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Workings of the Mind > Human Intelligence > Flashcards

Human Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

Problem of Intelligence

A

Is there one type of intelligence? Or multiple?
Can the same person be both a genius and an idiot?

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2
Q

Francis Galton (1822 - 1911)

A

Proposed that intelligence could be quantified and measured
Believed people are born with different talents, abilities, and intelligence

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3
Q

Alfred Binet (1857 - 1911)

A

Began developing tests to determine “mental retardation” - Wanted to distinguish between the unable to learn and unwilling to learn

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4
Q

The Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

A

Developed at Standford were inspired by Binet’s Tests
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale
- By testing large numbers of children, it was possible to determine what was “normal” for each age

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5
Q

IQ TESTS

A

measured how children scores compared to children of the same age
- IQ = mental age/chronological age x 100
- Standardized so the average score is always 100
- IQs above 100 mean advanced for their age
- IQs below meant behind

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6
Q
  • Early IQ tests
A
  • Only measuring a limited version of “intelligence”
    • Too much focus on tasks requiring verbal skills
    • Cultural Bias
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7
Q

Single Component View

A

Belief that intelligence is a single trait
- A highly intelligent person could learn anything better than a less intelligent person
- Originators of intelligence testing (IQ) believed in a single component view

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8
Q

The Multicomponent View

A

Belief that there are multiple forms of intelligence
- A person could be highly intelligent in some ways, but low in intelligence other ways
- Each type of intelligence a unique trait

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9
Q

Multiple intelligences - Howard Gardner

A
  • Proposed that each type was linked to different brain areas and development
  • Each type if intelligence was independent
  • Eight Types
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10
Q

Problem with Multiple Intelligences

A
  • Problematic
  • Theory is too broad, not well supported by research
  • Redefines intelligence to indluce things that may be considered talents and personality traits
  • The different types of intelligence are not independent
  • Most are highly related to others
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11
Q

The G-Factor- The two-factor theory of intelligence

A

S-factor
- Specific forms of intelligence related to specific abilities
- For instance, excellent visual-spatial skills
G-factor
- General form of intelligence related to all abilities
- People with a high g-factor were more likely to do well on a wide variety of different types of tests

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12
Q

Types of G factor

A

FLuid intelligence, Crystallized intelligence

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13
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A
  • Ability to solve novel and abstract problems
    • Adaptable intelligence
    • Does not heavily rely on prior knowledge
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14
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

– Ability to solve problems applying prior knowledge
– Crystallized intelligence can increase throughout life

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15
Q

But, IQ is not a complete measure of intelligence

A
  • IQ does not predict happiness or success in life
  • People with very high IQs may lack other skills (like “social skills”)
  • People can have very low IQ’s but have extreme forms of specific intelligence
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16
Q

What does IQ measure?

A
  • IQ is a popular measure of intelligence because…
  • Good measure of fluid intelligence
  • Related to cognitive abilities involving control of memory and attention
  • Related to skills useful for leanring in schools (math, langauge)
17
Q

A fine line between Genius and Madness?

A
  • No
  • People with high IQ are a little less likely to develop schizophrenia
  • People with schizophrenia are a little more likely to show lower IQ (than those without
18
Q

Creative Genius

A
  • Genes related to schizophrenia are linked to creativity in art and literature
  • People considered high in creativity are more likely to have family members with symptoms of schizophrenia
19
Q
  • Schizophrenia
A
  • Form of psychosis
    • Lost contact of reality
20
Q
  • Characteriized by
A
  • Disorganized thoughts and speech
    • Positive symptoms
      • Hallucinations
      • Delusions
      • Paranoia
    • Negative Symptoms
      • Catatonia
      • Apathy
      • Avolition
21
Q

