lower child mortality with smaller families

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29
Q

Why has child mortality decreased?

A

Almost 50% of the reduction in child mortality is due to an increase in female education

30
Q

Why can’t you have extreme socialism and extreme capitalism at the same time?

A
  • Capitalism is working for your own wealth – make as much and spend as much (USA)
  • Socialism is working together and spreading wealth to benefit the community (Norway)
31
Q

What factors are essential for development?

A
  • Education
  • Human capital
  • Healthcare
  • Wide industrial base
  • Sustainability
32
Q

What can development be described as?

A

Temporal – a process that is over time – these factors are more important as you move along the development continuum
-Temporal element to development – environment has to be damaged first and use unsustainability

33
Q

Reasons why improvements in environmental quality, health, life expectancy and human rights are considered by some to be the most significant for development

A
  • Nordic countries are an example that a socialism that have become successful and developed
  • China’s education programme – literacy rate increased – considered developed – need skilled to reach Rostow’s end point
  • Localism – investment in environment – locally sourced goods – which led to environmental sustainability – save money and increased development
  • More resilient from bouncing back from disaster – USA
  • Wide industrial base – physical resources are needed
  • Female education – increase health and life expectancy
34
Q

Reasons why improvements in environmental quality, health, life expectancy and human rights may not be the most significant for development

A
  • Global inequality e.g., Sub Saharan Africa
  • Depends whether government invests – corruption varies
  • USA is developed – Superpower – yet environmental quality and its impacts
  • China’s development of economy was through trade
  • Saudi Arabia – achieved hard power (Saudi Aramco) – economic development – awful human rights yet got onto HR council
  • Rostow’s model can suggest that you have to sacrifice your environment for trade
35
Q

What does Rostow’s model suggest in terms of development?

A

-Rostow’s model suggests that in order to develop a key factor needed is to have an environment rich in natural resources in which you can use to grow your economy.

36
Q

How is education central to economic development?

A
  • If you have a good education, you can develop human capital – social capital
  • If you want population to understand and use their human rights – you need to educate them
  • What type of governments believe that human rights are important – how they view education
  • Not every country believes that education is important for education
  • Access and standard of educational attainment vary globally
37
Q

Capitalism and development

A

-Capitalism – may not be able to reach ultimate development due to lots of inequality

38
Q

What is the OECD?

A

OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

  • IGO
  • An international economic organisation of 34 countries
  • To stimulate economic progress and world trade
  • To learn from each other not compete
39
Q

What is PISA?

A

PISA – Programme for International Student Assessment

  • Measures 15-year olds ability to use their reading, mathematics and science knowledge and skills to meet real-life challenges
  • It reviews the extent to which students near the end of compulsory education have acquired some of the knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in modern society.
  • Began in 2000 – all member countries have contributed to the testing
  • Sees if what children have learnt in school can be applied in real life – application
40
Q

What does PISA tell us about education levels?

A
  • Results from PISA indicate the quality and equity of learning outcomes attained around the world
  • Allows educators and policy makers to learn from the policies and practices applied in other countries
  • Shows whether schools are becoming more or less effective
  • Shows which education systems are doing the best – PISA wants to encourage those to learn about more effective school systems
  • To help global education improve
41
Q

What are the top countries of PISA?

A

China – all regions in top 5
Singapore
Estonia
Finland

42
Q

South Korea education system

A
  • Teachers can become millionaires
  • Parents pay high tuition for private education
  • Students have long hours
  • Have some of the best schools in the world
  • Mostly single sex schools
43
Q

Estonia education systems

A
  • Equal access to high quality education
  • Free textbooks
  • Free hot meals
  • Free transport
  • Preventive work with pupils at risk – speech therapy, psychological counselling
  • They have a national curriculum, but teachers and schools have wider learning
  • Innovative schools – education in innovation and technology
44
Q

Finland education systems

A
  • 1st human capital potential
  • High quality education is guaranteed to all children
  • Equal learning opportunities
  • Education is free from pre-primary to higher education
  • Capable and committed teachers – only the most suitable get selected for training as it popular
  • 100% of teachers hold master’s degree
  • 6th in higher education
  • Flexible educational model – lifelong learning
45
Q

Why is there spatial differences in access to education?

A
  • Corruption of government – different priorities
  • Different ideologies
  • Different climates – sub-Saharan Africa
  • Higher population – not enough supply for education to meet the demand
  • Might not be economically viable – may need children to work and be a greater economic contributor
  • Wealth of governments being different – amount of investment can vary
  • Social policies - gender inequalities
  • Rural settlements and how isolated populations are
  • Religious law – different religions
46
Q

Why is inequalities in education an issue?

A
  • No education – lower skilled jobs – lower income
  • Widens social inequality between adults
  • Can’t invest in infrastructure
  • Increases global economic divide
  • Causing areas to become more marginalised
47
Q

What is the importance of education for development?

