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Trinity Term 1 > Mammalian structure and function: Feeding > Flashcards

Mammalian structure and function: Feeding Flashcards

1
Q

Describe dentition

A
  • enamel wears away with age (more dentine exposed)
  • tooth position
  • incisors
  • canines
  • [diastema]
  • premolars
  • molars
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2
Q

Describe tooth morphology

A
  • crown
  • gum line
  • root
  • enamel
  • dentine
  • pulp cavity
  • root canal
  • cementum
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3
Q

Compare and contrast carnivores and predators

A
  • position of mandibular condyle
  • primary chewing muscles
  • temporalis in carnivores
  • masseters in herbivores
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4
Q

Describe molar teeth

A
  • omnivore: crushing (hard, brittle or turgid)
  • carnivore: shearing (soft, tough)
  • herbivore: grinding (tough, fibrous)
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5
Q

Describe herbivore feeding

A
  • occlusal surfaces
  • bunodont (pig)
  • lophodont; cusps in transverse ridges (African elephant)
  • selenodont (deer) crescent-shaped ridges
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6
Q

Describe the white-tailed deer dentition

A
  • lower incisors show lateral incisiform canines
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7
Q

When did teeth differentiate?

A

Mesozoic

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8
Q

List some mammalian trophic groups

A
  • Insectivorous
  • Carnivorous
  • Herbivorous
  • Omnivorous
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9
Q

Describe different mammalian feeding specialisations from the basal insectivore (hedgehog)

A
  • mollusc specialists (walrus)
  • specialised insectivores (mole, armadillo, anteater, giant anteater)
  • plankton specialists (right whale)
  • fish and squid specialists (porpoise)
  • nectar specialists (nectar-eating bat)
  • fruit specialists (fruit-eating bat)
  • omnivores (bear, peccary, marmoset)
  • grazing and browsing herbivores (horse, deer)
  • gnawing herbivores (jackrabbit, woodrat)
  • carnivores (mountain lion, coyote, raccoon)
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10
Q

Describe insectivory

A
  • basal condition of Eutheria
  • nine mammalian orders (Monotremata; Carnivora, aardwolf)
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11
Q

Describe insectivory Tamandua

A
  • tongue specialisation (long, vermiform)
  • anchored to the sternum
  • can be protruded extensively to catch ants and termites
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12
Q

Describe the tongue of Tamandua

A
  • tongue muscle divided
  • mandible weak, toothless
  • tongue cylindrical, sticky
  • salivary gland (large!)
  • tongue anchored to posterior end of sternum
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13
Q

Describe the digestive system of herbivores

A
  • stomach
  • anus
  • short intestine, no caecum
  • short-tailed shrew
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14
Q

Describe the digestive system of carnivores

A
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • caecum
  • anus
  • short intestine and colon
  • small caecum
  • ref dox
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15
Q

Describe the digestive system of non ruminant herbivores

A
  • simple stomach
  • large caecum
  • anus
  • black-tailed jackrabbit
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16
Q

Describe the digestive system of ruminant herbivores

A
  • esophagus
  • large rumen
  • reticulum
  • abomasum
  • omasum
  • caecum
  • anus
  • four chambered stomach
  • long small and large intestine
  • e.g. mule deer
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17
Q

Describe convergent burrowing

A
  • placental mole
  • marsupial mole
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18
Q

Describe convergent anteating

A
  • anteater
  • numbat
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19
Q

Describe mouse conversion

A
  • mouse
  • marsupial mouse
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20
Q

Describe convergent climbing

A
  • lemur
  • spotted cuscus
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21
Q

