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workings of the mind > Reality as an Illusion > Flashcards

Reality as an Illusion Flashcards

1
Q

Your mind is limited

A

Can only actively perceive one thing at a time - You are only perceiving a tiny fraction of what’s going on

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2
Q

Your mind is deceptive

A

You perceive things that aren’t there - You can’t always tell the difference between what your mind perceived and what your mind creates

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3
Q

Perception is a combination of…

A

bottom-up and top-down processing

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4
Q

Bottom-up

A

Raw Sensory Data

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5
Q

Top-Down

A

Expectations learned through previous experience

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6
Q

You never see “sort of duck” or “sort of rabbit”

A

It is a duck, or it is a rabbit

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7
Q

We never see reality as it is…

A

only as we interpret it

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8
Q

Individual perception of a social interaction

A

“they were fighting”…“no, they were joking”

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9
Q

Individual perception of a person

A

“her crying was fake”…“no, it wasn’t”

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10
Q

Individual perception of themselves

A

Do other people see you the same way that you see yourself?

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11
Q

The Kuleshov Effect

A

A man’s neutral expression interpreted as… multiple different emotions depending on the context of the images

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12
Q

The Kuleshov Effect occurs because the viewer….

A

“fills in the blanks” and makes an interpretation consistent with the context

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13
Q

Rashomon Effect

A

Contradictory descriptions of the same event by different people

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14
Q

Eyewitness Testimony

A

One of the most convincing types of evidence to a jury, one of the most flawed types of evidence

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15
Q

Eyewitness testimony is flawed because…

A

accuracy requires attention, perception, and memory - errors and biases are possible at every step

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16
Q

Why are eyewitnesses so unreliable?

A
  • Can’t remember what you never paid attention to
  • Fear and stress can impact attention
  • Attention narrows (“tunnel vision”)
  • Attention fixates (gets stuck on one thing)
  • But, attention may fixate on small details that aren’t helpful for making a correct identification
17
Q

Source Misattributions

A

A familiar person may be falsely identified as a perpetrator - “familiar” in this case doesn’t mean they knew person ahead of time, just that they may have seen the person before

18
Q

Wells and Bradfield (1998)

A
  • Participants view videotape with gunman in view for 8 seconds
  • Participant then given photos of different suspects
    Asked to identify a suspect - Everyone made an identification
    • But, the actual gunman’s picture was not present
  • Misidentification because gunman was expected to be present
  • Choose suspect who most closely resembles the gunman they saw
19
Q

Perception is an active process..

A
  • Attention
    • Limited and selective
  • Encoding
    • Assigns perceptual “meaning”
  • Memory
    • Constructive
      • Remember things as they were expected to be
20
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to pay attention to and interpret information in ways that confirm your original expectations

21
Q

Positive Testing

A

Only asking questions in way that to would confirm an expectation
- Not asking questions that could disconfirm expectations

22
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

Behaving in such a way that leads people to act in the way that you expected

23
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

An illusory correlation is perceived relationship that does not actually exist

24
Q

Redelmeier and Tversky (1996)

A
  • 18 arthritis patients observed over 15 months
    • The weather also recorded
    • Most patients were certain their arthritis pain was correlated with the weather
    • The actual correlation was almost zero
25
Q

Common Illusory Correlations

A

Superstitions, rituals, “full moon” nights, steryotypes,

26
Q

Barnum effect

A

Giving vague and slightly contradictory information - the individual can interpret the information to support whatever view they already have

27
Q

Positive Testing

A

Tendency to search for confirming information over disconfirimg information
- More likely to ask questions that will get a “yes” response
- More likely to interpret questions so that we give a “yes” response

28
Q

Study of Decision Making (Synder & Swann, 1988) - Positive Testing Example

A

Who should get custody? - Focus on strengths

Who shouldn’t get custody? - Focus on negatives

29
Q

Research suggests that most well adjusted people…

A

may have slightly unrealistic views about themselves

30
Q

Positive Illusions

A
  • Unrealistically positive views about the self
  • Everyone feels “above average” for positive traits
  • Exaggerated feelings of control
  • Unrealistic optimism
31
Q

Idealization in romantic relationships

A
  • People are more satisfied in relationships when partners have positive illusions of them
  • Happier in relationships when partners see us more positively than we see ourselves
32
Q

Confirmation Bias and Positive Testing

A
  • Only search for confirming information
  • Don’t search for disconfirming information
  • Interpret ambiguous information as supportive of pre-existing opinion
33
Q

Illusory correlations

A
  • Believe a pattern exists when there is no true pattern
  • Maintained by remembering “hits” but not remembering “misses”
34
Q

Optimal Distinctiveness

A
  • People want to feel unique but also accepted
  • Extreme beliefs may help fulfill both social needs
  • Feel special and unique
  • May bring acceptance into a larger social network
  • Get support from other believers
  • Positive feelings about self get reinforced
  • (The role of algorithms reinforcing what you want to see)
35
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • Schizophrenia is a form of psychosis
    • Lost contact with reality
  • Characterized by
    • Disorganized thoughts and speech
    • “Positive Symptoms” (excesses of behavior)
      • Hallucinations
      • Delusions
      • Paranoia
    • “Negative Symptoms” (deficits of behavior)
      • Catatonia
      • Apathy
      • Avolition
36
Q

Positive Symptoms - Dellusions

A
  • Delusions of persecution (they are out to get me)
  • Delusions of grandeur (I am the king of Scotland)
  • Delusions of reference (The T.V. is talking to me)

workings of the mind (15 decks)

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