Artificial Intelligence

Question 1

Minds and Computers

Answer 1

Both use binary electrical signals to process inputs and respond with some type of output

Question 2

(True) Artificial Intelligence

Answer 2

capable of consciousness, learning on their own, able to make decisions on their own will, would be unpredictable (like a human is)

Question 3

Virtual intelligence

Answer 3

Not truly conscious - governed by a set of programs… everything called AI is really just virtual intelligence

Question 4

The Turing Test

Answer 4

Computers will have achieved true artificial intelligence if a human being could not tell if he/she was talking to a computer or another human being

Question 5

Turing Test Accuracy

Answer 5

Pretty easy to fool a human being

Question 6

Brains are better than computers

Answer 6

Digital vs Analog
- Computers operate entirely digitally (0 or 1)
- Brains are a combination of digital and analog

Question 7

Brains are a combination of digital and analog

Answer 7

Each neuron either fires or doesn’t (digital)
But… signals of thousands of individual neurons create continuous “waves” of electrical and magnetic activity (analog)

Question 8

Serial

Answer 8

Computers calculate one thing at a time (serial)
- Switches back and forth between tasks to multi-task
- *Parallel processing in computers involves breaking a single problem into multiple parts that can be solved simultaneously
- But… it is still only solving one problem at a time

Question 9

Parallel

Answer 9

Brain processes many different things simultaneously
- Your body runs totally independent of your conscious mind, but its still your brain controlling it all
- Brain is leaky - how you process one thing effects the next thing
- Brain is parallel impact of one thing influences later calculations

Question 10

Deterministic vs. Non-deterministic

Answer 10

• Computer output determined by its programming
  
  • If you know a computers inputs, you know its outputs
  • “random” numbers from a computer are an algorithm too

Question 11

Brains are non-deterministic

Answer 11

Same things causes different responses at different times
- Hard to explain human behavior as following a set of rules*
- Unless you have a deterministic view of free-will

Question 12

• Dynamic Self-Construction vs Static Construction

Answer 12

• A computer cannot rebuild, rewire, or redesign itself
  
  • The physical form of the computer can not change based on learning or experience

Question 13

Speed and Repetition

Answer 13

• THe fastest neuron can fire is 1000 a second
  
  • COmputers can do 100 quadrillion calculations per second

Question 14

Memory Storage and Capacity

Answer 14

• Can be connected to store unimaginable amounts of data
  
  • Computers don’t forget

Question 15

Dimensions of calculation

Answer 15

• Human brains have difficulty thinking in more than 3 dimensions
• Computers can do calculations involving thousands of dimensions
• Computers can find patterns in large data sets that the human mind can no

Question 16

Artifical Neural Networks (ANNs)

Answer 16

• Artifical Neural Networks (ANNs)
• Attempt to create “neuron-like” networks
• Can be hardware or software based
• Capable of learning

Question 17

ANN Learning

Answer 17

• they learn from experience
• Each “neuron” in the network is just a numeric calculation
• But they are connected. Changes in one affects others
• Different layers to stimulate how brain processed information

Question 18

Artificial Neural Networks Operations

Answer 18

Input Layer
- The input layer translates the stimulus into a collection of numbers
- Pixels in the image become a set of numbers
“Hidden Layers”
- Hidden units keep track of how “neurons” were activated
- Patterns in the data are found by changing values based on feedback
Output layer
- How the network responds

Question 19

Back-propogation

Answer 19

• Network adjusts based on feedback about error signal
• Changes in values in the hidden layers

Question 20

ANN use reinforcement learning

Answer 20

• The network’s “behavior” is shaped by feedback it gets
• Correct outputs are “rewarded,” incorrect outputs are “punished” (error signal)
• The process repeats itself until the error signal is minimized
• When the error is minimized, the network has properly learned the category or concept

Question 21

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)

Answer 21

• One ANN attempts to generate a stimulus (the generator)
• Another ANN is used to categorize whether the generator was successful
• For instance, a network trained to recognize cat photos could recognize whether a different network created a decent cat photo

Question 22

Consciousness as emergence

Answer 22

• Where is consciousness in the brain?
  
  • There is no leader or director of conscious awareness
• No single neuron could be considered conscious on its own

Question 23

• Emergence

Answer 23

• When new abilities are created by interaction of simpler units which themselves don’t have the ability
  - Billions of Neurons firing creates consciousness
  - Billions of chemical interactions create life