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History- Witchcraft > Reasons for the decline of belief in Magic (T1) > Flashcards

Reasons for the decline of belief in Magic (T1) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 reasons for a decline in the belief of magic?

A 
Fraudulent cases 
Sceptic Publications 
Scientific Revolution 
Human Understanding 
Judicial Scepticism
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2
Q

What case happened in 1597?

A

The Boy of Burton Fraudulent Case

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3
Q

When was the The Boy of Burton Fraudulent Case?

A

1597

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4
Q

What happened in the The Boy of Burton Fraudulent Case?

A

Alice Goodridge is accused of causing hallucinations by Thomas Darling- a doctor confirms this. John Darrell is brought into exorcise Darling (remove the demon). During trial, Darling confesses the case is fraudulent- Darling and Darrell are imprisoned for a year.

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5
Q

What case happened in 1634?

A

The Pendle Swindle Case

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6
Q

When was the The Pendle Swindle Case?

A

1634

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7
Q

What happened in the The Pendle Swindle Case?

A

Edmund Robinson accuses Jennett Device of participating in a Sabbatt, a hunt is organised and 17 more are accused. The magistrate is sceptical and refers the case to London- the evidence is questioned (use of sleep deprivation) and Robinson admits to fraud.

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8
Q

What case happened in 1662?

A

The Demon Drummer of Tedworth Case

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9
Q

When was the The Demon Drummer of Tedworth Case?

A

1662

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10
Q

What happened in The Demon Drummer of Tedworth Case?

A

Drury used a drum to raise money for the poor, he was accused for using it to cast spells over houses, an investigation supports the accusation. Drury is deported for theft, and the disturbances stop immediately. Manages to escape when the ship he was on encounters storms.

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11
Q

What case happened in 1712?

A

The Jane Wenham Case

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12
Q

When was the The Jane Wenham Case?

A

1712

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13
Q

What happened in the The Jane Wenham Case?

A

Jane Wenham was a wise woman, with a reputation for being a witch. She was falsely accused of bewitching someone by his employer, and when her compensation wasn’t enough she cast a curse, 16 people support different accusations. The judge (John Powell) at trial is sceptical about the case, and recommends she is found innocent. However the Jury still find her guilty so Powell secures her a royal pardon.

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14
Q

What was published in 1584?

A

Reginald Scot

The Discoverie of Witchcraft

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15
Q

When was Reginald Scot

The Discoverie of Witchcraft published?

A

1584

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16
Q

What was The Discoverie of Witchcraft about?

A

Questioned whether there was any biblical basis/ foundation for witch hunting

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17
Q

What was published in 1599?

A

Samuel Harsnett

The Fraudulent Practices of John Darrel

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18
Q

When was Samuel Harsnett

The Fraudulent Practices of John Darrel published?

A

1599

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19
Q

What was Samuel Harsnett

The Fraudulent Practices of John Darrel about?

A

Rejected all witchcraft. Harsnett was deeply suspicious about the Boy of Burton case, claimed Darrel was a fraud

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20
Q

What was published in 1656?

A

Thomas Ady

A Candle in the Dark

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21
Q

When was Thomas Ady

A Candle in the Dark published?

A

1656

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22
Q

What was Thomas Ady’s

A Candle in the Dark about?

A

Witches do exist, but they don’t have a pact with the Devil, used the Bible to support his argument, saying there was no reference to witches and hunts. Critical of James I’s book ‘Daemonologie

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23
Q

What was published in 1677?

A

John Webster

The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft

24
Q

When was John Webster

The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft published?

A

1677

25
Q

What was John Webster

The Displaying of Supposed Witchcraft about?

A

Reinforced Ady’s suggestion that the Bible failed to mention witchcraft, he argued that witches existed but are not in control of the supernatural - promoted rational/ materialistic thinking

26
Q

What was published in 1691?

A

Balthasar Bekker

The Enchanted World

27
Q

When was Balthasar Bekker

The Enchanted World published?

A

1691

28
Q

What was Balthasar Bekker

The Enchanted World about?

A

Most influential publisher, continued to build on Ady’s arguments using the Bible to undermine the argument for witchcraft- believed witchcraft was deception. Published at a time when intellectual thinking was changing

29
Q

What Scientific Revolution happened in 1543?

