Reeves (2018) CH 5 Flashcards
What is a reward?
➡ A reward is an offering given in exchange for service or achievement.
- What is the difference between a reward and a reinforcer?
➡ All positive reinforcers are rewards, but not all rewards function as reinforcers (i.e., increase behavior).
- What is an incentive?
➡ An anticipated external event that motivates behavior before it occurs.
- What is the difference between a positive and a negative incentive?
➡ Positive incentive: Increases approach behavior (e.g., praise, money)
.➡ Negative incentive: Increases avoidance behavior (e.g., punishment, criticism).
What is a positive reinforcer?
➡ A stimulus that, when presented, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior.
What is a negative reinforcer?
➡ A stimulus that, when removed, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior.
What is a punisher?
➡ A stimulus that decreases the likelihood of an undesired behavior.
- What are the two types of punishment?
➡ Aversive punishment: Adding an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., yelling, fines).
➡ Response cost: Removing a desirable stimulus (e.g., taking away privileges).
What is intrinsic motivation?
Engaging in an activity for its own sake, driven by interest and enjoyment.
What is extrinsic motivation?
Engaging in an activity for external rewards or to avoid punishment.
How do extrinsic rewards affect intrinsic motivation?
Extrinsic rewards can decrease intrinsic motivation if they shift the focus from enjoyment to external incentives.
What is the hidden cost of rewards?
➡ When an expected reward reduces intrinsic motivation by making the activity feel controlled rather than enjoyable.
Do all rewards undermine intrinsic motivation?
No, only expected and tangible rewards decrease intrinsic motivation. Unexpected and verbal rewards can increase motivation.
How do different types of rewards affect intrinsic motivation?
➡ Tangible rewards (e.g., money, trophies)
→ Decrease intrinsic motivation
.➡ Verbal rewards (e.g., praise)
→ Increase intrinsic motivation if perceived as competence-boosting.
What is an example of the hidden cost of rewards?
A study found that children who were rewarded for drawing later showed less interest in drawing when the reward was removed.
- What is Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET)?
➡ A theory explaining how external events (e.g., rewards, feedback) affect intrinsic motivation by influencing autonomy and competence.
What are the two key functions of external rewards in CET?
➡ Controlling function: Reduces intrinsic motivation by limiting autonomy
.➡ Informational function: Increases intrinsic motivation by boosting competence.
How does autonomy affect intrinsic motivation?
When people feel controlled, intrinsic motivation decreases.
How does competence affect intrinsic motivation?
When rewards provide positive competence feedback, intrinsic motivation increases.
What are examples of rewards that increase vs. decrease motivation?
➡ Increase motivation: Praise for effort, constructive feedback
.➡ Decrease motivation: Bribing a child to read a book instead of letting them discover enjoyment naturally.
- How does competition influence intrinsic motivation?
➡ Focus on winning → Decreases intrinsic motivation.➡ Focus on improvement → Increases intrinsic motivation.
What is internalization?
The process of transforming external motivation into personally endorsed values.
What is an example of internalization?
A child initially does chores for an allowance but later continues because they value cleanliness.
What are the four types of extrinsic motivation according to Self-Determination Theory?
1️⃣ External Regulation: Least autonomous (e.g., studying only to avoid punishment).
2️⃣ Introjected Regulation: Somewhat autonomous, motivated by guilt or ego (e.g., exercising to avoid shame).
3️⃣ Identified Regulation: Mostly autonomous, motivated by personal importance (e.g., studying because education matters).
4️⃣ Integrated Regulation: Fully autonomous, behavior aligns with core values (e.g., volunteering because helping others defines who you are).
- What are examples of each type of extrinsic motivation?
External Regulation: “I study because my parents force me to.”
Introjected Regulation: “I study because I’ll feel guilty if I fail.”
Identified Regulation: “I study because I believe education is important.”
Integrated Regulation: “I study because learning is part of my identity.”
