Regeneration Flashcards by Grace Beglan

Most animals have

some capacity to regenerate

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Only very short lived animals have

no regenerative/wound response

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Describe the spectrum of regeneration

no cellular response to damage
turnover of some tissues and organs
regeneration of some tissues; organ homeostasis and repair
regeneration of some tissues and organs
regeneration of many tissues and organs
whole body regeneration

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Give a species that exhibits no cellular response to damage

C. elegans

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Give a species that exhibits turnover of some tissues and organs

D. melanogaster
gut stem cells

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Give some clades that exhibit regeneration of some tissues; organ homeostasis and repair

African spiny mouse (60% of dorsal skin)
mouse digit tip regeneration
H. sapiens

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Give some clades that exhibit regeneration of some tissues and organs

Insects and Crustaceans
lizards (tail loss)
zebra fish
Xenopus tadpoles

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Give some clades that exhibit regeneration of many tissues and organs

some flatworms
some Cnidaria
Ascidians
Holuthurian
Echinoderms
Salamanders

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Give some clades that exhibit WBR

Planarians
Hydra
some annelids
some colonial ascidians

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List the major animal models of regeneration

Hydrazoans
Planaria
Zebrafish
Salamanders and Newts
Xenopus
Acoels
Mouse and relatives

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List the minor animal models of regeneration

Annelids
Insects
Starfish
Ascidians
Sea Cucumbers

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Why has regeneration remained poorly understood?

regenerators have life histories that aren’t accessible or convenient for classical genetics

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Which tissues regenerate well?

blood
skin
gut lining

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Which tissues regenerate poorly?

spinal cord
cardiac muscles
arms and legs

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Give an example of regeneration

Newt limb regenerating tissues know precisely what is missing

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Describe Hydra morphology

mouth
hypostome
head
tentacle
body column
bud
basal disc
foot

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Describe Hydra regeneration

relies on lineage restricted populations of stem cells

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Describe the possible products of a Hydra interstitial stem cell

zymogen
granular mucous
spumous mucous
male germline stem cells
female germline stem cells
sensory neurones
ganglion neurones
battery cells
nematoblasts

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battery cells

tentacles

nematoblasts

make 4 kinds of nematocysts

Describe the organs that the zebrafish can regenerate

brain
retina
heart
spinal cord
liver
pancreas
kidney
skin
fin

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its brain?

stabbing/transection

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its retina?

light/heat

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its heart?

resection
cryoinjury
genetic ablation

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its spinal cord?

stabbing/transection

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its liver?

- resection - chemical

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its pancreas?

- chemical

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its skin?

light/heat

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its kidney?

- chemical - genetic ablation

Why might a zebrafish need to regenerate its fin?

- resection - cryoinjury

Describe zebrafish heart and fin regeneration

involves dedifferentiation of lineage restricted cells

Describe Xenopus tadpole and Axolotl limb regeneration

uses lineage restricted progenitors

Give some lineage-restricted progenitors in the Xenopus

- neural-plate - notochord - somites

Give some lineage-restricted progenitors in the Axolotl

- neural crest - presomitic mesoderm

What do neural crest cells make?

Schwann cells

What do presomitic mesoderm cells make?

- muscle - dermis - cartilage

Describe the transdifferentiation of PECs to lens fibres during lens regeneration

- PECs dedifferentiate, depigmented and proliferate to create dedifferentiated intermediate cells - redifferentiation and switch in cell phenotype through crystallin expression creates primary lens fibres

PECs

pigmented epithelial cells

Describe Planarian regeneration

- fuelled by neoblasts

neoblasts

planarian adult stem cells

What are Piwi positive stem cells

Marker of germline stem cells

Describe our approach to regeneration in mammals

- may require engineering using principles from lineage specific mechanisms (eye of newt) - OR using pre-existing genetic pathways (newt within) - or maybe both!

Describe the relationship between somatic and germline stem cells

- many highly regenerative organisms have somatic stem cells that express germ line stem cell genes - may have a common evolutionary origin

Describe arthropod limb and muscle regeneration (through satellite cells) in Parhyale

- amputation/injury - wound closure - melanisation, blastema formation - cell proliferation, morphogenesis and growth - moulting, muscle formation

Describe vertebrate limb regeneration (through skeletal muscle satellite cell myogenesis) in the salamander

- amputation/injury - wound healing through re-epithelialisation - dedifferentiation and blastema formation - cell proliferation - differentiation, morphogenesis and growth

lineage committed stem cells may be

conserved

... stem cell systems underpin regeneration.

Different