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Trinity Term 1 > Regeneration > Flashcards

Regeneration Flashcards

1
Q

Most animals have

A

some capacity to regenerate

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2
Q

Only very short lived animals have

A

no regenerative/wound response

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3
Q

Describe the spectrum of regeneration

A
  • no cellular response to damage
  • turnover of some tissues and organs
  • regeneration of some tissues; organ homeostasis and repair
  • regeneration of some tissues and organs
  • regeneration of many tissues and organs
  • whole body regeneration
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4
Q

Give a species that exhibits no cellular response to damage

A

C. elegans

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5
Q

Give a species that exhibits turnover of some tissues and organs

A
  • D. melanogaster
  • gut stem cells
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6
Q

Give some clades that exhibit regeneration of some tissues; organ homeostasis and repair

A
  • African spiny mouse (60% of dorsal skin)
  • mouse digit tip regeneration
  • H. sapiens
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7
Q

Give some clades that exhibit regeneration of some tissues and organs

A
  • Insects and Crustaceans
  • lizards (tail loss)
  • zebra fish
  • Xenopus tadpoles
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8
Q

Give some clades that exhibit regeneration of many tissues and organs

A
  • some flatworms
  • some Cnidaria
  • Ascidians
  • Holuthurian
  • Echinoderms
  • Salamanders
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9
Q

Give some clades that exhibit WBR

A
  • Planarians
  • Hydra
  • some annelids
  • some colonial ascidians
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10
Q

List the major animal models of regeneration

A
  • Hydrazoans
  • Planaria
  • Zebrafish
  • Salamanders and Newts
  • Xenopus
  • Acoels
  • Mouse and relatives
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11
Q

List the minor animal models of regeneration

A
  • Annelids
  • Insects
  • Starfish
  • Ascidians
  • Sea Cucumbers
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12
Q

Why has regeneration remained poorly understood?

A

regenerators have life histories that aren’t accessible or convenient for classical genetics

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13
Q

Which tissues regenerate well?

A
  • blood
  • skin
  • gut lining
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14
Q

Which tissues regenerate poorly?

A
  • spinal cord
  • cardiac muscles
  • arms and legs
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15
Q

Give an example of regeneration

A

Newt limb regenerating tissues know precisely what is missing

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16
Q

Describe Hydra morphology

A
  • mouth
  • hypostome
  • head
  • tentacle
  • body column
  • bud
  • basal disc
  • foot
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17
Q

Describe Hydra regeneration

A

relies on lineage restricted populations of stem cells

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18
Q

Describe the possible products of a Hydra interstitial stem cell

A
  • zymogen
  • granular mucous
  • spumous mucous
  • male germline stem cells
  • female germline stem cells
  • sensory neurones
  • ganglion neurones
  • battery cells
  • nematoblasts
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19
Q

battery cells

A

tentacles

20
Q

nematoblasts

A

make 4 kinds of nematocysts

21
Q

Describe the organs that the zebrafish can regenerate

A
  • brain
  • retina
  • heart
  • spinal cord
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • kidney
  • skin
  • fin
22
Q

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its brain?

A

stabbing/transection

23
Q

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its retina?

A

light/heat

24
Q

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its heart?

A
  • resection
  • cryoinjury
  • genetic ablation
25
Q

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its spinal cord?

A

stabbing/transection

26
Q

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its liver?

A
  • resection
  • chemical
27
Q

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its pancreas?

A
  • chemical
28
Q

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its skin?

A

light/heat

29
Q

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its kidney?

A
  • chemical
  • genetic ablation
30
Q

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its fin?

A
  • resection
  • cryoinjury
31
Q

Describe zebrafish heart and fin regeneration

A

involves dedifferentiation of lineage restricted cells

32
Q

Describe Xenopus tadpole and Axolotl limb regeneration

A

uses lineage restricted progenitors

33
Q

Give some lineage-restricted progenitors in the Xenopus

A
  • neural-plate
  • notochord
  • somites
34
Q

Give some lineage-restricted progenitors in the Axolotl

A
  • neural crest
  • presomitic mesoderm
35
Q

What do neural crest cells make?

A

Schwann cells

36
Q

What do presomitic mesoderm cells make?

A
  • muscle
  • dermis
  • cartilage
37
Q

Describe the transdifferentiation of PECs to lens fibres during lens regeneration

A
  • PECs dedifferentiate, depigmented and proliferate to create dedifferentiated intermediate cells
  • redifferentiation and switch in cell phenotype through crystallin expression creates primary lens fibres
38
Q

PECs

A

pigmented epithelial cells

39
Q

Describe Planarian regeneration

A
  • fuelled by neoblasts
40
Q

neoblasts

A

planarian adult stem cells

41
Q

What are Piwi positive stem cells

A

Marker of germline stem cells

42
Q

Describe our approach to regeneration in mammals

A
  • may require engineering using principles from lineage specific mechanisms (eye of newt)
  • OR using pre-existing genetic pathways (newt within)
  • or maybe both!
43
Q

Describe the relationship between somatic and germline stem cells

A
  • many highly regenerative organisms have somatic stem cells that express germ line stem cell genes
  • may have a common evolutionary origin
44
Q

Describe arthropod limb and muscle regeneration (through satellite cells) in Parhyale

A
  • amputation/injury
  • wound closure
  • melanisation, blastema formation
  • cell proliferation, morphogenesis and growth
  • moulting, muscle formation
45
Q

Describe vertebrate limb regeneration (through skeletal muscle satellite cell myogenesis) in the salamander

A
  • amputation/injury
  • wound healing through re-epithelialisation
  • dedifferentiation and blastema formation
  • cell proliferation
  • differentiation, morphogenesis and growth
46
Q

lineage committed stem cells may be

A

conserved

47
Q

… stem cell systems underpin regeneration.

A

Different

Trinity Term 1 (38 decks)

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