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Trinity Term 1 > Immunology I > Flashcards

Immunology I Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the work of Edward Jenner

A

cowpox vaccine conferred protection against smallpox

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2
Q

Describe the work of Robert Koch

A
  • germ theory of disease
  • hypersensitivity reaction (allergies)
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3
Q

Describe the work of Louis Pasteur

A
  • fowl cholera vaccine
  • rabies vaccine
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4
Q

What is the general function of the immune system?

A

recognise and respond to problems of infection, invasion or altered self

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5
Q

What is the function of the immune system with respect to infection

A
  • prevent invasion or colonisation
  • limit early proliferation and dissemination
  • restrict growth (post-spread)
  • kill or control pathogen
  • effect clearance
  • offer enhanced resistance to rechallenge (short and long
    term)
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6
Q

Describe the principal components of an immune system

A
  • recognition
  • differentiation of different problems
  • response
  • effect
  • integration
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7
Q

Describe recognition

A

a problem is evident

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8
Q

What are problems experienced by the immune system

A

pathogen types

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9
Q

Describe the generalised immune system

A
  • signalling cascades
  • cellular events
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10
Q

Describe signalling cascades

A

intra- and extra-cellular

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11
Q

Describe cellular events

A

differentiation, movement or proliferation

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12
Q

Describe the generalised effect of immune system

A
  • directly lytic molecules
  • binding molecules (block/agglutinate/opsonise)
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13
Q

Describe immune integration

A

ability to communicate and cross activate or regulate different parts of the immune system

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14
Q

Describe the evidence for anti-microbial mechanisms in bacteria

A

– restriction enzymes
– CRISPR-Cas systems

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15
Q

Describe the evidence for anti-microbial mechanisms in protozoa

A
  • induction of intracellular antiviral/antibacterial mechanisms
  • the ability to kill vacuolar organisms by production of
    reactive oxygen species (also used as a feeding system in amoeboid protozoa)
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16
Q

Describe bacterial restriction enzymes

A
  • target specific non-self nucleic acid sequences
  • can be induced
  • may confer resistance to bacteriophages
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17
Q

Describe CRISPR-Cas9 systems

A
  • clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats
  • uses RNA guides to target foreign sequences (typically DNA)
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18
Q

Describe the innovation of multicellularity

A
  • allows survival of an individual in the face of loss of cells
  • used to develop specialised cellular functions
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19
Q

What are the constraints associated with the innovation of multicellularity

A
  • development of new sites for pathogen exploitation i.e. extracellular
  • as complexity increases, new problems emerge of protection of surfaces and body fluids
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20
Q

Describe the basic process of vertebrate host immune engagement

A
  • detection
  • response
  • outcome
  • pathology (most is self-induced)
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21
Q

Describe vertebrate immune detection

A
  • “Pattern Recognition” (self and
    microbial)
  • initiates and directs response
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22
Q

Describe vertebrate immune response

A
  • Innate
  • Adaptive
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23
Q

Describe vertebrate immune outcome

A
  • pathogen removal/killing
  • control without removal (persistence)
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24
Q

How do we delineate between innate and adaptive immunity?

A
  • time (rapid versus delayed reactions)
  • different mechanisms (molecules, cascades, cell types)
  • specificity (receptors)
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25
Q

Compare and contrast innate and adaptive receptors

A
  • Toll-like receptors (innate)
  • antibodies (adaptive)
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26
Q

Innate Immunity is

A

a feature of all organisms

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27
Q

Adaptive immunity emerged in

A

the vertebrates

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28
Q

Adaptive immune responses are

A

faster the second time around

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29
Q

Describe the innate immune system

A
  • barriers
  • tissue fluid systems
  • cellular systems
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30
Q

Describe immune barriers

A
  • mechanical (epithelial cell layers)
  • chemical barriers (mucus, enzymes, pH, oils. antimicrobial peptides)
  • microbiological (enteric microflora)
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31
Q