Describe convergent gliding

A
  • flying squirrel
  • flying phalanger
22
Q

Describe convergent felinism

A
  • bobcat
  • Tasmanian tiger cat
23
Q

Describe convergent wolfism

A
  • wolf
  • tasmanian wolf
24
Q

Describe Carnivory

A
  • terrestrial carnivores
  • aerial carnivores
  • aquatic carnivores
25
Q

Describe vampire bats

A

blade-like upper incisors

26
Q

Describe baleens

A

filter-feeders

27
Q

Give an aerial carnivore

A

vampire bats

28
Q

Give an aquatic carnivore

A

baleens

29
Q

Describe the Canidae

A
  • wounding bite (African wild dog)
  • puncturing grip (side-striped jackal)
  • rapid champing (bat-eared fox)
30
Q

Describe the relationship between carnivore and prey mass

A

strong linear positive correlation

31
Q

Describe feeding on ecological systems

A
  • mob operators
  • middle way groupers
  • spatial groupers
32
Q

Describe ruminants

A

foregut fermentation

33
Q

Hindgut fermentation

A
  • monogastric system
  • characteristic of perissodactyls
  • horses, zebras, asses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, elephants, lagomorphs, rodents
34
Q

Describe foregut fermentation

A
  • digastric digestive system
  • typified by artiodactyls
  • cervids, bovids, kangaroos, colobus monkeys
35
Q

Herbivorous specialisations

A
  • granivory
  • folivory
  • frugivory
  • nectarivory
  • gummivory
  • mycophagy
36
Q

Describe the tube-lipped nectar bat

A
  • protrusible tongue
  • glossal tube
  • tongue retractor
37
Q

Give an example of nectivory

A

honey possums

38
Q

List some gum-eating organisms

A
  • marmosets
  • bush-babies
  • lorises
39
Q

List some mycophagous herbivores

A

sciurids, cricetids, Potoridae

40
Q

Describe gnawing mammals

A
  • large gnawing incisors
  • reaching and nibbling
41
Q

Describe coprophagy (aka refection)

A
  • digestion of cellulose in hindgut fermenters occurs in the cecum
  • rapid digestion: minimal fibre
  • shrews, rodents and lagomorphs
  • large quantities of vegetation
  • large caecum contains bacterial flora to digest cellulose
  • dual passage of food
42
Q

Describe coprophagous generalised morphology

A
  • oesophagus
  • stomach
  • mixing zone
  • alimentary mass
  • fermentation in caecum
  • excretion of hard faeces
  • ingestion of caecal pellets from anus
43
Q

Describe omnivore

A
  • opportunistic
  • opossums, primates, pigs,
    bears and raccoons
  • versatile dentition (bunodont cheekteeth)
  • relatively simple digestive system
44
Q

Describe optimal foraging in ruminants

A
  • need for sufficient energy
  • need for sufficient sodium intake (aquatic plants bulkier; more sodium)
  • size of the rumen
  • triangulate constants
45
Q

Describe extant whale skull telescoping

A
  • terrestrial mammal (horse)
  • archaeocete whale (heterodont)
  • modern odontocete (common dolphin)
  • modern mysticete (fin whale)
  • extended posteriorly to overlap parietal bones
  • nostrils have moved
46
Q

components of skull (whale)

A
  • nasal
  • pre-maxilla
  • maxilla
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
47
Q

Marine mammal feeding specialisations

A
  • ## size of baleen
48
Q

Describe whale feeding

A
  • zooplankton
  • arrangement of baleen in
    upper jaw of mysticetes
  • size and number of plates vary among species
49
Q

Describe whale feeding morphology

A
  • upper jaw
  • gum base
  • baleen plates
  • bone of lower jaw
  • fringes forming filter mat
  • tongue
  • keel of palate
50
Q

Describe the dentition patterns of pinnipeds

A
  • most: generalist feeders
  • modified cusps in filter- feeding crabeater seals, forming a sieve to filter krill
51
Q

Describe generalist pinnipeds

A

well-developed cheekteeth, usually single-cusp and peg-like

52
Q

List some pinnipeds

A
  • Southern sea lion
  • Northern fur seal
  • Southern elephant seal
  • Hawaiian monk seal
  • Crabeater seal
  • Leopard seal

Trinity Term 1 (38 decks)

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