A

Copernicus The Revolution of Heavenly Spheres

30
Q

When was Copernicus

The Revolution of Heavenly Spheres?

A

1543

31
Q

What did Copernicus’ The Revolution of Heavenly Spheres Include?

A

Right at the start of the Scientific Revolution, he proposed the universe was heliocentric (the sun at the centre, not the earth), agreed with Aristotle that planets moved in perfect circles

32
Q

What Scientific Revolution happened in 1609?

A

Kepler

Astronomia Nova

33
Q

When was Kepler

Astronomia Nova?

A

1609

34
Q

What did Kepler Astronomia Nova Include?

A

I. Planet move in elliptical orbits (move in an oval shape) around the sun

II. Planets don’t travel at a constant speed, they speed up when approaching the sun

35
Q

What Scientific Revolution happened in 1632?

A

Galileo Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems

36
Q

When was Galileo Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems?

A

1632

37
Q

What did Galileo

Dialogue Concerning Two Chief World Systems Include?

A

Rejected the right of the church to act as an authority on scientific matters, and developed a system that fused maths and natural science, went on to inspire later scientists

38
Q

What Scientific Revolution happened in 1687?

A

Isaac Newton

Principia Mathematica

39
Q

When was Isaac Newton

Principia Mathematica?

A

1687

40
Q

What did Isaac Newton

Principia Mathematica Include?

A

Important piece of scientific work: mathematically proved Kepler’s law of planetary motion. He was able to show centrifugal force, the idea that planets are pulled towards the gravity of the sun, this also forms a circular orbit of the planets around the sun

41
Q

What piece of Human Understanding happened in 1605?

A

Francis Bacon

Proficience and Advancement of Learning

42
Q

When was Francis Bacon

Proficience and Advancement of Learning?

A

1605

43
Q

What did Francis Bacon

Proficience and Advancement of Learning include?

A

Empirical knowledge, learnt from experience and observation is the most superior form of knowledge “if men begin with doubts but observe known facts, they will end with certainties”

44
Q

What piece of Human Understanding happened in 1655?

A

Thomas Hobbes

De Corpore

45
Q

When was Thomas Hobbes

De Corpore?

A

1655

46
Q

What did Thomas Hobbes

De Corpore include?

A

Promoted deductive reasoning over inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning: an idea is tested to see if it’s true through observation
Inductive reasoning: an idea is formed and then worked backward towards generalizations and theories

47
Q

What piece of Human Understanding happened in

1658?

A

Thomas Hobbes

De Homine

48
Q

When was Thomas Hobbes

De Homine?

A

1658

49
Q

What did Thomas Hobbes

De Homine include?

A

Materialism: the theory or belief that nothing exists except matter and its movements and modifications.

50
Q

What piece of Human Understanding happened in 1690?

A

John Locke

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

51
Q

When was John Locke

Essay Concerning Human Understanding?

A

1690

52
Q

What did John Locke

Essay Concerning Human Understanding include?

A
  1. Humans are born without knowledge
  2. Focus on language and importance of words
  3. Questioned whether knowledge could be trusted
    Empiricism is everything, no room for the supernatural
    Spirits have no primary qualities (things that can’t be argued)
53
Q

When and why did Scepticism begin?

A

Scepticism began when people started to doubt there was any biblical foundation for witch hunting.

In 1584, Reginald Scot wrote the Discoverie of Witchcraft and initially questioned the scriptural foundation for witch hunting. This was developed further by Thomas Ady in 1656.

54
Q

Why did Scepticism continue to grow?

A

Scepticism continued to grow when certain cases appeared to be supported by fraudulent evidence.

The Boy of Burton case in 1597, resulted in the accused dying in prison before the accusers: Darling and Darrel confessed that the case was fraudulent and were imprisoned. This happened again in 1662 during the Demon Drummer of Tedworth case and the last ever witchcraft case: Jane Wenham in 1712.

55
Q

Who was a significant individual when it came to Judicial Scepticism?

A

Sir John Holt. He presided over 12 witchcraft trials and found all of the accused innocent. He put an emphasis on needing firm proof to sentence. Essentially, he put the accuser on trial.

History- Witchcraft (30 decks)

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