Describe immune tissue fluid systems

A
  • complement cascades
  • coagulation cascades
  • iron-binding molecules
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32
Q

Describe cellular immune systems

A
  • phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils)
  • lytic cells (Natural Killer cells)
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33
Q

Describe complement - the basics

A
  • plasma based enzyme cascade
  • formation of deposits on microbial surfaces
  • lytic membrane attack complex
  • marking surface to assist interaction with immune cells
  • elements have chemotactic activity
  • effector for both innate and adaptive pathways
34
Q

Describe coagulation

A
  • blood clotting enzyme cascade
  • traps microbes
  • tops blood loss
  • initiates wound repair (re-establishing a barrier)
35
Q

Describe Iron-binding molecules

A
  • Lactoferrin and transferrin
  • Compete with bacteria for iron, slows bacterial growth
36
Q

Describe complement cascades

A
  • lectin and alternative pathways are innate cascades
  • classical pathway is an adaptive immune cascade
  • three pathways, same results: microbial lysis, enhanced phagocytosis
37
Q

Describe the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A
  • innate receptors
  • lectins, Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors
  • genomically encoded in effective configuration
  • soluble, trans-membrane and cytoplasmic location
  • most animals have ~100-200 different receptors
  • each receptor expressed at high frequency
  • respond to PAMPs
38
Q

Describe the adaptive receptors

A
  • antibody, B cell or T cell receptors
  • formed by rearrangement of genomic segments
  • soluble or cell surface receptors
  • huge repertoire (>108 different specificities/person)
  • each receptor clonally expressed on very few cells, unless stimulated
39
Q

Describe the families of PRRs

A
  • Mannose binding lectin (tissue fluids)
  • Toll-like Receptors (transmembrane)
  • NOD1 and NOD2 (cytoplasmic)
  • Cell associated PRR-strong inducers of NFkB translocation to the nucleus
40
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

41
Q

Describe Pattern Recognition by vertebrate Toll-like receptors

A
  • triggers a wide array of pro-inflammatory effects
  • use a common pathway for signal transduction
42
Q

Describe the TLR-4 homodimer

A
  • LPS agonist
  • recognises Gram -ve bacteria
43
Q

Describe the TLR-9 homodimer

A
  • DNA with unmethylated CpG motifs agonist
  • recognises bacteria
44
Q

Describe the TLR-3 homodimer

A
  • dsRNA agonist
  • recognises viral RNAs
45
Q

Describe the TLR-5 homodimer

A
  • flagellin agonist
  • Gram -ve bacteria
46
Q

Describe the TLR-7 homodimer

A
  • imidazoquinolones and ssRNA agonists
  • recognises viral RNA
47
Q

Describe the TLR-2 (TLR-1,-6) heterodimers

A
  • peptidoglycan, lipoarabinomannan, porins, bacterial lipoproteins, bacterial lipopeptides, yeast mannan, glycophosphatidyl-inositol anchor agonists
  • recognise Gram +ve bacteria, mycobacteria, Neisseria, yeast and trypanosomes
48
Q

Describe Innate recognition of viruses

A
  • TLR3 (dsRNA),
  • TLR4 (RSV-Surface glycoproteins)
  • TLR7/8 (ssRNA)
  • RIG-I (dsRNA, cytoplasmic)
49
Q

Describe Innate recognition of bacteria

A
  • TLR1/6 with 2 (cell wall components)
  • TLR4 (LPS)
  • TLR9 (CpG motifs in DNA)
  • NODs (cytoplasmic cell wall components)
  • Mannose receptors
50
Q

Describe Innate recognition of parasites

A
  • TLR 2 (GPI anchors)
  • TLR 4 (?) polymorphisms affect disease outcome
  • TLR9 (Plasmodium hemozoin DNA)
51
Q

Describe TLR recognition of Salmonella

A
  • TLR5 recognises flagellin
  • TLR4 recognises LPS
  • TLR2 recognises lipopeptides
  • TLR9 recognises CpG motifs
52
Q