Postive Symptoms

A
  • Visual, auditory, or tactile hallucinations
    • Delusions
      • Consitent beliefs that have no basis in reality
        • Delusions of persecution
        • Delusions of grandeur
        • Delusions of refrence
    • Derailment
      • Thoughts and speech is only loosely associated
      • Topics shift rapidly and unpredictably
    • Inappropriate affect
      • Emotional responses don’t match situation
22
Q
  • Negative Symptoms
A
  • Avolition
    - May lose energy and be unmotivated to meet normal living goals
    • Flat affct
      • Show very limited amount or range of emotion
    • Poverty of speech
      • May be largely uncommunicative
    • Catatonia
      • May stop responding to environment
      • Remaining motionless or still for long periods of time
23
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorders

A
  • Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
    • Neurodevelopmental disorder
    • Many variations
    • Effects boys more than girls
    • Estimated about 1 in 70 chidlren have a form of ASD
      • Appears that rates of ASD are increasing
    • Early indicators of ASD
      • Delayed developmental “milestones”
        • Like walking and talking
      • Limited or delayed communication
      • Lack of eye contact
      • Behavoral and attentional fixations
        • Infant may seem unusually obsessed with certain objects or behavior
24
Q

Mentalistic thinking

A
  • Ability to understand the thoughts and feelings of others
    • A “theory of mind”
    • Useful for understanding the minds and behaviors of others
    • “Empathizers”
25
Q

Mechanistic thinking

A
  • Ability to understand the workings of objects and machines
    • A theory of objects
    • Useful of math, logic, computers, mechanics
    • “Systemizers”
26
Q

Savant Syndrome

A
  • Savants
    • Often diagnosed with ASD
    • Low IQ’s
    • Exceptional ability in one area
    • About 10% of people with ASDs may have savant ability
  • Common Exceptional Abilities
    • Music
    • VIsual Art
    • Calendar calculations
      • Can tell you the day of the week for any date instantly
    • Mathematics
    • Spatial skills
      • Like knowing the exact layout of a maze with one experience
27
Q

Kim Peek

A
  • Born autistic with very low IQ
  • Impaired motor skills
  • Can’t walk well or button his shirt
  • But, several extraordinary abilities
    • Calendar calculations
    • Can read two things at the same time
    • Right eye reads one page and his left eye reads the other page
    • Born without a corpus callosum connecting his brain hemispheres
  • Extreme memory ability
    • Remembers everything about the over 12,000 books he’s read
    • Remembers every piece of music he’s heard
    • Knows all the zip codes of every city in America
    • Likes being nicknamed “Kimputer”
28
Q

Research by Andrew Snyder - Uses TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) to unlock savant-like abilities in normal people

A
  • TMS can increase or decrease specific brain activity - decreasing frontal lobe, make other parts of the brain increase their savant like abilities for memory, math, and art
  • Disrupting our conscious awareness
  • TMS used to temporarily give “savant-like” abilities
  • TMS used to decrease activity of frontal lobes
  • Enhanced performance of artistic and mathematical tasks
  • Decreased frontal lobe activity seems to allow the brain to use more “computing power”
  • Ironic, because frontal lobes are typically the most associated with intelligence *
    • Executive functions
  • Non-conscious mind can do multiple things at a time, perhaps unleash more computing power
29
Q

Maybe there is a trade off to our conscious awareness?
- Still a mystery
- Related analogy
- Chimpanzees not as smart as us, but they can do things no human being can do, image of numbers that are randomly assorted on a screen, press one random number, the chimpanzee remember in seconds - the human can never do it
- May be these powers of the brain that we lose as results of power of conscious awareness

A
30
Q

Postive Symptoms

A
  • Visual, auditory, or tactile hallucinations
    • Delusions
      • Consitent beliefs that have no basis in reality
        • Delusions of persecution
        • Delusions of grandeur
        • Delusions of refrence
    • Derailment
      • Thoughts and speech is only loosely associated
      • Topics shift rapidly and unpredictably
    • Inappropriate affect
      • Emotional responses don’t match situation

Workings of the Mind (15 decks)

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