A
  • Education is essential to develop human capital
  • The most powerful, basic skills is literacy (reading and writing) as this allows further learning and communication
  • With literacy people can then understand
  • The need for basic hygiene
  • How to become involved in decision making (local and national)
  • Their basic human rights – can keep population submissive
48
Q

Gender inequality in education

A
  • 31 million girls aren’t enrolled in primary school education
  • 17 million girls are expected to never even enter school at all
  • Many are forced to domestic housework or marriage at a young age – so cannot attend school
  • Pakistan, Ethiopia and Nigeria – have over 1 million girls is not school
  • Illiteracy keeps household in a cycle of poverty
49
Q

Good quality education provides:

A
  • More career opportunities for women
  • Less child and maternal mortality
  • Promotes economic growth
  • Reduces poverty
50
Q

What are the disadvantages that girls have with accessing education?

A 
Care givers
Periods 
Sexual violence 
Dangerous to get there
Home responsibilities
51
Q

How to change gender inequalities with education?

A

-Need to address cultural gender norms – these promote discrimination and limit the extent to which well-qualifies women gain access to better jobs

52
Q

How does education and economic development link?

A
  • Education is crucial to economic development as it increases the value of ‘human capital’ - producing a literate, numerate, enterprising and skilled workforce.
  • Education mainly comes from schooling (primary, secondary, university) but continues during employment (training)
  • Education gives a better job and higher wages -> material benefits -> quality of life
53
Q

What is the relationship between years in education and income?

A
  • A low number of years in education results in a poorly educated, unskilled workforce with low earning capacity, so incomes remain low.
  • High incomes mean governments have the taxes to invest in education (investing in future human capital, which in turn increases future income.
54
Q

How does education and human rights link?

A
  • Human rights are the rights people are entitled to simply for being human: they often include freedom, equality, the right to a fair trial, the right to education and a certain standard of living.
  • It informs people about personal health, diet and hygiene
  • It allows people to understand their human rights, so they are more likely assert them when they’re undermined.
55
Q

What are the barriers for schooling for girls? - marriage

A
  • Each year 12 million girls are married before they are 18
  • Violates women’s rights to a life free of violence and a life of choice
  • Deprives them of childhoods and education
  • Maternal and child deaths, diminishing development, sexual and reproductive health issues
  • Child brides are at greater risk of – dying in childbirth, missing out on education, living in poverty, sexual and physical violence
56
Q

What are the barriers for schooling for girls? - caregivers

A
  • Have to do domestic work so are unable to attend school
  • Relied on at home
  • Oldest in the family
57
Q

What are the barriers for schooling for girls? - periods

A
  • Some don’t have access or can’t afford sanitary products so may miss out on school during that time
  • Periods are frowned upon in many developing countries, so they are sent to sheds during their period
58
Q

What are the barriers for schooling for girls? - sexual violence

A
  • Often from young marriages
  • Can lead to mental health problems
  • Can scar them mentally and physically so are unable to attend
  • Some are seen as sinners if this happens to them so are unwelcomed
59
Q

What are the barriers for schooling for girls? - dangerous to get there

A
  • There may not be a close by school for them to access
  • Isolated areas may have a lack of education
  • Too dangerous to travel due to high risk of human trafficking
60
Q

What are the barriers for schooling for girls? - home responsibilities

A
  • Many are relied upon/brought up to be domestic workers

- This is for their father and brothers and then when married for their husband

61
Q

5 Reasons why education is important?

A
  • Child mortality
  • Human capital
  • Women
  • Reduce poverty
62
Q

Negatives of the happy planet index

A
  • well being and ecological data is based on aggregated data
  • may not be reasonable to expect all people to perceive their well-being in the same way
63
Q

What is the most important part for development?

A
  • improvements in environmental quality are seen as being vital to the well-being of both the physical world and the population
  • most agree that advancements in health, life expectancy and human rights are only likely to be delivered by economic growth
  • this is based on the exploitation of natural resources which then damages the environment
64
Q

Positive multiplier effect from access to education

A

better jobs, higher wages, material benefits, raise of quality of life
-better human capital

65
Q

Who is Evo Morales?

A

A native Aymara Indian who won a 3rd term in office in Bolivia in 2014
-Bolivia’s first indigenously president

66
Q

What is Evo Morales known for?

A
  • for his anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist rhetoric
  • his popularity is based on the exploitation of Bolivia’s natural gas and mineral resources and sharing the derived wealth among the people
67
Q

Impacts of Morales

A

-half of Bolivian’s have been lifted out of poverty

68
Q

What is the main drawback of Evo Morales?

A
  • Bolivia remains 1 of the poorest countries in Latin America
  • According to the world bank, 1/4 of Bolivian’s still only live on $2 a day
69
Q

What is the model for development of Morales?

A
  • socialist
  • it doesn’t give Bolivian’s an equal share of the wealth derived from the natural resources though
  • rather limited view on development
70
Q

What does education teach you about?

A
  • human rights
  • personal health
  • hygiene
  • diet
71
Q

What are barriers to education?

A
  • gender
  • ethnicity
  • physical and mental disability
  • social class
  • wealth
72
Q

Two benefits of HDI

A
  • relies on statistical data that is collected frequently and widely at a national level
  • it can be used to measure development progress over years

A Level Geography (20 decks)

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