List some innate cells

A
  • platelets
  • erythrocytes
  • eosinophil
  • neutrophil
  • basophil
  • mast cell
  • dendritic cell
  • macrophage
  • monocyte
  • NK cells
53
Q

List some adaptive cells

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • plasma cells
54
Q

Describe the macrophage

A
  • phagocytosis & intracellular killing
  • release of proinflammatory cytokines
  • antigen presentation
  • tissue repair
55
Q

Describe dendritic cells

A
  • antigen uptake in peripheral sites
  • antigen presentation in lymph nodes
56
Q

Describe neutrophils

A
  • 40-75% of leukocytes
  • phagocytosis
  • intracellular killing
  • inflammation and tissue damage
57
Q

Describe eosinophils

A
  • killing of antibody-coated parasites
  • tissue damage in allergic reactions
58
Q

Describe NK cells

A

release lytic granules that kill some virally infected cells

59
Q

NK

A

natural killers

60
Q

Give some characteristics of macrophages

A
  • slightly increased levels during inflammation
  • found in healthy tissues
  • variety of mature forms
  • slowly form granuloma with T-help
  • long-lived (months)
  • survive after phagocytosis
61
Q

Give some characteristics of neutrophils

A
  • rapid increase in numbers
  • found only in inflamed tissues
  • single mature form
  • rapidly form pus (cell debris and dead neutrophils)
  • short-lived (hours)
  • die after phagocytosis
62
Q

Describe acidification

A
  • pH 3.5-4
  • bacteriostatic or bactericidal
63
Q

Describe toxic oxygen-derived products

A
  • superoxide (O2-)
  • hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
  • singlet oxygen (1O2.)
  • hydroxyl radical (OH-)
  • hypohalite (OCl)
64
Q

Describe some toxic nitrogen oxides

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

65
Q

Describe antimicrobial peptides

A

defensins and cationic proteins

66
Q

Describe some immune enzymes

A
  • NADPH-dependent oxidases
  • lysozymes
  • acid hydrolases
67
Q

NADPH-dependent oxidases

A

generate toxic oxygen derivates

68
Q

lysozymes

A

dissolve cell walls of some Gram positive bacteria

69
Q

acid hydrolases

A

further digest bacteria

70
Q

Describe immune competitors

A
  • lactoferrin (binds Fe)
  • vitamin B12-binding protein
71
Q

List some soluble factors secreted by immune cells

A
  • cytokines
  • interleukin
  • interferon
  • tumour necrosis factor
  • tumour growth factor
  • chemokines
  • antimicrobial peptides
72
Q

Describe cytokines

A

soluble mediator produced by cells

73
Q

Describe interleukin

A

soluble mediator produced by white blood cells

74
Q

Describe interferon

A

soluble mediator that can induce a state that interferes with viral replication

75
Q

Describe chemokines

A
  • small chemotactic molecules
  • organisation/homeostasis
  • movement towards sites of infection
76
Q

Describe antimicrobial peptides

A

small antimicrobial molecule

77
Q

What are the functions of the soluble factors?

A
  • communication
  • organisation
  • anti-pathogen effect
78
Q

Give an example of a soluble factor produced?

A

macrophages producing pro-inflammatory cytokines

79
Q

Describe chemotaxis

A

movement to site of inflammation, tissue damage and immune reactions

80
Q

List some things that lead to inflammation

A
  • pathogen recognition by macrophages
  • activation of complement
  • tissue damage
81
Q

Describe the early induced responses

A
  • pathogen entry triggers complement activation
  • cellular PRR activation with production of cytokines and chemokines
  • tissue-resident macrophages play a central role
  • vasodilation
  • increased vascular permeability
  • redness, heat and swelling
  • migration of inflammatory cells to tissue
  • escalation of inflammatory reaction
  • pain

Trinity Term 1 (38 decks)

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