Red flags

Question 1

What is Myelopathy

Answer 1

It is the neurological deficits caused by compression to the spinal cord.
Most commonly seen in C spine, but can also be L and T

Question 2

Signs and symptoms of Myelopathy

Answer 2

Muscles weakness 
Altered tone 
Sensory loss in the trunk and lower limbs 
Urinary issues 
Impaired coordination

Question 3

What is CAD

Answer 3

Cervical artery dysfunction: It is an umbrella term for all pathologies that could lead to cranial ischemia.

CAD can be affected by manual therapy

Question 4

Signs and symptoms of CAD

Answer 4

Nausea 
Numbness 
Night sweats 
Dysphasia 
Dysarthria 
Dizziness
Drop attacks 
Nystagmass

Question 5

What is Maligancey

Answer 5

Normal cells divide and grow in an uncontrollable manner

Most cancer starts in one area, referred to as the primary site.

Question 6

Risk factors for CAD

Answer 6

Trauma 
Migraines 
Increased cholesterol
diabetes 
immediately postpartum 
history of smoking 
 Blood clotting disorders

Question 7

MSCC

Answer 7

Metastatic spinal cord compression is an oncological emergency and must be treated immediately in an appropriate way

Question 8

Signs and symptoms of Ca

Answer 8

Night sweats 
Night Pain 
unexplained weight loss 
Strange lumps/bumps/swellings
General unwell 
Strong family history of Ca 
Personal history of Ca 
Nausea

Question 9

What is Specific inflammatory disorder

Answer 9

The body attacks its own cells or tissues by mistake

Common: rheumatoid arthritis

Question 10

What is RA

Answer 10

RA is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterised by inflammatory arthritis with extra-articular involvement

Question 11

Patho of RA

Answer 11

Synovium is infiltrated with immunity cells
Fibroblasts and immunity cells result in osteoclast generation
As a result of this, there is bone erosion and loss of joint integrity

Question 12

Risk factors of RA

Answer 12

Genetics 
Obesity 
Air pollution 
Hx of smoking 
Low levels of vitamin D

Question 13

Signs and symptoms of RA

Answer 13

Poly arthritis of small joints in the hand 
Insidious onset 
Joint stiffness in the morning 
Fatigue 
deformity 
pain 
weakness 
C spine: C1/C2 instability

Question 14

What is DVT

Answer 14

Deep vein thrombosis: A venous thrombosis involving the formation of a blood clot within a deep vein, most common in the pelvis and legs.

Question 15

Symptoms of DVT

Answer 15

Pain
Swelling
Sometimes symptomless

Question 16

Infection

Answer 16

When a foreign organism enters the body or multiplies in it: bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite

Question 17

Risk factors for infection

Answer 17

Steroids/immune suppressant drugs such as anti rejections 
HIV/AIDS 
Recent surgery/open wounds
Poor nutrient 
lack of sleep 
stress  
types of cancer

Question 18

Symptoms of infection

Answer 18

General unwell 
high temperature 
night pain 
night sweats 
nausea

Question 19

What type of fractures

Answer 19

Transverse 
Linear 
Oblique 
Commited 
Spiral 
Greenstick

Question 20

What is RED-s

Answer 20

Relative energy deficiency in sports
Where people have disordered eating (low intake) results in low bone density
(osteoporosis and osteoporina present)

Question 21

Symptoms of RED-s

Answer 21

Pain along the bone
Swelling in area
Pain on palpating in area

Question 22

Risk factors for Fractures

Answer 22

trauma 
steroid use 
alcohol 
diabetes 
malnutrition 
RA 
Osteoporosis

Question 23

What is CES

Answer 23

The spinal cord terminates at L1/L2 resulting in the condus meddula. From the CM emerges a bundle of L and S nerve roots.

This compresses the nerves responsible for

• Sphincter muscles
• Perianal sensation
• Sexual function
• LL motor function

Question 24

Signs and symptoms of CES

Answer 24

Bilateral symptoms 
Urine retention 
Erectile dysfunction 
loss of anal tone 
loss of motor/and or sensation to the LL 
Saddle anaesthesia 
Back pain

Question 25

Causes of CES

Answer 25

Herniated L spine disk 
trauma 
abscess 
spinal epidural 
hematoma 
tumor/mass
Chiropractor