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Trinity Term 1 > Plant–plant interactions > Flashcards

Plant–plant interactions Flashcards

1
Q

Describe some positive effects plants can have on each other

A
  • accumulation of nutrients
  • provision of shade
  • protection from herbivores
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2
Q

Describe root exudates

A

secrete a variety of organic compounds that may indicate kinship

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3
Q

Describe VOCs

A
  • produced by leaves/flowers/fruits
  • can be used in defence responses
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4
Q

VOCs

A

volatile organic compounds

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5
Q

Give an example of competition between plants

A

Crops and weeds competing for resources

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6
Q

Describe facilitation

A
  • ‘Helper plant’ provides benefit to another plant but does not incur any cost
  • e.g. epiphytes on trees
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7
Q

Give an example of plant-plant co-operation

A

swamping predators by masting

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8
Q

masting

A

producing seeds simultaneously at no cost but with benefit to others

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9
Q

Describe allelopathy

A
  • one partner benefits at the cost of the other
  • release of inhibitory allelochemicals via roots affect the growth of neighbouring plants of other species
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10
Q

Give an example of plant-plant altruism

A

community supports a more elongated, taller plant in a dense stand, which both receives more light, and shades its neighbours.

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11
Q

Describe parasitic plants

A
  • 4,750 of the 369,000 (1.2%) angiosperm species are parasitic
  • evolved 12 times
  • morphologically diverse – from trees to endoparasites
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12
Q

Describe the classifications of parasitic plants

A
  • obligate root holoparasite (Orobanche)
  • obligate root hemiparasite (Nuytsia)
  • facultative root hemiparasite (Rhinanthus)
  • obligate stem holoparasite (Cuscuta)
  • obligate stem hemiparasite (Viscum)
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13
Q

Describe Witchweed (Striga)

A

destroys over $10 billion of cereals and legumes in Africa and Asia each year

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14
Q

Describe Broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche)

A

problematic weeds of various crop species in southern and eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.

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15
Q

Parasitic plants have

A

highly reduced plastid genomes

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16
Q

Describe parasitic plant genomes

A
  • most plastid genomes are highly conserved in structure/gene content
  • Epifagus virginiana lacks all genes for photosynthesis and chlororespiration found in chloroplast genomes of green plants
  • The 70,028-base-pair genome contains only 42 genes, at least 38 of which specify components of the gene- expression apparatus of the plastid.
17
Q

Describe the haustorium

A
  • specialised multicellular organ shared by parasitic plants
  • physiological bridge through which hormonal interactions, viruses, proteins and mRNA transcripts can be transported
18
Q

List some holoparasites in the Family Orobanchaceae

A
  • Cistanche
  • Lathraea
  • Lathraea
  • Orobanche
  • Phelipanche
19
Q

List some hemiparasites in the Family Orobanchaceae

A
  • Bartsia
  • Rhinathus
  • Parentucellia
20
Q

Describe the Orobanchaceae

A
  • all hemiparasites and holoparasites are monophyletic along with the autotroph Lindenbergia
  • parasitism evolved only once in the lineage
  • holoparasitism evolved at least 5 times independently
21
Q

Holoparasitism

A

loss of photosynthesis

22
Q

List some Orobanchaceae

A
  • Alectra
  • Striga
  • Aeginetia
  • Boschniaka
  • Christisonia
  • Cistanche
  • Conopholis
  • Epifagus
  • Eremitilla
  • Harveya
23
Q

Trace the phylogeny of parasitism in plants

A
  • autotrophic Lindenbergia
  • origin of parasitism -> Triphysaria
  • origin of obligate parasitism -> Striga
  • origin of holoparasitism -> Orobanche
24
Q

Describe endoparasites

A
  • highly specialised group of plants (highly derived)
  • unique life cycles compared to other angiosperms
  • most of the vegetative portion of the parasite lives inside of its host
  • emergence occurs only during flowering
  • parasites avoid predatory herbivores and live in a constant environment
25
Q

endoparasites

A

endophytic holoparasites

26
Q

List some plant endoparasites

A
  • Rafflesiaceae
  • Mitrastemonaceae
  • Apodanthaceae
  • Cytinaceae
27
Q

Describe Rafflesia patma life cycle

A
  • proembryo composed of two tiers of cells above a single cell
  • forms uniseriate filament (predominant vegetative form)
  • initiation of protocorm formation by periclinal divisions give rise to a multiseriate filament
  • protocorm transformed into a cormus
  • young floral shoot apex emerges from the host with completely differentiated floral organs
  • produces seeds
28
Q

Describe Rafflesiaceae phylogeny

A
  • mitochondrial DNA places Rafflesiaceae as a member of Malpighiales
  • Euphorbiaceae
  • 79-fold increase in flower diameter on the stem lineage of Rafflesiaceae
  • one of the most dramatic cases of size evolution reported for eukaryotes
29
Q

Describe Mitrastemon phylogeny

A

holoparasitic angiosperm within the order Ericales

30
Q

Which lineages did holoparasitism conversantly evolve in?

A
  • Mitrastemonaceae
  • Cytinaceae
  • Rafflesiaceae
  • Apodanthaceae
31
Q

Endophytic holoparasites are highly susceptible to

A

HGT

32
Q

HGT and LGT make up the

A

non-sexual movement of genetic information between genomes

33
Q

Describe HGTs in plant endoparasites

A
  • large proportion of the mitochondrial genes pf parasitic plants
  • close contact of the mitochondria at the host-parasite interface
34
Q

Describe Sapria

A

unprecedented levels of gene loss

35
Q

Discuss gene loss in endoparasitic plants

A
  • convergence across unrelated parasitic plant groups
  • convergently lost genes are enriched in functions involving photosynthesis, defence, and stress response
36
Q

What mediates host specificity in parasitic plants?

A

multiple layers of incompatibility

37
Q

Discuss mycoheterotrophy

A
  • plants evolved to obtain carbon from other photosynthetic plants through a shared mycorrhizal network, rather than by photosynthesis.
  • evolved multiple times, especially in monocots such as orchids
  • plants can be mycoheterotrophic for some of their life cycle, or partially mycoheterotrophic
38
Q

Give a mycoheterotroph

A
  • Oxygyne
  • Thismiaceae
39
Q

Describe Rhizanthella

A
  • flowers underground
  • discovery in Western
    Australia in 1928
  • all known species found by accident
  • pollinated by termites
  • dispersed by underground marsupial mammals

Trinity Term 1 (38 decks)

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