Reasoning About the Design and Execution of Research Flashcards

1
Q

assesses the value of a research question on the basis of whether or not it is feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, and relevant

A

FINER method

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2
Q

ensure that a change in the dependent variable occurs when expected

A

positive controls

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3
Q

ensure that no change in the dependent variable occurs when none is expected

A

negative controls

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4
Q

the quality of approximating the true value

A

accuracy (validity)

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5
Q

the quality of being consistent in approximations

A

precision (reliability)

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6
Q

a type of nonexperimental research in which the researcher measures two variables and assesses the statistical relationship between them, with little or no effort to control extraneous variables

A

correlation studies

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7
Q

a descriptive research approach to obtain an in-depth analysis of a single person, group, or phenomenon

A

case studies

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8
Q

researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a period of time

A

longitudinal studies

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9
Q

manipulating one variable to determine if this causes changes in another variable; this method relies on controlled research methods and random assignment of study subjects to test a hypothesis

A

experimental studies

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10
Q

qualitative research on a group of people and their behaviors and social interactions within their own, native environment; it involves studying people in context, mainly making observations rather than focusing on hard data and numbers

A

ethnographic research

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11
Q

is subject to ethical constraints that are generally absent in basic science research; much of it is observational

A

human subjects research

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12
Q

observational human subjects research:
subjects are sorted into two groups based on varying risk factors, and then assessed at various intervals to determine how many subjects in each group has a certain trait

A

cohort studies

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13
Q

observational human subjects research:

assess both exposure and outcome at the same point in time

A

cross-sectional studies

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14
Q

observational human subjects research:
two existing groups differing in outcome are identified and compared on the basis of some supposed causal attribute; assess outcome status and then assess for exposure history

A

case-control studies

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15
Q

supports causality in observational studies; includes temporality, strength, dose-response relationships, consistency, plausibility, consideration of alternative explanations, experiments, specificity, and coherence

A

Hill’s criteria

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16
Q

flaw that may be in the form of bias, confounding, or random

17
Q

error:

systematic and results from a problem during data collection

18
Q

bias:

the sample differs from the population, is most common form in human subjects research

A

selection bias

19
Q

bias:
arises from educated professionals using their knowledge in an inconsistent way by searching for an outcome disproportionately in certain populations

A

detection bias

20
Q

bias:
results from changes in behavior (by the subject, experimenter, or both) that occur as a result of the knowledge that the subject is being observed

A

Hawthorne effect

21
Q

error:
an error in data analysis that results from a common connection of both the dependent and independent variables to a third variable

A

confounding

22
Q

established research ethics, including respect for persons, justice, and beneficence

A

Belmont report

23
Q

research ethics:

includes autonomy, informed consent, and confidentiality

A

respect for persons

24
Q

research ethics:

dictates which study questions are worth pursuing and which subjects to use

25
research ethics: | requires us to do the most good with the least harm; we cannot perform an intervention without equipoise
beneficence
26
a lack of knowledge about which arm of the research study is best for the subject
equipoise
27
all of the individuals who share a set of characteristics; ____ data are called parameters
populations
28
a subset of a population used to estimate population data; ____ data are called statistics
samples
29
refers to the identification of causality in a study between the independent and dependent variables
internal validity
30
refers to the ability of a study to be generalized to the population that it describes
external validity
31
refers to the low likelihood of the experimental findings being due to chance
statistical significance
32
refers to the usefulness or importance of experimental findings to patient care or patient outcomes
clinical significance
33
measurement based on how well people perform a task, irrespective of what they experience while performing the task
objective measurement
34
measurement that has to do with what people say they actually experience
subjective measurement
35
research methods involve comparing an organization, geographic region, government, or other entity
comparative methods