reasearch methods pt 2

Question 1

population

Answer 1

the group of people who are the focus of the research

Question 2

sample

Answer 2

a subset of the research population who participate in
a study

Question 3

Generalisable

Answer 3

the ability for a sample’s
results to be used to make
conclusions about the
wider research population

Question 4

convenience sampling

Answer 4

involves selecting readily
available members of the population

Question 5

random sampling

Answer 5

uses a procedure to ensure every member of the population has the same chance of being selected

Question 6

stratified sampling

Answer 6

t involves selecting people from the population
in a way that ensures that its strata (subgroups) are proportionally represented in the sample

Question 7

allocation

Answer 7

the process of assigning participants
to experimental conditions or groups

Question 8

Participant-related variables

Answer 8

characteristics of a study’s
participants that may
affect the results

Question 9

Order effects

Answer 9

the tendency for the order
in which participants
complete experimental
conditions to have an
effect on their behaviour

Question 10

Placebo

Answer 10

 an inactive
substance or treatment

Question 11

Placebo effect

Answer 11

when participants respond to
an inactive substance
or treatment as a result
of their expectations
or beliefs

Question 12

experimenter effect

Answer 12

when the expectations of
the researcher affect the
results of an experiment

Question 13

Situational variables

Answer 13

any environmental factor
that may affect the
dependent variable

Question 14

Non-standardised
instructions and
procedures 

Answer 14

when directions and procedures differ across participants or experimental conditions

Question 15

Demand characteristics

Answer 15

cues in an experiment that
may signal to a participant
the intention of the
study and influence their
behaviour

Question 16

how to prevent extraneous variables

Answer 16

• larger the sample the more representativeness of the population
• experiment design choice
• counterbalancing ( method to reduce order effects that involves ordering experimental conditions in a certain way)
• placeabo
• Single-blind procedures
• Double-blind procedures
• Standardised instructions and procedures
• Controlled variables

Question 17

Single-blind procedures

Answer 17

a procedure in which
participants are unaware
of the experimental group
or condition they have
been allocated to

Question 18

Double-blind procedures

Answer 18

a procedure in which
both participants and
the experimenter do not
know which conditions or
groups participants are
allocated to